Reproductive Health Bill

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Reproductive Health Bill, informally known as the RH Bill, are proposed laws in the Republic of the Philippines aiming to guarantee universal access to methods on contraception, abortion(later amended), fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.[1] There are two bills with the same intended goals:

House Bill # 4244 An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health, and Population and Development, and For Other Purposes

Senate Bill # 2378 An Act Providing For a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development

While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as condoms, birth control pills (BCPs) and IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers. On October 2012, a revised version of the same bill was re-named the Responsible Parenthood Act and was filed in the House of Representatives as a result of re-introducing the bill under a different impression after overwhelming opposition in the country, especially from the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines.[2][3] The bill is highly divisive and controversial, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills, with tens of thousands of opposition particularly those endorsed by the bishops of the Roman Catholic Church and various other conservative groups, have been happening nationwide. Contents
[hide]

1 Background

1.1 History

2 Key definitions 3 Bill content

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3.1 Sections 3.2 Summary of major provisions

4 Summary of support 5 Summary of criticism 6 Economic and demographic premises

6.1 Criticism of premises

7 Maternal health and deaths

o o o o

7.1 Magna Carta for Women of 2009 7.2 Unmet need 7.3 Access 7.4 Natural family planning

8 Abortion

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8.1 Abortifacient issue 8.2 Contraception and abortion relationship

9 Contraceptives

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9.1 Morality and social effects 9.2 Health reasons 9.3 HIV/AIDS

10 Sex education 11 Opinion polls and TV debates 12 Rallies 13 Penalties 14 Separation of church and state 15 Culture war and its implications 16 Financials 17 International reactions

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17.1 European Union 17.2 International scholars

18 Status

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18.1 Legislature 18.2 President and Cabinet 18.3 Compromise and alternatives 18.4 Recent events

19 Voting 20 References 21 Readings and external links

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21.1 Full text of the bills 21.2 Supporting the RH Bill

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21.3 Opposing the RH Bill 21.4 Other readings

[edit]Background [edit]History
According to the Senate Policy Brief titled Promoting Reproductive Health, the history of reproductive health in the Philippines dates back to 1967 when leaders of 12 countries including the Philippines' Ferdinand Marcos signed the Declaration on Population.[4][5] The Philippines agreed that the population problem be considered as the principal element for long-term economic development. Thus, the Population Commission was created to push for a lower family size norm and provide information and services to lower fertility rates.[6]

US National Security Memorandum: paramount importance of world population control through programs of UN and USAID.

Starting 1967, the USAID started shouldering 80% of the total family planning commodities (contraceptives) of the country, which amounted to US$ 3 Million annually. In 1975, the United States adopted as its policy the National Security Study Memorandum 200: Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for U.S. Security and Overseas Interests (NSSM200). The policy gives "paramount importance" to population control measures and the promotion of contraception among 13 populous countries, including the Philippines to control rapid population growth which they deem to be inimical to the socio-political and economic growth of these countries and to the national interests of the United States, since the "U.S. economy will require large and increasing amounts of minerals from abroad", and these countries can produce destabilizing opposition forces against the United States. It recommends the US leadership to "influence national leaders" and that "improved world-wide support for population-related efforts should be sought through increased emphasis on mass media and other population education and motivation programs by the UN, USIA, and USAID.[7] Different presidents had different points of emphasis. President Marcos pushed for a systematic distribution of contraceptives all over the country, a policy that was called "coercive," by its leading administrator.[5] The Cory Aquino administration focused on giving couples the right to have the number of children they prefer, while the Ramos presidency shifted from population control to population management. Estrada used mixed methods of reducing fertility rates, while Arroyo focused on mainstreaming natural family planning, while stating that contraceptives are openly sold in the country.[6] In 1989, the Philippine Legislators Committee on Population and Development (PLCPD) was established, "dedicated to the formu lation of viable public policies requiring legislation on population management and socio-economic development."[citation needed] In 2000, the Philippines signed the Millennium Declaration and committed to attain the MDG goals by 2015, including promoting gender equality and health. In 2003, USAID started its phase out of a 33-year-old program by which free contraceptives were given to the country. Aid recipients such as the Philippines faced the challenge to fund its own contraception program. In 2004, the Department of Health

introduced the Philippines Contraceptive Self-Reliance Strategy, arranging for the replacement of these donations with domestically provided contraceptives.[6] In August 2010, the government announced a collaborative work with the USAID in implementing a comprehensive marketing and communications strategy in favor of family planning called "May Plano Ako"

[edit]Key

definitions

Senate Bill 2378 defines the term "reproductive health care" as follows: Reproductive Health Care refers to the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. This implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life, that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so, provided that these are not against the law. This further implies that women and men attain equal relationships in matters related to sexual relations and reproduction. Reproductive Rights is defined by Senate Bill 2378 as follows: the rights of individuals and couples, to decide freely and responsibly whether or not to have children; the number, spacing and timing of their children; to make other decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence; to have the information and means to do so; and to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. The opposition says that by supporting such definitions, the country will guarantee this same right of having "a satisfying and safe sex life" and the freedom of decision to unmarried children and teenagers, since they are "people." They argue that this will lead to promiscuity among the young, as they will be granted the unstoppable right to "decide if, when and how often to reproduce". [8] They say that the terminology is part of deceptive "verbal engineering"[9] since RH is not in favor of reproduction, and contraceptives are not healthy, but RH is presented as something good.[10]

[edit]Bill

content

[edit]Sections

Philippine Population Density Map. Darker areas mean more population.

The basic content of the Consolidated Reproductive Health Bill is divided into the following sections. [11] SEC. 1. Title SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy SEC. 3. Guiding Principles SEC. 4. Definition of Terms SEC. 5. Midwives for Skilled Attendance SEC. 6. Emergency Obstetric Care SEC. 7. Access to Family Planning SEC. 8. Maternal and Newborn Health Care in Crisis Situations SEC. 9. Maternal Death Review SEC. 10. Role of the Food and Drug Administration SEC. 11. Procurement and Distribution of Family Planning Supplies SEC. 12. Integration of Family Planning and Responsible Parenthood Component in Anti-Poverty Programs SEC. 13. Roles of Local Government in Family Planning Programs SEC. 14. Benefits for Serious and Life-Threatening Reproductive Health Conditions SEC. 15. Mobile Health Care Service SEC. 16. Mandatory Age-Appropriate Reproductive Health and Sexuality Education SEC. 17. Additional Duty of the Local Population Officer SEC. 18. Certificate of Compliance SEC. 19. Capability Building of Barangay Health Workers SEC. 20. Pro Bono Services for Indigent Women SEC. 21. Sexual And Reproductive Health Programs For Persons With Disabilities (PWDs) SEC. 22. Right to Reproductive Health Care Information SEC. 23. Implementing Mechanisms SEC. 24. Reporting Requirements SEC. 25. Congressional Oversight Committee SEC. 26. Prohibited Acts SEC. 27. Penalties SEC. 28. Appropriations SEC. 29. Implementing Rules and Regulations SEC. 30-32. Separability Clause, Repealing Clause, Effectivity

[edit]Summary

of major provisions

The bill mandates the government to promote, without bias, all effective natural and modern methods of family planning that are medically safe and legal.[12] Although abortion is recognized as illegal and punishable by law, the bill states that the government shall ensure that all women needing care for post-abortion complications shall be treated and counseled in a humane, non-judgmental and compassionate manner.[12] The bill calls for a multi-dimensional approach integrates a component of family planning and responsible parenthood into all government anti-poverty programs.[12] Under the bill, age-appropriate reproductive health and sexuality education is required from grade five to fourth year high school using life skills and other approaches.[12] The bill also mandates the Department of Labor and Employment to guarantee the reproductive health rights of its female employees. Companies with less than 200 workers are required to enter into partnership with health care providers in their area for the delivery of reproductive health services.[12] Employers with more than 200 employees shall provide reproductive health services to all employees in their own respective health facilities. Those with less than 200 workers shall enter into partnerships with health professionals for the delivery of reproductive health services. Employers shall inform employees of the availability of family planning services. They are also obliged to monitor pregnant working employees among their workforce and ensure they are provided paid half-day prenatal medical leaves for each month of the pregnancy period that they are employed.[12]

The national government and local governments will ensure the availability of reproductive health care services, including family planning and prenatal care.[12] Any person or public official who prohibits or restricts the delivery of legal and medically safe reproductive health care services will be meted penalty by imprisonment or a fine.[12]

[edit]Summary

of support

Proponents argue: (1) Economic studies, especially the experience in Asia,[13] show that rapid population growth and high fertility rates, especially among the poor, exacerbate poverty and make it harder for the government to address it.[14][15] (2) Empirical studies show that poverty incidence is higher among big families.[14][16] Smaller families and wider birth intervals could allow families to invest more in each childs education, health, nutrition and eventually reduce poverty and hunger at the household level. [6][13][14] (3) Ten to eleven maternal deaths daily could be reduced if they had access to basic healthcare and essential minerals like iron and calcium, according to the DOH; (4) Studies show that 44% of the pregnancies in the poorest quintile are unanticipated, and among the poorest women who would like to avoid pregnancy, at least 41% do not use any contraceptive method because of lack of information or access. [13][14] and "Among the poorest families, 22% of married women of reproductive age express a desire to avoid pregnancies but are still not using any family planning method,"[13] (5) use of contraception, which the World Health Organization has listed as essential medicines,[17][18] will lower the rate of abortions as it has done in other parts of the world, according to the Guttmacher Institute.[19] (6) An SWS survey of 2008 showed that 71% of the respondents are in favor of the bill,[20] (7) at the heart of the bill is the free choice given to people on the use of reproductive health, enabling the people, especially the poor to have the number of children they want and can care for.[citation needed]

[edit]Summary

of criticism

Opponents of the bill argue that: (1) "The world's leading scientific experts" have resolved the issues related to the bill and show that the "RH Bill is based on wrong economics" as the 2003 Rand Corporation study shows that "there is little cross-country evidence that population growth impedes or promotes economic growth".[21][22] (2) The bill takes away limited government funds from treating many high priority medical and food needs and transfers them to fund objectively harmful and deadly devices.[23] The latest studies in scientific journals and organizations show that the ordinary birth control pill,[24] and the IUD[25] are abortifacient to 100-celled human embryos: they kill the embryonic human, who as such are human beings equally worthy of respect,[26] making the bill unconstitutional.[10][27] (3) US National Defense Consultant, Lionel Tiger, has shown empirical evidence that contraceptives have deleterious social effects (abortion, premarital sex, female impoverishment, fatherless children, teenage pregnancies, and poverty).[28][29] Harvard School of Public Health scientist Edward Green observes that 'when people think they're made safe by using condoms at least some of the time, they actually engage in riskier sex', in the phenomenon called "risk compensation".[30] There is evidence for increased risk of cancer (breast, cervical, liver)[31][32] as well as significant increase of risk for heart attack and stroke for current users of oral contraceptives.[33][34] The increased usage of contraceptives, which implies that some babies are unwanted, will eventually lead to more abortion; the correlation was shown in a scientific journal and acknowledged by pro-RH leaders,[27] (4) People's freedom to access contraceptives is not restricted by any opposing law, being available in family planning NGOs, stores, etc. The country is not a welfare state: taxpayer's money should not be used for personal practices that are

harmful and immoral; it can be used to inform people of the harm of BCPs. (5) The penal provisions constitute a violation of free choice and conscience, and establishes religious persecution.[35] President Aquino stated he was not an author of the bill. He also stated that he gives full support to a firm population policy, educating parents to be responsible, providing contraceptives to those who ask for them, but he refuses to promote contraceptive use. He said that his position "is more aptly called responsible parenthood rather than reproductive health."[36][37]

