Energy & Mass Transfer

Particle-Fluid Particle-Fluid Interaction Interaction

& Q
& m
Mass

FD

Fluid

Momentum Energy

Particles

One way coupling : fluid Two way coupling : fluid

particle particles

Review Reviewof oftechnical technicalterms termsof ofthermodynamics thermodynamics

unit

kcal

Quantity of heat

unit

Work

J
Work required for 1 [m] displacement by the force 1 [N]

Quantity of heat required to raise 1 kg of pure water by 1

Heat

Work

1 kcal = 4185.5 J
Power Work per time

J s or N (m s )

Unit(watt)

Heat conduction Fouriers law

Flow of heat from a high-temperature region to a lowtemperature region to uniform temperature

& = k grad T q
heat flux
Unit :

1 Dimension

& = k q

dT dx

thermal conductivity
Unit :

W m2

W (m K )

Review Reviewof oftechnical technicalterms termsof ofthermodynamics thermodynamics

Heat conduction
Flow of heat from a high-temperature region to a lowtemperature region to uniform temperature

thermal diffusivity
Density

k a= cp

Thermal conductivity
m2 s

Specific heat

Heat transfer

Flow of heat across the boundary of a body placed in contact with fluid heat flux

Tc Td

Heat transfer per unit area unit time

& = h (T cTd ) q
heat transfer coefficient
Unit :

& W m2 q

& q

W m2 K

Heat transfer

& = h (T cTd ) q
h 1 = kc m

Nusselt number

h : W (m 2 K )
kc :

heat transfer coefficient thermal conductivity

W (m K )

kc h = Nu L

representative length m

[ ]

Heat conduction

& = k c grad T q

(continuous phase)

kc & = Nu (T cTd ) q L D
Heat transferred per time

D2
2

Surface of particle
2

diameter

m cd

dTd dt

kc & = Nu D (T cTd ) D q D dTd mcd = Nu k c D (T cTd ) dt

Similar to equation of motion Nu Cd

Thermal Thermalresponse responsetime time

Equation for particle temperature: specific heat of particle

Thermal conductivity of continuous phase

mcd

dTd = Nu kc D(Tc Td ) dt
Nusselt number Ranz-Marshall correlation (1952) :
1 2 1 3

dTd Nu 1 (Tc Td ) = 2 dt 2 d cd D 12 kc
Define thermal response time :

Nu = 2 + 0.6Re Pr

Re 0 :

T =

d cd D 2
12 kc

Nu 1 2

dTd (Tc Td ) = T dt

Tc = const t = 0 : Td = Td 0

1 Td Td 0 = (Tc Td 0 )1 t eT

Ex

T =

d cd D 2
12kc

d D2 V 2 kc 2 kc cc 18 = = = T d cd D 2 3 cd 3 cc cd
12kc
2 cc 1 = 3 cd Pr
Specific heat of continuous phase

Water droplet in standard air:

D = 100m

T = 145ms

Pr =

cc
kc
Thermal conductivity of continuous phase

For gas :

Pr = O (1)
2

V = O(1) T V = O (10 2 ) T

For liquid : Pr = O (10 )

Gas: the response times are the same order of magnitude. Liquid: velocity equilibrium is achieved much more rapidly than thermal equilibrium.

Review Reviewof ofPrandtl Prandtlnumber number

Fouriers law

& = k grad T q

1 Dimension

& = k q

dT dx

Equation of heat conduction

Density

T cp = k 2T t
Specific heat Thermal conductivity

T k = 2T t cp

Equation of fluid

r r u = 2u t
Momentum diffusivity ( kinematic viscosity )
m2 s

T = a 2T t
Thermal diffusivity
m2 s

Pr =

k cp

c p
k

cp
k

Pr =

cp
k

Mass MassTransfer Transfer vapor density

surface area

vapor velocity

v u
D

dm = s w S dt

& = M

A A s w = D = s D s n n

diffusion coefficient

Mass transfer per unit area per unit time :

& = h ( ) M D c A, A, s
2

mass fraction of species A in the mixture

[kg (sm )]
& M

Mass transfer coefficient

A, :

Mass fraction of the species A in the free stream Mass fraction of the species A at the droplet surface

A, s :

Heat transfer

& = h (T cTd ) q
h 1 = kc m

Nusselt number

h : W (m 2 K ) kc :

heat transfer coefficient thermal conductivity

W (m K )

kc h = Nu L

representative length m

[ ]

Heat conduction

& = kc grad T q

(continuous phase)

