FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE STUDIES

SEMESTER MAY 2011

SBMA 4403 ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS/PENGANTAR ANALISIS

STUDENT NAME MATRICULATION NUMBER IDENTITY CARD NUMBER TELEPHONE NUMBER E-MAIL LEARNING CENTRE

: : : : : :

PUVANESVARY A/P JEGANATHAN 790709055666001 790709-05-5666 0192077457 ammoi@oum.edu.my SHAH ALAM

TABLE OF CONTENT

Question 1 a

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Question 1 b

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Question 1 c

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Question 1 d

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Question 2

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References

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1.

Prove the following statements. a) 0 is an even number. A number is called even if it is an integer multiple of 2. Zero is an integer multiple of 2, namely 0 2, so zero is even b) If a is odd then a2 + a is even. Let a is odd. Then, a2 is also will odd. For example, 12 = 1 32 = 9 52 = 25 When a odd number added with odd number, we obtain even number For example, 3 + 3 = 6 5+3 =8 Therefore, it is proved that, if a is odd then a2 + a is even. c) Square root of 3 is irrational.

To prove that this statement is true, let us assume that is rational so that we may write

a2 even As it is discussed above 3 = 2 = b even

or

a a odd 3 = If 3 = = , 2 b odd b
2 2

So that a 2 + b 2 = 2p, and we have :

a 3 = b
then a 2 + b 2 = even.

odd . odd

or 3b = a
2

.................................................(1) for a and b = any two integers. We must then show that no two such integers can be found. We begin by squaring both sides of eq.(1):

a = 2 b

a2 3 +1 = 2 + 1 b 4 a +b = b2
2 2

2p = 2 b p = 2 , so p must be even, a contradiction! b

(2m 4m2 4m2 2m2 + + + 2m + 4m 4m + 1)2 + + 2n2 + 1 + + 4n2 2n + (2n 4n2 + 1 + + 4n = p 4n + 1)2 + 2 where = 1 = p is = 2p 2p 2p odd

Thus, the square root of 3 cannot be a rational number, so it is an irrational.

d)

If n is even and 4 n 30, then n can be written as a sum of two prime numbers. According Goldbach Conjeture, it is stated clearly that

"Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes" By using the statement we can prove it inductively such as below 6 = 3+3 8 = 5+3 10 = 7+ 3 ....... 30 = 23 + 7 Therefore, it is proved that, if n is even and 4 n 30, then n can be written as a Sum of two prime numbers. e) There exist infinitely many rational numbers between two rational numbers.

Let x be an irrational number in the interval I n = [a n , b n ], p where an and bn are both rational numbers, in the form . q Let z be the distance between x and a n , So : x - an = x p1 -p = x + ( 1) q1 q1

But an irrational number (in this case x) + a rational number is also an irrational number. Therefore distance from a n to x, which is z, is irrational. The distance from x to the origin, is a n + z. But again, an irrational number plus a rational number is also irrational. Therefore, there is always at least one rational number between any two rational numbers.

Question 2 Prove that . Hence, prove that .

n N n + 1+ 2 nQ 1 Q

We can express 2 in the following form:

where a and b are integers with no common factors, as required by our definition of a rational number, as discussed above.

Now, the square of an even number is even, and the square of an odd number is odd. The square of the even number 2n is 4n2, which is clearly even, and the square of the odd number 2n+1 is 4n2+4n+1, which is clearly odd. With this in mind, we note that a must be even and hence we can write

where c is another integer. Now, substituting this into the previous expression gives This shows that b is also an even number, and hence where d is yet another integer. Hence, it is prove that
2 Q

By using the same idea, we look into

n +1 + n 1 Q

If n = 1, then

n + 1 + n 1 = 2 , which is easily shown irrational.

Suppose that n > 1. Suppose that n + 1 + n 1 is rational. Then

n + 1 + n 1 = 2n + 2 * n 2 - 1 is also rational.

Next, since 2 and n are rational, by the closure laws of Q, we have that n 2 - 1 is rational. This proof will be complete if we can prove the following fact.
n 2 - 1 is irrational. This follows from the claim that consecutive squares are spaced more than 1 unit apart as long as n 2 > 1. Then (n + 1) 2 - n 2 = 2n + 1. More precisely, since (n - 1) 2 < n 2 - 1 < n 2 for all integers n > 1, taking square roots shows that n 2 - 1 is between two consecutive perfect squares. Hence, it is also proved that n + 1 + n 1 Q for n N

Reference Bourbaki, N. lments de mathmatique: Algbre. Reprinted as Elements of Mathematics: Algebra I, Chapters 1-3. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998. Courant, R. and Robbins, H. "The Rational Numbers." 2.1 in What Is Mathematics?: An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods, 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 52-58, 1996. Finch, S. R. "Powers of 3/2 Modulo One." 2.30.1 in Mathematical Constants. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 194-199, 2003. Honsberger, R. More Mathematical Morsels. Washington, DC: Math. Assoc. Amer., pp. 52-53, 1991. Salamin, E. and Gosper, R. W. Item 54 in Beeler, M.; Gosper, R. W.; and Schroeppel, R. HAKMEM. Cambridge, MA: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Memo AIM-239, p. 18, Feb. 1972. http://www.inwap.com/pdp10/hbaker/hakmem/number.html#item54. Wolfram, S. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, p. 1168, 2002.

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