[edit]Economic

and demographic premises

The Philippines is the 39th most densely populated country, with a density over 335 per squared kilometer,[38] and the population growth rate is 1.9% (2010 Census),[39] 1.957% (2010 est. by CIA World Fact Book), or 1.85% (20052010 high variant estimate by the UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision) coming from 3.1 in 1960. [citation needed] The 2010 total fertility rate (TFR) is 3.23 births per woman, from a TFR of 7 in 1960.[40] In addition, the total fertility rate for the richest quintile of the population is 2.0, which is about one third the TFR of the poorest quintile (5.9 children per woman). The TFR for women with college education is 2.3, about half that of women with only an elementary education (4.5 children per woman).[41] Congressman Lagman states that the bill "recognizes the verifiable link between a huge population and poverty. Unbridled population growth stunts socioeconomic development and aggravates poverty."[19] The University of the Philippines' School of Economics presented two papers in support of the bill: Population and Poverty: the Real Score (2004), and Population, Poverty, Politics and the Reproductive Health Bill (2008). According to these economists, which include Solita Monsod, Gerardo Sicat, Cayetano Paderanga, Ernesto M. Pernia, and Stella Alabastro-Quimbo, "rapid population growth and high fertility rates, especially among the poor, do exacerbate poverty and make it harder for the government to address it," while at the same time clarifying that it would be "extreme" to view "population growth as the principal cause of poverty that would justify the government resorting to draconian and coercive measures to deal with the problem (e.g., denial of basic services and subsidies to families with more than two children)." They illustrate the connection between rapid population growth and poverty by comparing the economic growth and population growth rates of Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, wherein the first two grew more rapidly than the Philippines due to lower population growth rates.[14] They stressed that "the experience from across Asia indicates that a population policy cum government-funded [family planning] program has been a critical complement to sound economic policy and poverty reduction."[13] In Population and Poverty, Aniceto Orbeta, Jr, showed that poverty incidence is higher among big families: 57.3% of Filipino families with seven children are in poverty while only 23.8% of families who have two children live below the poverty threshold.[16]

Percentage of population living below poverty line (2003). Darker areas mean more poverty.

Proponents argue that smaller families and wider birth intervals resulting from the use of contraceptives allow families to invest more in each childs education, health, nutrition and eventually reduce poverty and hunger at the household level. [13] At the national level, fertility reduction cuts the cost of social services with fewer people attending school or seeking medical care and as demand eases for housing, transportation, jobs, water, food and other natural resources.[6][14][42] The Asian Development Bank in 2004 also listed a large population as one of the major causes of poverty in the country, together with weak macroeconomic management, employment issues, an underperforming agricultural sector and an unfinished land reform agenda, governance issues including corruption.[15]

[edit]Criticism

of premises

Opponents refer to a 2003 study of Rand Corporation, which concluded that "there is little cross-country evidence that population growth impedes or promotes economic growth...population neutralism has in fact been the predominant school in thinking among academics about population growth for the last half-century." For example, the 1992 study of Ross Levine and David Renelt, which covered 119 countries over 30 years (vs UP study of 3 countries over a few years). The RAND study also said that a large population can promote growth given the right fundamentals.[21] Thus, they refer to the HSBC 2012 projection for 2050 that the Philippines will be 16th largest economy due to its large growing population, and those whose populations are decreasing will suffer decline.[43] In his Primer which critiques the bill, Economist Roberto de Vera refers to Nobel prize winner Simon Kuznets's study which concludes that no clear association appears to exist in the present sample of countries, or is likely to exist in other developed countries, between rates of growth of population and of product per capita." Julian Simon compared parallel countries such as North and South Korea, East and West Germany whose birthrates were practically the same but whose economic growth was entirely different due to different governance factors. De Vera says that "similar conclusions have been arrived at by the US National Research Council in 1986 and in the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) Consultative Meeting of Economists in 1992" and the studies of Hanushek and Wommann (2007), Doppelhoffer, Miller, SalaI-Martin (2004), Ahlburg (1996), etc.[44] The other Nobel Prize winner who expressed the same view is Gary Becker.[45][46] De Vera also states that from 1961 to 2000, as Philippine population increased almost three times, poverty decreased from 59% to 34%. He stressed that the more probable cause of poor families is not family size but the limited schooling of the household head: 78% to 90% of the

poor households had heads with no high school diploma, preventing them from getting good paying jobs. He refers to studies which show that 90% of the time the poor want the children they have: as helpers in the farm and investment for a secure old age.[44] Instead of aiming at population decrease, De Vera stressed that the country should focus through education on cashing in on a possible demographic dividend, a period of rapid economic growth that can happens when the labor force is growing faster than the dependents (children and elderly), thus reducing poverty significantly.[44] In a recent development, two authors of the Reproductive Health Bill changed their stand on the provisions of the bill regarding population and development. Reps. Emerciana de Jesus and Luzviminda Ilagan wanted to delete three provisions which state that "gender equality and women empowerment are central elements of reproductive health and population and development," which integrate responsible parenthood and family planning programs into anti-poverty initiatives, and which name the Population Commission as a coordinating body. The two party-list representatives strongly state that poverty is not due to over-population but because of inequality and corruption.[47] Opponents also refer to the statement of the Federation of Free Farmers that history teaches about the economic advantages of a large population, and the disadvantages of a smaller population.[48] The Wall Street Journal in July 2012 said that Aquino's "promotion of a 'reproductive health' bill is jarring" since it could lead to "a demographic trap of too few workers. The Philippines doesn't have too many people, it has too few pro-growth policies."[49] Opposing the bill, Former Finance Secretary Roberto de Ocampo wrote that it is "truly disingenuous for anyone to proceed on the premise that the poor are to blame for the nations poverty." He emphasized that the government should apply the principle of first t hings first and focus on the root causes of the poverty (e.g. poor governance, corruption) and apply many other alternatives to solve the problem (e.g. giving up pork barrel, raising tax collection efficiency).[35] They also point to the five factors for high economic growth and reduction of poverty shown by the 2008 Commission on Growth and Development headed by Nobel prize winner Michael Spence, which does not include population control.[22]

[edit]Maternal

health and deaths

Birthing services are key to solving maternal deaths

Maternal deaths in the Philippines, according to the WHO, is at 5.7 per day,[50] not 10-11 deaths a day, as per the proponents who repeated these numbers "to drive home the point."[51][52] The proponents state that RH will mean: (1) Information and access to natural and modern family planning (2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition (3) Promotion of breast feeding (4) Prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications (5) Adolescent and youth health (6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs (7) Elimination of violence

against women (8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health (9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers (10) Male involvement and participation in RH; (11) Prevention and treatment of infertility and (12) RH education for the youth. [citation needed] The Department of Health states that family planning can reduce maternal mortality by about 32 percent. [17] The bill is "meant to prevent maternal deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth," said Clara Padilla of Engender Rights. She reported that "Daily, there are 11 women dying while giving birth in the Philippines. These preventable deaths could have been avoided if more Filipino women have access to reproductive health information and healthcare."[citation needed] Regarding these figures, Francisco Tatad of the International Right to Life Federation and former Senator wrote that "If correct, experience has shown (as in Gattaran, Cagayan and Sorsogon, Sorsogon) that the incidence of maternal death arising from such complications could be fully mitigated and brought down to zero simply by providing adequate basic and emergency obstetrics care and skilled medical personnel and services," without any need for a law on the distribution of contraceptives.[10] The key to solving maternal deaths, according to the Senate Policy Brief on reproductive health, is the establishment of birthing centers.[6] The Philippine Medical Association or PMA stated in their Position Paper that the goal of reducing the rise of maternal and child deaths "could be attained by improving maternal and child health care without the necessity of distributing contraceptives. The millions of funds intended for the contraceptive devices may just well be applied in improving the skills of our health workers in reducing maternal and child mortality in the Philippines."[53]

[edit]Magna

Carta for Women of 2009

There have been comparisons made with the 2009 Law called the Magna Carta for Women and the RH Bill. The Magna Carta for Women contains the following provisions in Section 17 and 19:[54][55]

Prenatal and postnatal care Information regarding all types of family planning methods Access to family planning methods as long as they are ethically and medically safe Sex education Obstetric and gynecological care regarding pregnancy complications and the prevention of AIDS, HIV, STD, and the like

Spouses have the right to decide to space their children

The Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Magna Carta directs the Commission on Women under the Office of the President to oversee that the provisions are implemented by the Department of Health, the Department of Local Governments, the Commission of Human Rights, the Department of Education, Department of Social Welfare, Department of Labor, the Commission on High Education. In the IRR, it also states that in order for the law to be successful, the government should tie up with all LGUs so that midwives, doctors, birthing facilities should be put in place to take care of the health needs of all to ensure that we minimize maternal and child deaths. Because of these provisions, Senator Majority Floor Leader Tito Sotto said that the RH Bill is redundant.[56]

[edit]Unmet

need

Using data from the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey, Lagman stated that "Twenty-two percent of married Filipino women have an unmet need for family planning services, an increase by more than one-third since the 2003 National Demographic and Housing Survey." "Our women are having more children than they desire, as seen in the gap between desired fertility (2.5 children) and actual fertility (3.5 children), implying a significant unmet need for reproductive health services," state some Ateneo de Manila University professors. The Bill provides that "The State shall assist couples, parents and individuals to achieve their desired family size within the context of responsible parenthood for sustainable development and encourage them to have two children as the ideal family size."[13][42] Basing itself on demographic surveys, Likhaan, a non-government organization for women's health, stated that the most common reasons why women with unmet need in the Philippines do not practice contraception are health concerns about contraceptive methods, including a fear of side effects. 44% reported these reasons in 2008. The second largest category of reasons is that many believe they are unlikely to become pregnant41% in 2008. Their specific reasons include having sex infrequently, experiencing lactational amenorrhea (temporary infertility while nursing) and being less fecund than normal.[57] Writing against the bill, Bernardo Villegas wrote about the Myth of Unmet Family Planning Needs, citing development economist Lant Pritchett who said that the term "unmet need" is an elitist construct, an imposition of a need on the poor, disrespectful of their real preferences. Pritchett said that it is "based on a discrepancy...identified by the analyst through the comparison of responses to items in separate blocks of the questionnaire" and is "an inference on the part of the researcher, not a condition reported by the respondents themselves." Pritchett argued this term is applied to women who are not sexually active, are infecund, whose husband is absent, etc., thus bloating the numbers to favor the pharmaceutical companies and those with a population control agenda. Villegas stressed: "Because [the poor] have been deprived of the infrastructures they need, such as farm-to-market roads, irrigation systems, post-harvest facilities and other support services that the State neglected to provide them, the only economic resources they have are their children." He also challenged that he is willing to bet that if the government will provide cash money to the poor to buy condoms, the poor will use the cash for food and basic needs, thus exploding the myth.[58]