& = h ( ) M D c A, A, s
hD :
D :
mass transfer coefficient diffusion coefficient

Sherwood number

m s

m2 s

hD 1 = D m

D hD = Sh L
representative length m

A & M = s D n

[ ]

Mass Transfer

Mass transfer per unit area per unit time :

& kg sm 2 M

[ ( )]

: Mass fraction of the species in the free stream : Mass fraction of the species at the droplet surface

& = h ( ) M D c s
Sh [-]

Mass transfer coefficient substitute Sherwood number :

D 2 & D c ( s ) M = Sh L D & = Sh D 2 D ( ) Mass transfer per unit time : D 2 M c s D dm dm dt = Sh c D D ( s ) dt

hD L Sh = D

Length scale
Diffusion coefficient

mass masscoupling coupling

A, s A, A s w = s D c D D n

A, s A, dm 2 2 = s wS = s wD D c D dt D
Sherwood number

dm = Sh c Dv D ( A, A, s ) dt
mass fraction of the species in the free stream mass fraction of the species at the droplet surface

A, < A, s A, > A, s

: evaporation : condensation

molecular weight of the species

A, s =
M A 18 M M 29

M A pA MM p

saturation pressure corresponding to the droplet temperature kinematic viscosity Schmidt number

molecular weight of the mixture Water in the air

Sc =

Dv

Sherwood umber

Sh = 2 + 0.6 Re r Sc
2

diffusion coefficient
Reynolds number based on relative velosity

Re r =

r r Du v

w v

Prandtl number

Pr =

u
D

kinematic viscosity Thermal diffusivity

dm dTd = Sh c Dv D( A, A, s ) mcd = Nu k c D (T cTd ) dt dt

dTd & hL = Nu k c D (T cTd ) + m mcd dt
latent heat of vaporization

dTd = Nu k c D (T cTd ) + Sh c D D ( A, A, s )hL mcd dt

energy equation

2-law D D2 -law

m = d

D 3
6

dD dm = d D2 dt 2 dt

dm = Sh c Dv D( s ) dt
Sh c Dv dD ( s ) = 2 D d dt
Taking the right hand side as constant (Sherwood number does not vary considerably) and integrating gives

D = D0 t
2 2

4Sh c Dv

( s )

From D0 2 t = 0

the life time or evaporation time of a droplet is obtained.

m =

D0

Coupling equations

Mass coupling (evaporation, condensation) Momentum coupling (forces) Energy coupling (heat transfer)

Mass Masscoupling coupling

Ex. Droplets evaporating in a volume Mass generated per unit time by dispersed phase :

& = nL3 m & M d

evaporation rate of each droplet

& Mass flux through the volume : M

Mass coupling parameter : mass

2 d = nm = UL c c 3 & & M nL m &L &L d m nm m d = = = 2 = & Mc cUL c mU c mU

C= d c

m characteristic time of m = evaporation, burning or & condensation m

St mass

m Stokes number = associated with F mass transfer

CZ

mass

1 L F Z C =C =C = m U m St mass St mass
One way coupling

mass << 1

Momentum Momentumcoupling coupling

n : Number density

3 Drag force produced by : FD = nL 3D(V U )

Momentum flux of the fluid through the volume :

Mom = cU 2 L2

Momentum coupling parameter :

mass

mom
m

6 d D2 Response time V = 18

m = d

nL3 3D(U V ) = cU 2 L2
=

6 d D2 18

D3

F = LU
StV =

= 3D

V F

mom

L 1 nmL V V U d = 1 C 1 = StV c V U U c V U

V 1 U

 mom

1 =C StV

V 1 U

StV 0 : V U

mom

0 0

?
dV (U V ) = Equation of particle motion : V dt
Assuming particle velocity proportional to fluid velocity (constant lag solution)

V = = const U StV =

dU U = (1 ) dt V

dU U dt F

V 1 = F

V F

StV =

mom

1 (1 ) =C StV

mom

C Z = StV + 1 StV + 1

Energy Energycoupling coupling

n : Number density

Heat transfer from particles to fluid

& = nL3 Nu k D (T T ) Q c d c
Energy flux of fluid through the volume

Tc

c
Specific heat of continuous phase

& = L2Uc T E c p c
Energy coupling parameter :

ener

L & nL3 Nu k D(T T ) Q Td Tc c d c U d = = = 2 & E c L Uc pTc c T Tc

Z StT + 1

(StT

0)

mom ener

If

mass << 1

mom << 1

ener << 1
then numerical model need only account for one way coupling effects; that is, the effect of the dispersed phase on the carrier phase need not be considered.

hot particle cool gas

Td Td Tc Uc Ud Uc Tc Ud

One way coupling

Two way coupling