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Page 2 of 6 pages, Syll Code 2013

Question 1
Consider the angled gate A-B-C shown in Figure 1 below. The gate is hinged at C and is restrained
by horizontal force F, applied at A. The gate is of width b into the page. Derive an analytical
expression for force F as a function of fluid depth h and angle u. The fluid density is . Neglect the
weight of the gate.
i
G
Givie !ii
e iotiuz
B
C
D
Bii
Bii
i
i
3
i
3
Figure 1. Angled gate.
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Page 3 of 6 pages, Syll Code 2013
Question 2
(a) (10 marks) An aircraft wing generates lift by deflecting the air flow downwards.
- Explain why the deflection generates a lift force on the wing. Support your arguments using
appropriate equations.
- If a wing flying at 100 m/s causes 6000 kg/s of fluid to be deflected downwards by 3, estimate the
lift generated by the wing.
Incoming
flow
Deflected
flow
Figure 2a. Deflection of the flow by the wing.
(b) (15 marks) A circular water jet impinges on a plate as shown in Figure 2b below. The diameter of
the jet is 60 mm. Some of the water jet passes through the 40 mm hole in the plate. The remainder of
the jet is deflected.
Find the horizontal force required to hold the plate in place.
Justify any assumptions that you make.
Use
water
= 1000 kg/m
3
.
Qibui

B ii
B ii
B ii
B ii
X buii
Figure 2b. A water jet deflected by a plate..
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Page 4 of 6 pages, Syll Code 2013
Question 3
(a) (10 marks) An idealized velocity field is given by the formula:

V = 4tx

i 2t
2
y

j + 4xz

k
(i) Determine whether this flow is:
- steady or unsteady?
- two-dimensional or three-dimensional?
- incompressible or compressible?
- irrotational or rotational?
(ii) Compute the x-component of acceleration at (x, y, z)=(-1, 1, 0).
(b) (10 marks) An inviscid fluid flows through the axi-symmetric nozzle shown in Figure 3. The x-
component of flow velocity on the centreline of the nozzle is given by the equation:
u = V
o
1+
2x
L
|
\

|
.
|
If the flow is axi-symmetric, inviscid and incompressible, find:
- the velocity gradient in the x-, y-, and z-directions on the centreline;
- the fluid acceleration in the x direction on the centreline;
- the pressure gradient in the x direction on the centreline.
Neglect the effects of gravity.
y
z
{



Figure 3. Nozzle.
(c) (5 marks) The Pitot static tube is placed in an air flow with a velocity of 10 m/s. The total and
static pressure tubes are connected to a U-tube manometer containing water. Calculate h.
Use
water
= 1000 kg/m
3
. And
air
= 1.2 kg/m
3
.
U-tube
manometer
V
h
Pitot-Static
tube
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Page 5 of 6 pages, Syll Code 2013
Question 4
A water spray is produced when water is discharged through a small nozzle, from a high pressure pipe
to ambient air, as shown in Figure 4. The droplet size (l) is governed by the flow velocity (V), the
nozzle diameter (d), the pressure drop across the nozzle (Ap), and the water density (), viscosity ()
and surface tension (o).
You have been asked by an irrigation company to predict the droplet size in an industrial water spray
system with Ap
p
= 0.8 MPa and d
p
= 0.2 mm. You decide that the most reliable way to do this is by
experiment using a model that is four times the size of the prototype (i.e. d
m
= 4d
p
).
(a) Write a dimensionless expression describing the general functional dependence between droplet
size and other important parameters. (Note: it is NOT necessary to carry out a full analysis using
Buckinghams PI-Theorem.)
(b) Demonstrate why it is not possible to obtain complete similarity between the model and prototype
using the same fluid (at the same temperature) for model and prototype.
(c) After reading some reliable background literature, you decide that the droplet size is most strongly
influenced by surface tension effects, and is almost independent of viscous effects. Use this
information with the model data in the table below to predict the droplet size and flow speed in the
prototype system.
The model and prototype conditions were:
= 1000 kg/m
3
, = 1.00 x 10
-3
N.s/m
2
and o = 7.3 x 10
-4
N/m.
Model Data for d
m
= 0.8 mm:
Pressure Drop, p (MPa) 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Flow Speed, V (m/s) 100 140 174 202
Droplet size, l (mm) 0.200 0.102 0.071 0.050
V
l
nozzle diameter d
High
Pressure
Water
Air
Spray
Figure 4. Spray nozzle.
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Page 6 of 6 pages, Syll Code 2013
Question 5
(a) (5 marks) The formula given below predicts the drag force F on a smooth sphere of diameter D in
a fluid stream of velocity V, density and dynamic viscosity v. Is this formula dimensionally correct?
Show all working.
F = 3 DV +
9
16
V
2
D
2
(b) (20 marks) A circular disc of radius R rotates at an angular velocity e inside a fixed circular
container filled with oil of viscosity . The cross-section of the arrangement is shown in Figure 5.
The clearance h between the disc and the container is small. Making appropriate assumptions and
neglecting shear stresses at the outer edge of the disc, derive a formula for the viscous torque on the
disc.
The x-component of the Navier-Stokes equation is provided below. This may be of assistance,
depending on your approach to the problem.
e
i
S S
P ii
Giyie !d ioubioii Siubuioi!e itd
Figure 5. Cross-section of rotating disc arrangement.
The x-component of the Navier-Stokes equation is:

cu
ct
+ u
cu
cx
+ v
cu
cy
+ w
cu
cz
= -
cp
cx
+ g
x
+
c
2
u
cx
2
+
c
2
u
cy
2
+
c
2
u
cz
2
END OF EXAMINATION

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