[edit]Access
One of the main concerns of the proponents is the perceived lack of access to family planning devices such as contraceptives and sterilization. The bill intends to provide universal access through government funding, complementing thus private sector initiatives for family planning services, such as those offered by the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) which supports the Family Planning Organizations of the Philippines and the 97 organizations of the Philippine NGO Council.[citation needed] The opposition argues that "Access to contraceptives is free and unrestricted" and that the proposed law is pushing an open door.[10] They say that these family planning items are available to the citizens and many local government units and NGOs provide these for free. Congressman Teddyboy Locsin argued, echoed by a Business Mirror editorial, that the poor can afford condoms since they can pay for other items such as cellphone load. Opponents also argue that Philippine government is not a welfare state, and taxpayers are not bound to provide for all the wants and desires of its citizenry, including their vanity needs, promiscuous actions and needs artificially created by elitist, imperialist and eugenicist forces; nor should taxpayers pay for drugs that are objectively dangerous (carcinogenic) and immoral. They argue that the Philippines should give priority to providing access to medicines that treat real diseases. [10][23]

Birth control pill

The UP School of Economics argues, in contrast, that there is lack of access especially for poor people, because contraceptive use is extremely low among them and "Among the poorest families, 22% of married women of reproductive age express a desire to avoid pregnancies but are still not using any family planning method."[13] They say that lack of access leads to a number of serious problems which demand attention: (1) "too many and too closely-spaced children raises the risk of illness and premature deaths (for mother and child alike)," (2) "the health risks associated with mistimed and unwanted pregnancies are higher for adolescent mothers, as they are more likely to have complications during labor," (3) women who have mistimed pregnancies are "constrained to rely more on public education and health services and other publicly provided goods and services," further complicating limited public resources, (4) families are not able to achieve their desired family size. Thus the UP economists "strongly and unequivocally support" the thrust of the bill to enable "couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children and to have the information and means to carry out their decisions.[13] Proponents argue that government-funded access is the key to breaking the inter-generational poverty that many people are trapped in.[13][42]

[edit]Natural

family planning

Different groups within the pro-life and anti-abortion movement, as well as the Catholic Church are in favor of NFP or natural family planning or fertility awareness as a moral way of regulating child births.[citation needed] They say that NFP, which consists in abstinence during period of fertility and having sex during period of infertility, does not abuse nor trivialize the natural processes wherein sex is intrinsically linked with procreation of new babies. By respecting sexuality, it does not "use" the spouse as an object for mere pleasure, nor is there a directly willed prevention of human life, since there is no new human life linked to abstention nor to sex during infertile periods.[citation needed] On the other hand, proponents contend that "natural family planning methods have not proven to be as reliable as artificial means of birth control."[59] Pro-life groups counter this by saying that high-level scientific studies show that when fertility awareness is used correctly and consistently with ongoing coaching, it is 99% effective.[60][61][62][63] Thus, as Dr. Larimore and Dr. Stanford stated: "given that there are highly effective, inexpensive, totally natural, and non-abortifacient methods of birth control (the methods of modern natural family planning), it appears that most arguments for using birth-control pills can be said to be advocating convenience for mothers and fathers at the potential expense of innocent and invaluable human life."[64]

[edit]Abortion [edit]Abortifacient

issue

According to the RH bill, one of its components is "prevention of abortion and management of post-abortion complications." It provides that "the government shall ensure that all women needing care for post-abortion complications shall be treated and counseled in a humane, non-

judgmental and compassionate manner." It also states that "abortion remains a crime and is punishable," as the Constitution declares that the State shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.[65] Opposing the bill, the Faculty of Medicine of the catholic University of Santo Tomas, the Philippine Nurses Association (with at least 368,589 members), the Bioethics Society of the Philippines, Catholic Physicians Guild of the Philippines stated that the antiaborti on stance of the bill is contradicted by the promotion of contraceptive agents (IUD and hormonal contraceptives) which actually act after fertilization and are potentially abortifacient agents.[66] Opposition refers to a 2000 study of a scientific journal of the American Medical Association, in which a meta-analysis of 94 studies provides evidence that when a common birth control pill fails to prevent ovulation, "postfertilization effects are operative to prevent clinically recognized pregnancy."[24] They also point to the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2005), which concluded that the IUD brings about the "destruction of the early embryo,"[25] thus is deemed to kill five-day old babies.[67] The position of the Philippine Medical Association (PMA) "is founded strongly on the principle that 'life or conception begins at fertilization' at that moment where there is fusion or union of the sperm and the egg and thus a human person or human being already does exist at the moment of fertilization." The PMA condemns abortifacients that "destroys the fertilized egg or the embryo" and "abhors any procedure ... or medication that will interrupt any stage of fertilization and prevents its normal, physiological, uninterrupted growth to adulthood".[53] Jo Imbong, founder of the Abay Pamilya Foundation, reported that "Lagman said in a House hearing that the bill would protect human life 'from implantation,'"[68] and not from fertilization, noting at the same time that the Records of the Constitutional Commission state that Human life begins at fertilization.[68][69] After referring to many standard textbooks of medicine and humanembryology to affirm this as true,[70] the anti-RH bill citizens argue that the human embryo already has the complete genetic code and is thus a distinct human life beginning its own new life cycle. They say that the embryo is an individual, self-coordinated and self-organizing subject belonging to the species homo sapiens: a human being by nature and thus a person equally worthy of respect.[26]

5-day old human embryo called a blastocyst, which comprises 70100 cells.

[edit]Contraception

and abortion relationship

Proponents argue that research by the Guttmacher Institute, involved in advancing international reproductive health, reveals that the use of contraceptives can reduce abortion rates by 85%. Proponents such as 14 Ateneo de Manila University professors, argued thus: "Studies show that the majority of women who go for an abortion are married or in a consensual union (91%), the mother of three or more children (57%), and poor (68%) (Juarez, Cabigon, and Singh 2005). For these women, terminating a pregnancy is an anguished choice they make in the face of severe constraints. When women who had attempted an abortion were asked their reasons for doing so, their top three responses were: they could not afford the economic cost of raising another child (72%); their pregnancy occurred too soon after the last one (57%); and they already have enough children (54%). One in ten women (13%) who had attempted an abortion revealed that this was because her

pregnancy resulted from forced sex (ibid.). Thus, for these women, abortion has become a family planning method, in the absence of information on and access to any reliable means to prevent an unplanned and unwanted pregnancy."[42] The bill, said Clara Padilla of EnGender Rights Inc, will "help reduce the number of abortions by providing increased access to information and services on modern contraceptive methods, that in turn will reduce the number of unwanted --and often aborted-- pregnancies."[71] Opponents of the bill argue that Lagman's data on 85% reduction of abortion through contraception is based on mere projections without any scientific foundation and that this figure comes from the Guttmacher Institute which cannot be trusted because it is the research arm of International Planned Parenthood and that the latter is "the largest promoter of artificial birth control and abortion worldwide."[23][72] At the Senate Hearings, it was shown that the major pro-RH groups openly promote abortions in the Philippines and are in favor of an abortion law. Opponents argue that new data thwarts the "myth" that contraception lowers abortions,[73] including data published in 2011 in the scientific journal, Contraception, subtitled an international reproductive health journal. This stated that through a 10-year period, 1997 to 2007, the overall use of contraceptive methods increased from 49.1 percent to 79.9 percent, while the elective abortion rate increased from 5.52 to 11.49 per 1,000 women.[72] Ang Kapatiran Party (AKP) in their Position Paper stated that "The Guttmacher Institute's own study in 2003 showed simultaneous increases both abortion rates and contraceptive use in the United States, Cuba, Denmark, Netherlands, Singapore, and South Korea."[74] The AKP argues that "Since contraceptives will not reduce unplanned pregnancy, they will not reduce abortion rates either and may increase them."[74] Opponents state that leaders of the abortion industry themselves have openly admitted the empirical link between contraception and abortion.[72] Malcolm Potts, the first medical director of International Planned Parenthood: As people turn to contraception, there will b e a rise, not a fall, in the abortion rate.[75] Judith Bury, coordinator of Doctors for a Womans Choice on Abortion: There is overwhelming evidence that the provision of contraception leads to an increase in the abortion rate.[citation needed] Both sides of the debate accuse the other side of deception and misleading the public. The pro-RH people accuse the anti-RH group of misleading the public by calling the bill an abortion bill, when the bill states that abortion remains a crime and is punishable. The anti-RH advocates accuse the RH supporters of hiding from the public the international population control agenda which includes abortion and they refer to US Secretary Hillary Clinton who said that RH includes abortion.[76][77][78] They also state that RH includes the pill where "postfertilization effects are operative",[25] terminating a 100-cell unborn human,[79] and the IUD which brings about the "destruction of the early embryo," according to the American Medical Association and the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.[25]

[edit]Contraceptives [edit]Morality

and social effects

Another central issue is the morality of contraception. Around 81% of Filipinos are Catholics, and the Catholic Church teaches that the immorality of contraception is not a matter of religious doctrine (e.g. liturgy) but is of an ethical nature, such as lying and prostitution, which common ethical reasoning can understand. It says that contraception is evil because it desecrates sex which is intrinsically linked to new sacred human beings, it makes spouses lie about their total self gift to their spouse, by not surrendering their personal fertility, and is an abuse of the function of reproductive organs.[80]

Prolifers refer to economics Nobel prize winnerGeorge Akerlof whom they claim found that wide use of contraceptives led to premarital sex, illegitimate children, undomesticated men, crimes and abortions. However, the research was conducted on Americans. Akerlof himself refuted their use of his work.[81]

