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In continuum mechanics, plate theories are mathematical descriptions of the mechanics of flat plates that draws on the theory of beams. Plates are defined as plane structural elements with a small thickness compared to the planar dimensions.[1] The typical thickness to width ratio of a plate structure is less than 0.1. A plate theory takes advantage of this disparity in length scale to reduce the full three-dimensional solid mechanics problem to a two-dimensional problem. The aim of plate theory is to calculate the deformation and stresses in a plate subjected to loads. Of the numerous plate theories that have been developed since the late 19th century, two are widely accepted and used in engineering. These are the KirchhoffLove theory of plates (classical plate theory) The MindlinReissner theory of plates (first-order shear plate theory)
Contents
1 KirchhoffLove theory for thin plates 1.1 Displacement field 1.2 Strain-displacement relations 1.3 Equilibrium equations 1.4 Boundary conditions 1.5 Stress-strain relations 2 Isotropic and homogeneous Kirchhoff plate 2.1 Pure bending 2.2 Transverse loading 3 Orthotropic and homogeneous Kirchhoff plate 3.1 Transverse loading 4 Dynamics of thin Kirchhoff plates 4.1 Governing equations 4.2 Isotropic plates 5 MindlinReissner theory for thick plates 5.1 Strain-displacement relations 5.2 Equilibrium equations 5.3 Boundary conditions 5.4 Constitutive relations 6 Isotropic and homogeneous Mindlin-Reissner plates 6.1 Constitutive relations 6.2 Governing equations 7 ReissnerStein theory for isotropic cantilever plates 8 References 9 See also
The KirchhoffLove theory is an extension of EulerBernoulli beam theory to thin plates. The theory was developed in 1888 by Love[2] using assumptions proposed by Kirchhoff. It is assumed that there a mid-surface plane can be used to represent the threedimensional plate in two dimensional form. The following kinematic assumptions that are made in this theory:[3] straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain straight after deformation straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain normal to the mid-surface after deformation the thickness of the plate does not change during a deformation.
Displacement field
The Kirchhoff hypothesis implies that the displacement field has the form
Deformation of a thin plate highlighting the displacement, the mid-surface (red) and the normal to the mid-surface (blue)
are the Cartesian coordinates on the mid-surface of the undeformed plate, is the coordinate for the thickness are the in-plane displacements of the mid-surface, and is the displacement of the mid-surface in the direction.
are the angles of rotation of the normal to the mid-surface, then in the KirchhoffLove theory
Strain-displacement relations
For the situation where the strains in the plate are infinitesimal and the rotations of the mid-surface normals are less than 10 the strains-displacement relations are
Therefore the only non-zero strains are in the in-plane directions. If the rotations of the normals to the mid-surface are in the range of 10 to 15 , the strain-displacement relations can be approximated using the von Krmn strains. Then the kinematic assumptions of Kirchhoff-Love theory lead to the following strain-displacement relations
This theory is nonlinear because of the quadratic terms in the strain-displacement relations.
Equilibrium equations
The equilibrium equations for the plate can be derived from the principle of virtual work. For the situation where the strains and rotations of the plate are small, the equilibrium equations for an unloaded plate are given by
where the stress resultants and stress moment resultants are defined as
. The quantities
are the stresses. that is normal to the mid-surface and directed in the positive direction, the principle of virtual work then leads to
For moderate rotations, the strain-displacement relations take the von Karman form and the equilibrium equations can be expressed as
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions that are needed to solve the equilibrium equations of plate theory can be obtained from the boundary terms in the principle of virtual work. For small strains and small rotations, the boundary conditions are
Stress-strain relations
The stress-strain relations for a linear elastic Kirchhoff plate are given by
Since
and
do not appear in the equilibrium equations it is implicitly assumed that these quantities do not have any effect on the momentum balance and are neglected.
It is more convenient to work with the stress and moment results that enter the equilibrium equations. These are related to the displacements by
and
The bending stiffnesses (also called flexural rigidity ) are the quantities
Pure bending
The displacements and are zero under pure bending conditions. For an isotropic, homogeneous plate under pure bending the governing equation is
In index notation,
Transverse loading
For a transversely loaded plate without axial deformations, the governing equation has the form
where
In index notation,
In cylindrical coordinates
Therefore,
and
Transverse loading
The governing equation of an orthotropic Kirchhoff plate loaded transversely by a distributed load per unit area is
where
Governing equations
The governing equations for the dynamics of a KirchhoffLove plate are
and
mode k = 1, p = 2 mode k = 0, p = 1
Isotropic plates
The governing equations simplify considerably for isotropic and homogeneous plates for which the in-plane deformations can be neglected and have the form
where
In direct notation
Strain-displacement relations
Depending on the amount of rotation of the plate normals two different approximations for the strains can be derived from the basic kinematic assumptions. For small strains and small rotations the strain-displacement relations for MindlinReissner plates are
The shear strain, and hence the shear stress, across the thickness of the plate is not neglected in this theory. However, the shear strain is constant across the thickness of the plate. This cannot be accurate since the shear stress is known to be parabolic even for simple plate geometries. To account for the inaccuracy in the shear strain, a shear correction factor ( ) is applied so that the correct amount of internal energy is predicted by the theory. Then
Equilibrium equations
The equilibrium equations have slightly different forms depending on the amount of bending expected in the plate. For the situation where the strains and rotations of the plate are smallthe equilibrium equations for a MindlinReissner plate are
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions are indicated by the boundary terms in the principle of virtual work. If the only external force is a vertical force on the top surface of the plate, the boundary conditions are
Constitutive relations
The stress-strain relations for a linear elastic MindlinReissner plate are given by
Since does not appear in the equilibrium equations it is implicitly assumed that it do not have any effect on the momentum balance and is neglected. This assumption is also called the plane stress assumption. The remaining stress-strain relations for an orthotropic material, in matrix form, can be written as
Then,
and
where
are the in-plane strains. The through-the-thickness shear stresses and strains are related by
where
Constitutive relations
The relations between the stress resultants and the generalized displacements for an isotropic MindlinReissner plate are:
and
Governing equations
If we ignore the in-plane extension of the plate, the governing equations are
The governing equations for the plate then reduce to two coupled ordinary differential equations:
where
At
are
where
Derivation of ReissnerStein cantilever plate equations The strain energy of bending of a thin rectangular plate of uniform thickness
is given by
where and
is the length,
is the width,
and
and
with respect to
and
where
, we have
where
References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ^ Timoshenko, S. and Woinowsky-Krieger, S. "Theory of plates and shells". McGrawHill New York, 1959. ^ A. E. H. Love, On the small free vibrations and deformations of elastic shells, Philosophical trans. of the Royal Society (London), 1888, Vol. srie A, N 17 p. 491549. ^ Reddy, J. N., 2007, Theory and analysis of elastic plates and shells, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis. ^ R. D. Mindlin, Influence of rotatory inertia and shear on flexural motions of isotropic, elastic plates, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1951, Vol. 18 p. 3138. ^ E. Reissner and M. Stein. Torsion and transverse bending of cantilever plates. Technical Note 2369, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,Washington, 1951.
See also
Bending of plates Vibration of plates Infinitesimal strain theory Finite strain theory Stress (mechanics) Linear elasticity Bending EulerBernoulli beam equation Timoshenko beam theory Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plate_theory&oldid=534223791" Categories: Continuum mechanics This page was last modified on 21 January 2013 at 21:27. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.