Chem 570: Nanotechnology for Teachers

Professor of Chemistry Director of Education, CBEN

Dr. John S. Hutchinson

Associate Director of Education, CBEN

Dr. Carolyn Nichol

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What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices, and systems through control of matter on the nanometer length scale, exploiting novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, biological) present only at that length scale.

If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.
Neal Lane University Professor, Rice University Former NSF Director Assistant to President Clinton for Science and Technology

What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices, and systems through control of matter on the nanometer length scale, exploiting novel phenomena and properties (physical, chemical, biological) present only at that length scale.
What is the nanometer length scale?

What novel phenomena are present on the nanoscale? How could we control matter on the nanoscale? And, importantly Why is this all so exciting?

What isnt Nanotechnology?

Molecular Engineering? Nanobots?

Science Fiction!

Nano: How small is that, really?

Mountain 1 km 1000 m 0.001 km = 1 m Child 1m Ant 1 mm 0.001 m 1,000 mm = 1 m

Bacteria 1 m 0.000001 m 1,000,000 m = 1 m

Sugar Molecule 1 nm 0.000000001 m

1,000,000,000 nm = 1 m

Orders of Magnitude: 1 nm = 10-9 m

Powers of 10 video
1 Carbon atom radius = 77.2 pm = 77.210-12 m=0.077nm Carbon-Carbon bond length = 154 pm = 0.154 nm Sugar Molecule 1 nm 0.000000001 m 1,000,000,000 nm = 1 m

Atomic Structure: Quick Overview

Nucleus

radius ~10-15m = 10-6nm Positive charge = atomic number

Electron cloud

Radius ~10-10m = 0.10nm Number of electrons = atomic number Electrons arranged in shells

Molecular Structure: Quick Overview

Structure / Geometry

Bonding
-

Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Bond energy = energy required to break bond

Carbon Nanoparticles

C60

buckminsterfullerene 1985 Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, Harold Kroto 12 pentagons 20 hexagons elongated fullerenes
C80 C60

C70

Rolling up Graphene to make a SWNT

taken from

http://www.photon.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~maruyama/wrapping.files/frame.html

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Importance of Scale

At the micron (1,000 nm) and larger scale, classical physics determines properties. At the Angstrom (0.1 nm) scale, quantum mechanics determines properties. At the nanometer scale, fundamental properties depend on exactly how big the particle is.
Quantum Mechanics (Wave Physics)

Classical Mechanics (Everyday Physics)

0.1

10

100

1000

Length Scale (nm)

The nanoworld

Quantum Mechanics vs. Classical Mechanics

Continuous vs Quantized Energy

Separation of Energies depends on Size

Energy vs. Size applet

Size Matters

Bulk Gold = Yellow

Nanogold = Red

Metal Nanoshells

20nm

Quantum Mechanics vs. Classical Mechanics

Wave motion vs trajectory motion Uncertainty Principle

Two slit interference experiment

Surface Area versus Volume

Nanosized particles dramatically increase surface area Compare fixed volumes, different size particles: 1 particle, R = 1m, V = 4/3 , S = 4 1000 particles, R = 0.1m, V = 4/3 , S = 40 1027 particles, R = 10-9m, V = 4/3 , S = 4109

Tools of the Nanoscale

Electron Microscopy

(SEM, TEM)

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

(STM)

Atomic Force Microscopy

(AFM)

The Light Microscope

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/anatomy/

Timeline of Microscopy

c. 1625 1938 SEM AFM 1981 1986

http://www.nobel.se/physics/educational/microscopes/powerline/index.html

Optical vs. Electron Microscopy

Radiolarian (amoeboid protozoa)

Optical microscopy image

Electron microscopy image

Why do electron beams give superior resolution to light rays? Shorter wavelength!

Scanning Electron Microscopy

http://mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/whatsem.html

http://mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/path2.html http://www.mos.org/sln/sem/seminfo.html

Transmission Electron Microscopy

http://www.nobel.se/physics/educational/microscopes/tem/index.html

CdSe quantum dot, Colvin

300 nm

Hollow colloidal ellipses, Colvin

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

ProbeSimulator.exe

STM Probe Simulator

http://www.nobel.se/physics/educational/microscopes/scanning/index.html

STM: Manipulating Atoms

Iron atoms on Copper surface

http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/corral.html

Atomic Force Microscopy

AFM Simulator

What Nanomaterials Can Do

Optical Properties

Photochemistry Absorption/scattering / fluorescence, or lack thereof

Electrical/Thermal Properties

Conductivity Porosity Coatings Self-Assembly Directed SelfAssembly

Nanoscale Control

Mechanical Properties

Strength Modulus

Multifunctionality

Types of Nanomaterials

Carbon Allotropes

Gold Nanoparticles

Silica Colloids

2 m

Fluorescence image of a free SWNT in water suspension

Real time Nanotube length = 10 m

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