However, 14 professors from Ateneo de Manila University, a prominent Catholic University, considering the empirical evidence of the dire socio-economic conditions of the Filipino poor, urged that the bill be passed to help them. They argued: "As Catholics and Filipinos, we share the hope and mission of building a Church of the Poor. We are thus deeply disturbed and saddened by calls made by some members of the Catholic Church to reject a proposed legislation that promises to improve the wellbeing of Filipino families, especially the lives of women, children, adolescents, and the poor." They announced that "Catholic social teachings recognize the primacy of the well-formed conscience over wooden compliance to directives from political and religious authorities," urging Catholic authorities to withdraw their opposition the bill.[42] Citing Catholic documents and scientific studies, they reasoned that "the RH Bill is pro-life, pro-women, pro-poor, pro-youth, and proinformed choice." They emphasized that the bill "promotes quality of life, by enabling couples, especially the poor, to bring into the world only the number of children they believe they can care for and nurture to become healthy and productive members of our society."[42] Thus, they entitled their paper as "Catholics Can Support the RH Bill in Good Conscience."[42] In response, the Ateneo administration announced its unity with Catholic teaching and that it had "serious objections to the present bill."[82] The Catholic University of Santo Tomas's student paper, The Varsitarian expressed shock about what they see as the Ateneo professors' "erroneous conscience", and ignorance of economic science and medicine. [46] 42 prominent international Catholic scholars, including Janet E. Smith, Peter Kreeft, William E. May, and Joseph W. Koterski, S.J., responded to the faculty of the Ateneo, saying that It is never lawful, even for the gravest reasons, to do evil that good may come of it," that the bill disrespects poor people, and "focuses primarily on providing services to curb the number of children of the poor, while doing little to remedy their situation."[83] Proponents such as Lagman also stressed that official Catholic teaching itself, expressed in the Encyclical Humanae Vitae issued only forty years ago in 1964, is not infallible.[19] He said that the Papal Commission on Birth Control, which included ranking prelates and theologians, recommended that the Church change its teaching on contraception as it concluded that the regulation of conception appears necessary for many couples who wish to achieve a responsible, open and reasonable parenthood in todays circumstances. The editorial of the Philippine Daily Inquirer, moreover, stated that Catholic teaching is "only" a religious teaching and should not be imposed with intolerance on a secular state.[citation needed]

Responding to the Inquirer, opponents of the bill said that science and secular moral reasoning show the objective truth that contraception is evil and disastrous for society, and therefore a secular state should stand by this evidence. Thus they cite the 15 non-religious reasons against contraception provided by the Ethics Guide of the secular BBC which includes the loss of potential beneficent human life, causing widespread moral promiscuity, weakening family life, being unnatural and anti-life.[84] They stress that it is the errors of conscience pushed by the "dictatorship of relativism"rather than the objective truth and the good--- that is imposing itself on people. They say that Catholic Church doctrine on contraception has been the same since its beginning,[84] taught by bishops around the world, thus part of infallible ordinary magisterium.[85][86] Prestigious secular and anti-Catholic social scientists are also reported to have found empirical evidence linking contraception and a variety of social ills: more premarital sex, fatherless children, and abortion; decline of marriage, crimes by unmarried men, poverty, social pathology (George Akerlof, Nobel prize winner),[28] although Akerlof himself refuted their misuse of his research;[81] heightened spread of AIDS (Edward C. Green, Harvard Director for AIDS);[30] breakdown of families, female impoverishment, trouble in the relationship between the sexes, and single motherhood (Lionel Tiger).[29][87] Opponents argue that misery is not the result of the church which they say is the largest charitable organization in the world, but of a breakdown in moral sense that gives order to society, nor does misery come from parents who bring up children in faithfulness, discipline, love and respect for life, but from those who strip human beings of moral dignity and responsibility, by treating them as mere machines, which they believe contraception does. [88]

[edit]Health

reasons

Stating that contraception is a lie and "against the beginning of new life," the Philippine Medical Association also stressed that "The health risks of contraception to women are considerable; the list of side effects is long, and includes high blood pressure, strokes, increased incidence of some forms of cancer."[53] In his Science Facts on Contraception,[22][89] Dr. Raul Nidoy referred to:

a meta-analysis of the Stroke Journal that concluded that the Pill confers "risk of first ischemic stroke."[22][34]

findings of The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2007 that "there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogecity of combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives.",[31][32] the same level as cigarettes and asbestos.

A study of 2010 published by the Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention which concluded that "Current use of oral contraceptives carries an excess risk of breast cancer" and that "Previous studies convincingly showed an increase in risk of breast cancer associated with current or recent use of oral contraceptives from the 1960s to 1980s."[90]

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism which concluded in 2005 that "a rigorous meta-analysis of the literature suggests that current use of low-dose OCs significantly increases the risk of both cardiac and vascular arterial events."[33]

the conclusion of Edward Green, Director of the Harvard AIDS Prevention center, that "the best studies" show that widespread use of contraception and condoms promote the spread of AIDS due to greater risk-taking and sexual adventures.

In its list of essential medicines, WHO stated that these drugs "have been questioned" and "will be reviewed" by its Expert Committee.[18]

While the World Health Organization acknowledges the possible negative side effects of the pill, it still defines it as anessential medicine.

Opponents also say that being pregnant with a child is not a disease but a blessing, and that there are real diseases among the leading causes of mortality that should take on a higher priority, given the limited budget. They refer to data from the Department of Health as to the leading causes of death in the Philippines, and the daily death toll per 100,000 women are: (1) Heart diseases 80; (2) Vascular diseases 63; (3) Cancer 51; (4) Pneumonia 45; (5) Tuberculosis 23; (6) Diabetes 22; (7) Lower chronic respiratory diseases 16.[10][91] Dr. Aguirre of the Makati Medical Society also said that "The health risks of the pill actually outweighs by far the risks of pregnancy and childbirth to a woman's health."[23] Proponents such as E. Ansioco of Democratic Socialist Women of the Philippines argued that "The World Health Organization (WHO) includes contraceptives in its Model Lists of Essential Drugs" and thus are safe medicines. [17][18] "Medical and scientific evidence," says the main proponent, "shows that all the possible medical risks connected with contraceptives are infinitely lower than the risks of an actual pregnancy and everyday activities...The risk of dying within a year of using pills is 1 in 200,000. The risk of dying from a vasectomy is 1 in 1 million and the risk of dying from using an IUD is 1 in 10 million. ... But the risk of dying from a pregnancy is 1 in 10,000."[19] In Facts on Barriers to Contraceptive Use in the Philippines, Likhaan made the following projection: "If all women who wanted to avoid pregnancy used modern methods, there would be 1.6 million fewer pregnancies each year in the Philippines. Unintended births would drop by 800,000, abortions would decline by 500,000 and miscarriages would decline by 200,000. Expanding modern contraceptive use to all women at risk for unintended pregnancy would prevent 2,100 maternal deaths each year. It would also reap savings on medical care for pregnant women and newborns that would more than offset the additional spending on modern contraception."

[edit]HIV/AIDS
The RH bill provides for "prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS and other, STIs/STDs," especially since the number of HIV cases among the young nearly tripled from 41 in 2007 to 110 in 2008.[71]Proponents emphasized that RH will help in stemming the AIDS epidemic that is worsening in the Philippines. Lagman explained that "Globally, the new number of reported cases of HIV infections and deaths has dropped by nearly 20 percent. It is therefore both ironic and tragic that the Philippines trajectory is towards the other direction. Our countrys HIV/AIDS statistics have increased by 30 percent!"[92] Primary among the means is distribution of condoms. The proponents applauded government efforts last February 2010 when it distributed condoms in some areas of Manila.[citation needed] On the other side of the debate, Dr. Rene Josef Bullecer, Director of AIDS-Free Philippines, said that in 1987, Thailand had 112 AIDS cases, more or less the same number as the Philippines (135). By the year 2003, there were around 750,000 cases in Thailand, where there was an intense campaign for the "100% Condom Use Program", while there were only 1,935 cases in the Philippines, whose population is around

30% greater than Thailand's.[93][94] Pro-life groups refer to the Director of Harvard's Aid Prevention Center, Edward C. Green, who said that the "best evidence" agrees with Benedict XVI's statement that condom distribution risked exacerbating the spread of the virus, because availability of condoms leads to riskier sexual behavior.[30] Jason Evert, an international expert on sexuality and family, cited the "wisdom of the Filipino approach to halting AIDS" and that they are "living proof that self-control always trumps birth control."[95] He cited the British Medical Journal which stated that "The greater the percentage of Catholics in any country, the lower the level of HIV." The BMJ said that whereas "in Swaziland, where 42.6 percent have HIV, only 5 percent of the population is Catholic. ...In Uganda, with 43 percent of the population Catholic, the proportion of HIV infected adults is 4 percent." Evert said that "In the Philippines, over 80 percent of the population is Catholic, and only .03 percent of the population has HIV!"[96]

[edit]Sex

education

To achieve its goals, the bill provides for mandatory reproductive health education and that it be taught in "an age-appropriate manner... by adequately trained teachers starting from Grade 5 up to Fourth Year High School." Opposition to the bill is concerned about early sexualization of the youth and say that sexuality education promoters themselves state that it has led to more teenage pregnancies and illegitimacy. They quote the The Consortium of State Physicians Resource Councils, which said that programs in safer sex education and condom distribution have not reduced the out-of-wedlock birth rates among sexually experienced teens. . . . The fact is, increased condom use by teens is associated with increased out-of-wedlock birth rates.[97] They stressed that what is needed is chastity education, especially taught by their parents, rather than sex education in school. Proponents refer to the latest UNESCO study dated December 2009 which concluded that sexuality education did not encourage early initiation into sex, but actually increased the age at which people first engage in sexual activity.[98]

[edit]Opinion

polls and TV debates

Proponents refer to many surveys conducted by two prominent locally based organizations (SWS and Pulse Asia) which show majority support for the bill. A survey conducted in 2008 by theSocial Weather Stations, commissioned by the Forum for Family Planning and Development (FFPD), a non-government advocacy group, showed that 68 percent of Filipinos agree that there should be a law requiring government to distribute legal contraceptives.[99] SWS President and RH Bill proponent, Mahar Mangahas reported that the "survey found 71 percent in favor [of the RH Bill], 21 percent undecided, and a mere 8 percent opposed. Among those who originally knew of the bill, the score is 84 percent in favor, and 6 percent opposed. Among those who learned of the bill for the first time because of the survey, the score is 59 percent in favor, versus 11 percent opposed.[20][99] Pulse Asia reported that in an October 2008 survey "most Filipinos are aware of the reproductive health bill pending at the House of Representatives (68%) and are in favor of the bill (63%)."[100] In December 2010, Pulse Asia announced based on the results of an October 2010 survey, 69% of the Filipinos are in favor of the bill.[citation needed] Saying that nation-wide surveys are financed by wealthy, foreign-funded political lobby groups to create a bandwagon effect, Senator Tatad remarked that an objective measure of Filipino preference is the consistent top electoral success of the pro-life party-list, Buhay Hayaan Yumabong (Let Life Flourish).[10] President of Prolife Philippines, Lito Atienza, said that the surveys conducted by SWS and Pulse Asia were misleading, because the participants were not fully informed of the bill, were merely aware of it, and informed that it was about health and "modern methods". Instead he referred to the Filipino Family survey of December 2009 conducted by the HB&A International (an affiliate

of Louis Harris & Associates) together with the personnel of Asia Research Organization (the Philippine affiliate of Gallup International). The survey concluded that 92% of people in Metro Manila rejected the bill, "85 percent are not aware that once passed the RH bill would allow teenagers to secure 'abortifacient devices and substances' without their parents knowledge and consent....90 percent do not agree that Congress should appropriate P2 billion to the detriment of other essential medicines for free childrens vaccinations, treatment of dreaded diseases and other more important health and medical concerns."[101] Mangahas acknowledged that the SWS surveys did not include the penalties.[102] A TV Debate was also hosted by ABS-CBN last May 2011. Leaders of both sides, including Rep. Lagman and Rep. Golez were present. According to the ABS-CBN news which reported on the results: "In the SMS poll, 69.58% of votes cast reject the RH bill while 30.42% support it."[103] In the separate online poll held on the Harapan microsite that livestreamed the debate, majority voted against the bill at the very end of the debate.[dubious discuss] On TV5's Debate Hamon sa Pagbabago on 21 August 2011, the studio audience voted 100% against the bill, while 58.7% of the viewers voted against the RH Bill via text messaging, versus 41.3% in favor.[104] The online poll conducted by the Philippine Star which was published on 18 May 2011 showed that 56% were against the RH Bill, while 44% were in favor.[105]

[edit]Rallies
From late 2010 to the present, there have been rallies for and against the bill.[citation needed] The pro-life rallies against the bill where in: Manila with Catholics, Moslems and Evangelicals (25 March 2011) 40,000[106] to 200,000,[107][108] Mindanao 50,000,[109] Manila 2012 - 30,000 to 50,000,[110] Manila (13 Feb 2011) 10,000[111] 50,000,[112] Bacolod 20,000,[113] Cebu 10,000 to 12,000,[114] Balanga 10,000,[115] Christians and non-Christians in Mindanao - 10,000[116]Manila (Dec 2011) 10,000,[117] Lucena 8,000,[118] Dipolog 10,000 and Pagadian 8,000,[119] Maasin, Leyte 6000 to 7000,[118][120] Manila Knights of Columbus March (March 2011) 7000,[121] Bohol - 4000,[122] Legazpi 4000,[123] Iloilo 4000,[124] San Pablo, Quezon 2000,[118] Quiapo (Oct) 1500,[125] Tagaytay 2000,[126] Batasan 3000.[127] The pro-RH rallies were: Batasan 1500,[128] CBCP complex 1000.[129] Mendiola - 1000.[130] In one pro-RH rally, organizers "set aside P1,750,000 to organize a rally of 'at least 5,000 people.' Each participant was supposed to receive P350," according to a report of the Philippine Daily Inquirer.[131]

[edit]Penalties
There is mandatory sexuality education starting grade 5, and "malicious disinformation" is penalized.[132] All health care service providers which provide reproductive health services, including faith-based hospital administrators, may be imprisoned or fined if they refuse to provide family planning services such as tubal ligation and vasectomy. The same may happen to employers who do not provide free services to employees.[132] Imprisonment ranges from (1) month to six (6) months or a fine ranging from Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00).[132]Former Finance Secretary, Roberto de Ocampo, stated that these punitive provisions "are tantamount to an affront to civil liberties and smack of religious persecution."[35]

Defending the bill, Dr. Felipe Medalla, former dean of the School of Economics of UP, said that "Although the poors access t o family planning services can be improved even without the law, the absence of the law makes it easier to block the program."[citation needed]

[edit]Separation

of church and state

The head of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines, Archbishop Luis Antonio Tagle opposes the Reproductive Health Bill, along with abortion and contraception. Because 81% of Filipinos are Catholics, the Catholic Church exerts a strong influence in public and moral life. Its staunch opposition to the bill has drawn the controversy among non-Catholics and Catholics alike who support the bill whereby many invoke the principle of separation of church and state.[133] Fr. Joaquin Bernas, S.J, one of the drafters of the Philippine Constitution and a prominent lawyer and writer, explained that the concept of separation of church and state is directed towards the state, rather than the church, as it is a political concept. Technically it means nonestablishment of religion, as the Constitution stated that No law shall be passed respecting an establishment of religion ... It means that the state should be guided by the principle that it should support no specific religion. This means that government funding should not be allocated for building churches or mosques, and not favor any particular religion. It does not prevent the church, parents, supervisors, teachers and other moral educators from expressing their views and educating their wards on the morality of their personal and social actions. The Catholic church also states that their stand is based on secular reasons and natural law that are both acceptable to nonCatholics too. Proponents, on the other hand, state that the church should not meddle in matters of the state, and should focus on religious matters, not political matters.[134]

[edit]Culture

war and its implications

Millenium Development Goals at the UN

The national debate is seen as part of a wider culture war.[135][136] Passage or non-passage of the bill have negative implications depending on the views. Proponents state that the non-passage of the bill will mean keeping the Philippines in a backward state and unable to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, especially the points on poverty alleviation and maternal health. It will mean reneging on international commitments and will slow down modernization. Also the poor will not have free access to family planning support that many have expressed desires to have, and thus will have more children than they can care for, and will not have the money to invest in education to break the intergenerational poverty they are trapped in. Proponents also accuse the Catholic Church of holding the Philippines "hostage" and violating the separation of church and state.[137] They argue that a decreased population growth will lead to improved quality of life and economic development.

Opponents of the bill cite the historical study of Columbia University professor Matthew Connelly, stating that the population control agenda traces its roots to the wrong assumptions of Thomas Malthus, the forced eugenics of Adolf Hitler and Margaret Sanger.[10][138] Opponents see the bill as allowing the Filipinos to be fooled by the deceptive manipulations of American imperialism and eugenicist control, using United Nations Agencies for its own national interests, and to use Philippines' own national funds to kill the youngest Filipinos, harm its own mothers, and encourage immorality. They see the bill as an act of disrespect and ingratitude to the Catholic Church that works for the poor and the sick, and for the education and development of Filipinos.[10][136] They accuse the Philippine Legislator's Committee on Population and Development as "essentially a foreign body" that has drafted the bills, and that its "2008 lobbying fund of two billion pesos comes from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, IPPF and UNFPA the latter two both well known for their global agenda to legalize abortion."[136] They say that a population control policy is based on outdated economic theory, and will make the country fail to cash in on a possible demographic dividend of rapid economic growth, and great reduction of poverty, a chance for complete modernization without destruction of human life and promotion of immorality.[44]

[edit]Financials
Department of Health is proposing 13.7 Billion Pesos to be fund the RH Bill if it is passed in 2012, according to Senator Pia Cayetano.[139] The Filipinos for Life issued a statement with online copies of documents[140] which according to TV5 News, "revealed the following financial grants for RH lobby groups."[141]

$90,000 to the Reproductive Health Advocacy Network (RHAN) for promotion, from the UN Population Fund or UNFPA (2011);

$6.6 million to Planned Parenthood arm Family Planning Organization of the Philippines (FPOP) from UNFPA (2009);

$1.6 million to FPOP from IPPF for the years 2005, 2009, and 2010; $1.2 million to PSPI from Marie Stopes (2009); $39,000 to Likhaan from Planned Parenthood (2007); $88,000 to FPOP in 2009 from Marie Stopes for RH kits; and $75,000 to Catholics for Choice to promote RH, from the Wallace Global Fund (2009)

Lagman denied this, and said that the accusation is "an old yarn which is destitute of factual basis." He also referred to "the lobby against the RH bill that is well-funded by the wealthy Catholic hierarchy with the aid of dozens of lay organizations.[141] Young Nine Legislators (Y9L)--including Aliah Dimaporo, Lucy Torres-Gomez, Karlo Alexei Nogralessaid that The proposed P3 billion appropriation for the RH bill, if put towards education, can help secure the future of young Filipinos. That amount can build 4,644 new classroomsor it can subsidize the college education of 300,000 scholars a chance for underprivileged student achievers to earn their diploma.[142]

Lagman on the other hand said that both these priorities are important but with a burgeoning population the budget will become even tighter, thus population growth is a major issue.[citation needed]

[edit]International [edit]European

reactions

Union

European Union Ambassador to the Philippines Alistair MacDonald said "We have all seen the figures on illegal abortion a year in the Philippines and I very much hope that both Houses of Congress will take these issues into account in producing a reproductive health legislation which will really help people make their own choices and to provide for their families."[143] MacDonald said that lack of effective access to reproductive health services in the Philippines was 'antithetical' to the cou ntrys struggle against poverty and "It seems to me extremely unlikely that the Philippines will be able to meet its commitment under the MDGs under the present policy."[143] MacDonald noted that the total fertility rate for the richest quintile of the population is 2.0, while the total fertility rate of the poorest quintile is 5.9. The total fertility rate for women with a college education is 2.3, about half that of women with only elementary education (4.5). He mentioned that the lack of access to RH services is anti-women, citing the slow decline in the maternal mortality ratio in the Philippines. He also said surveys suggest that the total wanted fertility rate for the Philippines is 2.4 children, or below the actual TFR of 3.3 children.[143]

[edit]International

scholars

An international group of conservative catholic scholars, including George Weigel, Mary Ann Glendon, Thomas Lickona have expressed opposition to the bill in a one-page ad in the major newspapers of the Philippines, entitled Population Control Does Not Reduce Poverty. They refer to the RAND Corporation study of 2003, which states that "Most economic analysis has examined the statistical correlation between population and economic growth and found little significant connection... there is little cross-country evidence that population growth impedes or promotes economic growth... The neutralist theory has been the dominant view since the mid-1980s... population neutralism has in fact been the predominant school in thinking among academics about population growth for the last half-century."[21] The international scholars stressed that "Corruption, lack of education, and lack of opportunity cause poverty. The poor are victims of poverty, not the cause of poverty... HB 96 seeks to establish a government-managed program of population management and demographic targets in the Philippines. This policy is based on incorrect economics assumptions."[citation needed]

[edit]Status [edit]Legislature
On 31 January 2011, six different bills were consolidated into a single RH Bill which was then unanimously approved for plenary debate by the House Committee on Population and Family Relations. On 7 February 2011, the bill was scheduled to go before the House Appropriations Committee. 16 February 2011 the bill was endorsed by the House Appropriations Committee with amendment and referred back to the Population Committee for finalizing the language.[citation needed]

[edit]President

and Cabinet

President Noynoy Aquino during the presidential campaign said that it confounds him why he is always associated with the RH Bill and reiterated that he is neither an author nor a co-author, much less did he sign the committee report regarding the bill. He said that "he will fully support the crafting of a firm policy that will address the serious problem on population."[36] At the same time, Aquino said that "artificial contraception was a matter of choice and conscience and that health professionals who fool people into using artificial contraceptives should be penalized. As a Catholic, Aquino said he himself was not promoting artificial contraception but believes that the government should be able to provide it to Filipinos who ask for it." Aquino stressed: "Im a Catholic, Im not promoting it. My position is more aptly called responsible parenthood rather than reproductive health.[37] According to Rina Jimenez David who is pro-RH, during the Women Deliver Philippines Conference held September 2010, Dinky Soliman, Aquino's Secretary of Social Welfare and Development, said that "choice and access constituted the keystone of the Aquino governments policy, reiterating the administrations support for the pending reproductive health bills.[144] On December 2010, the Cabinet and the CBCP agreed to have a joint campaign providing full information on the advantages and risks of contraceptives, natural and artificial family planning and responsible parenthood. They have established a technical working group for this purpose. They also agreed that government will not be an "instrument to enforce or violate the conscience of the people about these issues."[145] However, by April 2011 the President has given his full support to the entire RH Bill in a speech at the University of the Philippines and promised to push for its passage even at the "risk of excommunication."[146]

[edit]Compromise

and alternatives

Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile, Congressman Roilo Golez and Buhay party-list separately filed bills that seek to restrict abortion and birth control use. These bills have been seen either as a nullification of the RH Bill, its alternative, or as a way of achieving unity among the populace, since the RH Bill proponents have stated their concern in preventing abortion. Presidential candidate Gilbert Teodoro or Gibo suggested a cash transfer from the government to individuals wanting access to family planning methods, whether natural or artificial. The individuals can then make use of the cash they receive to purchase birth control devices they may choose, thus guaranteeing freedom of choice.[147] The Loyola School of Theology and the John J. Carroll Institute on State and Church Issues issued 9 "Talking Points" on the RH Bill. Among other points, they proposed a study on the meaning of conception in the Constitution, and if it means fertilization, abortifacients "are to be banned even now and regardless of whether the RH Bill is passed". They also proposed "parallel programs for providing information and training, one for Natural Family Planning (NFP) and another for artificial methods of family planning". [148] Columnist Jose Sison of the Philippine Star criticized this: a Catholic School of theology has actually proposed in public, the use of tax payers money to train Filipinos to employ methods that are objectively and intrinsically evil and cites "empirical evidence and sc ientific proofs confirming the harmful and evil effects of contraceptives to individuals and to society."[149]

[edit]Recent

events

In September 2010, Aquino during this visit to the US reiterated his stand that he is in favor of responsible parenthood and respects the decision of each couple as to the number of children they want, and if they need the government support for contraception, then the

government will provide it. This statement has created a furor as Catholic church leaders say that Aquino has sold out the Filipino soul in exchange for some "measly" aid from the United States. The President of the Catholic Bishops Conference said that there can possibly be an excommunication of the President if he continues on with his stance. Pro RH Bill Senators encouraged the President to be steadfast to do his duties towards the state. The President's spokesperson Edwin Lacierda explained that the President "has not changed his stand" and is reaching out to the prelates and said that the President himself has not made any decision in support of the Reproductive Health Bill as he is still studying the document. Lacierda said that the Executive Branch "is not involved in the passage of the RH bill, saying the measure's fate rests solely on the legislative branch." Filipino Freethinkers, an association of agnostics, atheists, progressives, etc., who have been very active in the fight in favor of the RH bill, stepped up the pressure, creating more controversy that fired up renewed interest in the bill on both sides. On 30 September 2010, one of the freethinkers, Carlos Celdran staged a protest action against the Catholic Church, holding a sign which read "DAMASO" a reference to the villainous, corrupt clergyman Father Dmaso of the novel Noli Me Tangere by Filipino revolutionary writer Jose Rizal and shouting "stop getting involved in politics!" A fan page, Free Carlos Celdran was created in Facebook, which generated 23,808 fans in 24 hours. Francisco Montalvan of the Inquirer said that in the end the Damasos are the scheming, corrupt and deceptive people, implying that the "pro-death advocates" are these, while the Cardinal Rosales who started a nationwide fund for the poor is very far from Damaso. Meanwhile, the Imam Council of the Philippines, the top leaders of the Moslem population which at 4.5 M constitutes 5% of the Philippine population, declared that they are against contraceptives since using them "underestimates God," and "makes one lose morality in the process." During the first public hearing on 24 Nov, the chair of the Committee on Population handling the bill said that there is no instruction from the Speaker of the House to expedite the bill. Upon the call of anti-RH congressmen, the Committee Chair decided to refer the bill also to the Committee on Health, since the bill is about Reproductive Health. Leader of the pro-RH group, Elizabeth Ansioco, said that the bill is doomed if it is referred to the Committee on Health. Anti-RH Deputy Speaker Congressman Pablo Garcia said the members of the Committee on Health know of the WHO announcement on the carcinogenicity of combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives. House Speaker Belmonte said that Congress is not likely to rush the legislation of the bill and will tackle it in plenary early next year. Belmonte said it is better that highly contentious bills be given more attention. On 3 December, the Senate cut the proposed budget of P 880M for contraceptives down to P 8M for condoms since other contraceptives violated the Constitution's ban on abortifacients, and Senator Tito Sotto III said that his constituents never asked for contraceptives. On 27 July 2012, the Speaker of the House decided to put to a vote by 7 August 2012 whether the debates have to be terminated. In response, pro-life groups and the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines have decided to call for a "Prayer Power Rally, on 4 August 2012 at the historic Edsa Shrine.[150] Meanwhile, 6 co-authors of the bill withdrew support, with the head of the minority group of the house declaring that 8 of their group are withdrawing their previous support for the bill.[151]

[edit]Voting

At 3 in the morning on December 13, 2012, the House of Representatives voted on second reading in favor of the bill with 113 affirmative votes versus 109 negative votes, 5 abstained while 50 congressmen where absent. In the upper house, the Senate voted on December 18,

2012 to pass the bill on second reading with 13 affirmative votes versus 8 negative votes, while Senators Sergio Osmea, III and Lito Lapid were absent.[152] On the same day, both Houses passed the bill on the third and final reading. Members of the House of Representatives voted 133 affirmative votes versus 79 negative votes while 7 abstained. The Senate registered 13 affirmative votes versus 8 negative votes, the same result as the second reading.[153] On December 19, 2012, both versions of the bill were passed to the Bicameral Committee to produce a final version to be signed by the President Aquino. The committee quickly passed the bill in just one session. It was transmitted back to the House and the Senate, which both ratified the bill, with the Senate voting 11-5 in favor of ratification. The bill now must be signed by President Aquino in order for it to become a law.[154][155]

[edit]References

1.

^ The general overview of the Reproductive Health bill cites fertility control among both men and women, the extensive usage of contraceptive services either through artificial methods and natural family planning, sexual education among pre-teens and adults, as well as supplemental maternal care for expectant mothers.

2. 3.

^ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/300440/rh-foes-still-oppose-watered-down-version-of-bill ^http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/279400/news/nation/copy-of-new-rh-billversion-filed-at-the-house-of-representatives

4.

^ 12 World Leaders (January 1968). "Declaration on Population". Studies in Family Planning. JSTOR 1965194.

5.

^ a b Antonio de los Reyes (2002). "Coercive Population Ploys in the Philippines". Population Research Institute.

6.

^ a b c d e f (PDF) Promoting Reproductive Health: A Unified Strategy to Achieve the MDGs. Senate of the PhilippinesEconomic Planning Office. July 2009. PB-09-03.

7.

^ US Department of National Security (1974). "National Security Study Memorandum 200: Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for U.S. Security and Overseas Interests (NSSM 200)". USAID.

8.

^ February 22, 2011 (2011-02-22). "RH Bills A Primer by Rev. Fr. Gregory D. Gaston, STD". 2010.alfi.org.ph. Retrieved 2012-08-20.

9.

^ Lexicon, Human Life International, Front Royal, 2006

10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Francisco Tatad (2008-09-14). "Procreative Rights and Reproductive Wrongs". Scribd. 11. ^http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/279400/news/nation/copy-of-new-rh-billversion-filed-at-the-house-of-representatives

12. ^ a b c d e f g h Dalangin-Fernandez, Lira (1 February 2011)."RH bill OKd at House committee level".politics.inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ernesto M. Pernia, Stella Alabastro-Quimbo, Maria Joy V. Abrenica, Ruperto P. Alonzo, Agustin L. Arcenas, Arsenio M. Balisacan, Dante B. Canlas, Joseph J. Capuno, Ramon L. Clarete, Rolando A. Danao, Emmanuel S. de Dios, Aleli dela PazKraft, Benjamin E. Diokno, Emmanuel F. Esguerra, Raul V. Fabella, Maria Socorro Gochoco-Bautista, Teresa J. Ho, Dennis Claire S. Mapa, Felipe M. Medalla, Maria Nimfa F. Mendoza, Solita C. Monsod, Toby Melissa C. Monsod, Fidelina Natividad-Carlos, Cayetano W. Paderanga, Gerardo P. Sicat, Orville C. Solon, Edita A. Tan, and Gwendolyn R. Tecson (2008-08-11). "Population, Poverty, Politics and the Reproductive Health Bill". 2010 Presidentiables. 14. ^ a b c d e f Ruperto P. Alonzo, Arsenio M. Balisacan, Dante B. Canlas, Joseph J. Capuno, Ramon L. Clarete, Rolando A. Danao, Emmanuel S. de Dios, Benjamin E. Diokno, Emmanuel F. Esguerra, Raul V. Fabella, Ma. Socorro Gochoco-Bautista, Aleli P. Kraft, Felipe M. Medalla, Nimfa F. Mendoza, Solita C. Monsod, Cayetano W. Paderanga, Jr., Ernesto M. Pernia, Stella A. Quimbo, Gerardo P. Sicat, Orville C. Solon, Edita A. Tan, and Gwendolyn R. Tecson (December 2004) (PDF). Population and Poverty: the Real Score. University of the Philippines School of Economics. DP2004-15. 15. ^ a b ADB (2004). "Poverty in the Philippines". Asian Development Bank. 16. ^ a b Aniceto Orbeta, Jr. (2003). "Population and Poverty: A Review of the Evidence, Links, Implications for the Philippines". Philippine Journal of Development(Philippine Institute for Development Studies) XXX (56): 198227. 17. ^ a b c Elizabeth Angsioco (2008-10-08). "Arguments for the Reproductive Health Bill". The Manila Times (The Manila Times Publishing Corp.). 18. ^ a b c "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. 2008 March. 19. ^ a b c d Edcel Lagman (2008-08-03). "Facts and Fallacies on the Reproductive Health Bill". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 20. ^ a b Mahar Mangahas (2008-10-18). "New polls on reproductive health". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 21. ^ a b c "The Demographic Dividend: A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change". Rand Corporation. 2003. 22. ^ a b c d Raul Nidoy (2010-11-07). "Science Facts on the RH Bills". Scribd.

23. ^ a b c d Angelita Miguel-Aguirre (2008-08-11). "Medical Issues in the Reproductive Health Bill". The Truths and Half Truths about Reproductive Health, The Bishops-Legislators Caucus of the Philippines. 24. ^ a b Larimore WL, Stanford JB (2000). "Postfertilization effects of oral contraceptives and their relationship to informed consent" (PDF). Arch Fam Med 9 (2): 126 33.doi:10.1001/archfami.9.2.126. PMID 10693729. Retrieved 2010-10-05. 25. ^ a b c d Joseph B. Stanford and Rafael T. Mikolajczyk (2005)."Mechanisms of action of intrauterine devices: Update and estimation of postfertilization effects". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B. Saunders Comp) 187: 1699 1708. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.128091.PMID 12501086. 26. ^ a b Peter Kreeft. "Human Personhood Begins at Conception". Medical Ethics Policy Monograph. Stafford, Virginia: Castello Institute. 27. ^ a b Ang Kapatiran Party (2010-11-15). "A Position Paper on the Reproductive Health Bills". Phnix. 28. ^ a b John Jalsevac (2008-07-25). ""Heaps of Empirical Evidence" Vindicate Pope Paul VI's Dire Warnings 40 Years Ago About Contraceptive Culture". Life Site News(Lifeissues.net). 29. ^ a b Mary Eberstadt (August/Sept 2008). "The Vindication of Humanae Vitae". First Things. 30. ^ a b c Edward C. Green (2009-03-29). "Condoms, HIV-AIDS and Africa - The Pope Was Right". The Washington Post(US: The Washington Post Company). 31. ^ a b "Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives"(PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 91. 2007. 32. ^ a b World Health Organization (2005). "Carcinogenicity of combined hormonal contraceptives and combined menopausal treatment" (Press release). UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP). 33. ^ a b Jean-Patrice Baillargeon, Donna K. McClish, Paulina A. Essah, and John E. Nestler (2005). "Association between the Current Use of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives and Cardiovascular Arterial Disease: A Meta-Analysis". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (The Endocrine Society) 90 (7): 38633870. doi:10.1210/jc.20041958.PMID 15814774. 34. ^ a b Jeanet M. Kemmeren, Bea C. Tanis, Maurice A.A.J. van den Bosch, Edward L.E.M. Bollen, Frans M. Helmerhorst, Yolanda van der Graaf, Frits R. Rosendaal, and Ale Algra

(2002). "Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) Study: Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke". Stroke (American Heart Association, Inc.) 33 (5): 1202 1208.doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000015345.61324.3F.PMID 11988591. 35. ^ a b c Roberto de Ocampo (2009-11-27). "Kill Bill?".Philippine Daily Inquirer. 36. ^ a b Various (2010-03-06). "How they stand on population". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 37. ^ a b Philip Tubeza (2010-03-15). "Aquino eases up on reproductive health bill". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 38. ^ "Population density - Persons per sq km 2011 country ranks, By Rank". Photius.com. 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 39. ^ "THE 2010 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING REVEALS THE PHILIPPINE POPULATION AT 92.34 MILLION". Census.gov.ph. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 40. ^ "The World Factbook Philippines". U.S. Central Intelligence Angency. Retrieved 2009. 41. ^ Lee Brago, Pia (28 December 2010). "EU hopes Congress will approve RH bill". Philippine Star. Retrieved 29 January 2011. 42. ^ a b c d e f g Marita Castro Guevara, Raymond Aguas, Liane Pena Alampay, et al (200810-15). "CATHOLICS CAN SUPPORT THE RH BILL IN GOOD CONSCIENCE". 2010 Presidentiables. 43. ^ [1][dead link] 44. ^ a b c d Roberto de Vera (2008-08-11). "A Primer on the proposed Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood, and Population Development Consolidated Bill". The Truths and Half Truths about Reproductive Health, The Bishops-Legislators Caucus of the Philippines. 45. ^ Tony Roxas (September 2009). "The Socio-Economic Sophisms of the RH Bill 5043". Impact Magazine. 46. ^ a b Varsitarian (2008-11-20). "Dishonest, mediocre, anti-poor". Varsitarian. 47. ^ Calonzo, Andreo. "2 RH authors want population control provisions scrapped". GMA News Online. Retrieved 1 June 2011. 48. ^ "Federation of Free Farmers , National Farmer Leaders Strongly Reject the RH Bill Filipinos for Life". Filipinosforlife.com. 2011-05-04. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 49. ^ "Review & Outlook: Keeping the Philippine Dream Alive - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 50. ^ "Studies show maternal deaths in Philippines in decline | Inquirer News". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2012-08-20.

51. ^ CBCP for Life. "Year-ender report: The crusade for a culture of life, Part 2". Cbcpforlife.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 52. ^ "Pass the RH bill now - FROM THE STANDS By Domini M. Torrevillas - The Philippine Star News Opinion". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 53. ^ a b c Bu Castro and Oscar Tinio (Philippine Medical Association) (2011). "POSITION PAPER ON THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH BILL". philippinemedicalassociation.org. 54. ^ "No to RH Bill By Representative Mitos Habana Magsaysay". Antipinoy.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 55. ^ CBCP for Life (2011-05-23). "RH Bill concerns already addressed in existing laws". Cbcpforlife.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 56. ^ "Sotto asks Senate to scrap redundant RH bill | News | GMA News Online | The Go-To Site for Filipinos Everywhere". Gmanetwork.com. 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 57. ^ "Facts on Barriers to Contraceptive Use in the Philippines". Likhaan. May 2010. 58. ^ Bernardo Villegas (2010-08-29). "The myth of unmet family planning needs". Manila Bulletin. 59. ^ "RH bill authors agree to make sex education optional | Philippine Legislators Committee on Population and Development Foundation, Inc". Plcpd.com. 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 60. ^ Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Natural Fertility Regulation Programme in China: Shao-Zhen Qian, et al. Reproduction and Contraception (English edition), in press 2000. 61. ^ Ecochard, R.; Pinguet, F.; Ecochard, I.; De Gouvello, R.; Guy, M.; Huy, F. (1998). "Analysis of natural family planning failures. In 7007 cycles of use". Fertilite Contraception Sexualite 26 (4): 2916. PMID 9622963. 62. ^ Hilgers, T.W.; Stanford, J.B. (1998). "Creighton Model NaProEducation Technology for avoiding pregnancy. Use effectiveness". Journal of Reproductive Medicine 43 (6): 495 502. PMID 9653695. 63. ^ Howard, M.P.; Stanford, J.B. (1999). "Pregnancy probabilities during use of the Creighton Model Fertility Care System". Archives of Family Medicine 8 (5): 391 402.doi:10.1001/archfami.8.5.391. PMID 10500511. 64. ^ "What Guttmacher failed to point out in RH | Inquirer Opinion". Opinion.inquirer.net. 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 65. ^ "Full text of House Bill No. 5043". jlp-law.com. 2008. 66. ^ Varsitarian (2008-12-12). "Med experts slam birth control bill". University of Santo Tomas.

67. ^ Gregory Gaston (2008). "Misconceptions and Clarifications on Issues Related to Humanae Vitae and the Reproductive "Health" Bill in Philippine Congress.". Avenues (San Carlos Seminary Graduate School of Theology). 68. ^ a b Jo Imbong (2008-08-16). "Reckless and irresponsible". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 69. ^ Records of the Constitutional Commission IV: 761, 801. 1986-09-18. 70. ^ Clinicquotes. "When Does Life Begin? Scientists Speak...". Retrieved 2010-10-22. 71. ^ a b Clara Padilla (2010-04-11). "Voting with our Gonads".Philippine Daily Inquirer. 72. ^ a b c "Breathtaking infatuation for RH bill | Inquirer Opinion". Opinion.inquirer.net. 201106-09. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 73. ^ Steven Ertelt (2009-10-15). "Guttmacher Institute Claims Contraception Lowers Abortions, Data Shows Otherwise".Life Site News (Lifeissues.net). 74. ^ a b Ang Kapatiran Party (2010-09-04). "A Position Paper on the Reproductive Health Bills". Phnix. 75. ^ Malcolm Potts, Cambridge Evening News, February 7, 1973 76. ^ "Transcript of Secretary Clinton's statement to G8 Ministers". Center for Reproductive Rights. March 2010. 77. ^ "Jose Sison, Opposing something wrong, Philippine Star". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 27 November 2011. 78. ^ By Fr. Roy Cimagala (29 April 2009). "Roy Cimagala, RH Includes Abortion, The News Today". Thenewstoday.info. Retrieved 27 November 2011. 79. ^ "What Guttmacher failed to point out in RH | Inquirer Opinion". Opinion.inquirer.net. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011. 80. ^ Charles J. Chaput (1998). "Of Human Life". Archdiocese of Denver. 81. ^ a b by. "(UPDATED) Nobel Prize winner contradicts CBCP". Rappler.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 82. ^ Bienvenido Nebres (2008-10-23). "Statement on Reproductive Health Bill 5043". Ateneo de Manila University. 83. ^ Prof Janet E. Smith, Robert G Kennedy, PhD, Richard S. Meyers, Romanus Cessario, O.P., Rev. Joseph W. Koterski, S.J., et al (2008). "AN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESPONSE TO SOME ATENEO DE MANILA PROFESSORS STATEMENT ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH". First Things First. 84. ^ a b Raul Nidoy (2010-03-13). "Two errors in editorial on contraception". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 85. ^ Vicenzo Fagiolo (1989). "Humanae Vitae 25 Years Later". Catholic Culture.

86. ^ http://www.twotlj.org/Ford-Grisez.pdf 87. ^ W. Bradford Wilcox (2005). The Facts of Life & Marriage: Social Science & the Vindication of Christian Moral Teaching. Natural Family Planning Outreach. 88. ^ Joseph Ratzinger (2002). "God and the World". Trade Union Congress of the Philippines. 89. ^ "Science Facts on Contraception - One-page Flyer". Scribd.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 90. ^ "Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study of Young Women". Cebp.aacrjournals.org. 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 91. ^ "LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY". Department of Health. 1997. 92. ^ "World AIDS Celebration". Edcellagman.com.ph. 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 93. ^ Rene Josef Bullecer. Telling the Truth: AIDS Rates for Thailand and the Philippines. Human Life International. 94. ^ Brian Clowes (2006). "Condoms, STD, Teenagers, and International Case Studies Showing Condom Ineffectiveness Against HIV/AIDS". Life Site News(Lifeissues.net). 95. ^ Jason Evert, If you loved me, Catholic Answers, 2008. 96. ^ Amin Abboud, "Searching for Papal Scapegoats Is Pointless," British Medical Journal 331 (July 30, 2005), 294. 97. ^ "Isn't using birth control better than having unwanted teen pregnancies and abortions?". Chastity.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 98. ^ UNESCO, Sexuality Education Guidelines 99. ^ a b Johanna Camille Sisante (2008-10-15). "Solons laud SWS survey on family planning". GMANews.TV (GMA). 100. ^ Pulse Asia (2008). "Pulse Asia's October 2008 Nationwide Survey on Reproductive Health and the Reproductive Health Bill". Pulse Asia. 101. ^ Macon Ramos-Araneta (2010-01-09). "Poll thumbs down reproductive bill". Manila Standard. 102. ^ Mahar Mangahas (2009-11-20). "Business groups work for RH compromise". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 103. ^ Malig, Jojo. "Philippines still divided on reproductive health bill | ABS-CBN News | Latest Philippine Headlines, Breaking News, Video, Analysis, Features". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 104. ^ TV5 Debate, Hamon sa Pagbabago, 21 August 2011, hosted by Ricardo "Dong" Puno and Luchi Cruz-Valdez.

105. ^ "Philstar poll on RH Bill Nation News | Philippine News". philstar.com. 2012-08-16. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 106. ^ http://www.cbcpnews.com/?q=node/5026 /http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId =669859&publicationSubCategoryId=63 107. ^ by (26 March 2011). "Santo Papa umapela sa mga Pinoy na ipagtanggol ang buhay | Remate". Remate.ph. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 108. ^ "Cbcpmonitor Vol15 n07". Scribd.com. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 109. ^ "CBCP News Servce". Cbcpnews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 110. ^ CBCP for Life (2012-03-25). "Tens of thousands join K of Cs Walk for Life, reiterate RH bill rejection". Cbcpforlife.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 111. ^ "Official news service of Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines Media Office". CBCP News. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 112. ^ Millette, Rebecca (18 February 2011). "Over 50,000 march against reproductive health bill in Philippines". LifeSiteNews.com. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 113. ^ "20,000 join rally vs RH bill". Sun.Star. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 114. ^ "Thousands join anti-RH Bill rally The Freeman The Freeman Sections Cebu News". The Philippine Star. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 115. ^ "7 Bataan barangays follow Ayala Alabang, pass own RH laws INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 116. ^ CBCP for Life (2011-12-15). "Thousands turn up for Mindanao anti-RH, pro-peace demo". Cbcpforlife.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 117. ^ CBCP for Life (2011-12-12). "Lawmakers rouse thousands with truth about RH bill in Luneta rally". Cbcpforlife.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 118. ^ a b c "Thousands in Laguna, Quezon, Leyte march vs RH bill INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 119. ^ "Philippines Sees 20,000 Pro-Life Advocates at Recent Rally". LifeNews.com. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 120. ^ "CBCP News Servce". Cbcpnews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 121. ^ "CBCP News Servce". Cbcpnews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 122. ^ CBCP for Life (2012-06-20). "PDAF to be source of funding for RH contraceptives solon". Cbcpforlife.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 123. ^ "CBCP News Servce". Cbcpnews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20.

124. ^ "We need to debate on RH Bill, says Garin | The News Today". Iloilonewstoday.com. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 125. ^ "CBCP News Servce". Cbcpnews.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 126. ^ CBCP for Life (21 September 2011). "Tagaytay anti-RH bill prayer rally unites 2,000". Cbcpforlife.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011. 127. ^ CBCP for Life (15 November 2011). "Concerned citizens re-stage prayer vigil for fight vs. RH bill". Cbcpforlife.com. Retrieved 27 November 2011. 128. ^ "RH bill activists hold rally; House OKs RH budget | ABS-CBN News | Latest Philippine Headlines, Breaking News, Video, Analysis, Features". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 129. ^ "RH Bill Rally Memorial March for Mothers". Filipino Freethinkers. Retrieved 25 October 2011. 130. ^ "1,000 women march to Mendiola for Reproductive Health bill | Inquirer News". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 2011-12-13. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 131. ^ "No delay but RH bill wont be passed this yearEnrile | Inquirer News". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 2011-12-02. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 132. ^ a b c "RH Bill Philippines: full text of reproductive health and related measures". Likhaan. May 2010. 133. ^ Kristine L. Alave, TJ Burgonio (2012-08-03). "Massive Church rally set against RH bill". Philippine Daily Inquirer(Philippine Daily Inquirer). 134. ^ Fr. Joaquin G. Bernas, S.J. (2010-12-06). "Church and State". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 135. ^ John Carrol, S.J. (2009-12-08). "A ceasefire in the culture war?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 136. ^ a b c Linda Valenzona (2008-10-21). "The Filipino front in the culture wars". MercatorNet. 137. ^ Conrado de Quiros (2010-10-04). "Hostage". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 138. ^ "Matthew Connelly". Matthew Connelly. 2008-03-23. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 139. ^ "DOH proposed nearly P14 billion to fund RH bill in 2012 | Inquirer News". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 140. ^ Name (required) (2011-12-02). "Official Statement: Documents bare millions of dollars in funding for RH lobbyists Filipinos for Life". Filipinosforlife.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 141. ^ a b Dalangin, Lira (2011-12-05). "No foreign funding for RH lobby - Lagman". InterAksyon.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 142. ^ CBCP for Life (2011-09-27). "Solons come out against RH bill". Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines(CBCP for Life).

143. ^ a b c Pia Lee-Brago (2010-12-28). "EU hopes Congress will approve RH bill". Philippine Star. 144. ^ Rina Jimenez-David (2010-08-21). "One big fight".Philippine Daily Inquirer. 145. ^ by (2010-12-15). "CBCP, Palace to launch info drive on family planning| Remate". Remate.ph. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 146. ^ Mogato, Manuel. "Aquino risks Church ire on reproductive health bill". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2012-08-20. 147. ^ Bernardo Villegas (2010-04-22). "Continuing dialogue on RHB". Manila Bulletin. 148. ^ Fr. Eric O. Genilo, S.J., Fr, John J. Carroll, S.J., and Fr. Joaquin Bernas, S.J. (2010-1011). "Talking Points for Dialogue on the Reproductive Health Bill (HB 96; filed July 1, 2010)". Ateneo de Manila University. 149. ^ Jose Sison (2010-11-08). "Nagging questions".Philippine Star. 150. ^ Cite

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151. ^ Cite

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152. ^ Cathy C. Yamsuan, Christian V. Esguerra, Leila B. Salaverria (December 18, 2012). "Congress passes RH Bill". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 19, 2012. 153. ^ "House, Senate approve reproductive health bill on final reading". Sun.Star. December 17, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012. 154. ^ Maila Ager (December 19, 2012). "RH Bill passes bicam". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 19, 2012. 155. ^ Karl John Reyes, Lira Dalangin Fernandez (December 19, 2012). "Senate, House ratify bicameral panel version of RH Bill". TV5. InterAKSYON. Retrieved December 19, 2012.

[edit]Readings [edit]Full

and external links

text of the bills

House Bill No. 4244 Senate Bill No. 2378

[edit]Supporting

the RH Bill

Edcel Lagman (2010-06-01). "House Bill No. 96: An Act Providing For a National Policy on Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Population and Development and Other Purposes". Philippine NGO Council on Population, Health and Welfare Inc.

"Full text of House Bill No. 5043 (Reproductive Health and Population Development Act of 2008)". web log. Jaromay Laurente Pamaos Law Offices. 2008-09-22.

"Facts on Barriers to Contraceptive Use in the Philippines". Likhaan. May 2010.

Elizabeth Angsioco (2008-10-08). "Arguments for the Reproductive Health Bill". The Manila Times (The Manila Times Publishing Corp.).

Edcel Lagman (2008-08-03). "Facts and Fallacies on the Reproductive Health Bill". Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Ruperto P. Alonzo, Arsenio M. Balisacan, Dante B. Canlas, Joseph J. Capuno, Ramon L. Clarete, Rolando A. Danao, Emmanuel S. de Dios, Benjamin E. Diokno, Emmanuel F. Esguerra, Raul V. Fabella, Ma. Socorro Gochoco-Bautista, Aleli P. Kraft, Felipe M. Medalla, Nimfa F. Mendoza, Solita C. Monsod, Cayetano W. Paderanga, Jr., Ernesto M. Pernia, Stella A. Quimbo, Gerardo P. Sicat, Orville C. Solon, Edita A. Tan, and Gwendolyn R. Tecson (December 2004) (PDF). Population and Poverty: the Real Score. University of the Philippines School of Economics. DP2004-15.

Elizabeth Angsioco (2010-03-04). "KALUSUGAN NG KABABAIHAN: Making Women Matter in the 2010 Elections". Rational Hero. Oplan Pepe.

(PDF) Promoting Reproductive Health: A Unified Strategy to Achieve the MDGs. Senate of the Philippines Economic Planning Office. July 2009. PB-09-03.

Ernesto M. Pernia, Stella Alabastro-Quimbo, Maria Joy V. Abrenica, Ruperto P. Alonzo, Agustin L. Arcenas, Arsenio M. Balisacan, Dante B. Canlas, Joseph J. Capuno, Ramon L. Clarete, Rolando A. Danao, Emmanuel S. de Dios, Aleli dela Paz-Kraft, Benjamin E. Diokno, Emmanuel F. Esguerra, Raul V. Fabella, Maria Socorro Gochoco-Bautista, Teresa J. Ho, Dennis Claire S. Mapa, Felipe M. Medalla, Maria Nimfa F. Mendoza, Solita C. Monsod, Toby Melissa C. Monsod, Fidelina Natividad-Carlos, Cayetano W. Paderanga, Gerardo P. Sicat, Orville C. Solon, Edita A. Tan, and Gwendolyn R. Tecson (2008-08-11). "Population, Poverty, Politics and the Reproductive Health Bill". 2010 Presidentiables.

Marita Castro Guevara, Raymond Aguas, Liane Pena Alampay, et al (2008-1015). "CATHOLICS CAN SUPPORT THE RH BILL IN GOOD CONSCIENCE". 2010 Presidentiables.

Aniceto Orbeta, Jr. (2003). "Population and Poverty: A Review of the Evidence, Links, Implications for the Philippines". Philippine Journal of Development (Philippine Institute for Development Studies) XXX (56): 198227.*Elizabeth Aguiling-Pangalangan (2010). "A Forum on Population, Development and Reproductive Health". Shame of the Nation Series (Philippine Institute for Development Studies).

[edit]Opposing

Clara Padilla (2010-04-11). "Voting with our Gonads". Philippine Daily Inquirer.

the RH Bill

Antonio de los Reyes (2002). "Coercive Population Ploys in the Philippines". Population Research Institute.

Angelita Miguel-Aguirre (2008-08-11). "Medical Issues in the Reproductive Health Bill". Monograph.

Francisco Tatad (2008-09-14). "Procreative Rights and Reproductive Wrongs". Scribd.

Raul Nidoy (2010-11-07). "Science Facts on the RH Bills". Scibd.

Ang Kapatiran Party (2010-11-15). "A Position Paper on the Reproductive Health Bills". Phnix.

Pro life Philippines. "Why pop-control is not the solution to poverty". Prolife Philippines.

Jo Imbong (2008-08-16). "Reckless and irresponsible". Philippine Daily Inquirer.

Tony Roxas (September 2009). "The Socio-Economic Sophisms of the RH Bill 5043". Impact Magazine.

Roberto de Vera (2008-08-11). "A Primer on the proposed Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood, and Population Development Consolidated Bill". Scibd.

Alliance for the Family (2008-11-06). "Questions about the Reproductive Health Act". Alliance for the Family.

Gregory Gaston (2008). "Misconceptions and Clarifications on Issues Related to Humanae Vitae and the Reproductive "Health" Bill in Philippine Congress.". Avenues (San Carlos Seminary Graduate School of Theology).

[edit]Other

World Youth Alliance: 8 Reasons Why We Should Not Pass the RH Bill

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Full text of NSSM 200 (US government source) Philippine Family Planning Statistics (National Statistics Office)
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