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Research Objectives
To understand the unsteady ow phenomena associated with apping ight To develop a theoretical model for use in prediction and design of apping wing aerodynamics. To phenomenologically extend inviscid airfoil theory to accound for Leading Edge Vortex dominated and separated ows. To draw inspiration from insect ight in the study and design of Micro Air Vehicles.
Results
Motion Kinematics
A Pitch-up, Hold, Pitch-down motion is considered. Flate plate airfoil is used and pivot is taken to be the leading edge. Two variations of this motion - Amplitudes of 25 and 45 deg are used. These cases are moderately and strongly LEV inuenced respectively. Force histories from theory are compared against those from experiment and CFD. The owed from theory is compared against vorticity plots from from CFD and dye ow images from experiment at four critical points in the ow. O - Onset of separation, H1 - Start of hold, H2 - End of Hold, D - Detachment of LEV
60 50 40 (deg) 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 t
*
Motivation
Interest in aerodynamic design of Micro Air Vehicles. Small size and low speed of these vehicles result in low Reynolds number and high rates of motion. Flapping ight, as seen in nature is superior in this regime. The highly unsteady aerodynamic phenomena involved in such ight however, is not well understood.
Force Comparison
4
Exp CFD Theory
40 30
Exp
CFD
Theory
60
3 2
l
4
C 20
(deg)
40 (deg) 20
1 0 1 2 O 0 1 2 H1 3 t* H2 D 4 5 6 7
10 0
0
10 20
0 O 0 1 2 D H1 3 t* H2 4 5 6 7
20
25 deg case
45 deg case
Flow Comparison
Point O Point H1 Point H2 Point D
Experiment
CFD
Critical LESP
=30o
Theory
25 deg case
Point O Point D Point H1 Point H2
Challenges
Classical unsteady theories used in aeroelasticity such as Theodorsens, assume small amplitude motion and planar wakes. These are clearly violated in MAV and insect ight. Leading edge vortices, which are used extensively by insects to achieve high lift are not modeled in these theories. Advances in experiment and computation have enabled the detailed study of unsteady aerodynamic phenomena - However, an approach for quick prediction and design is still forthcoming.
Experiment
CFD
Theory
45 deg case
Kiran Ramesh - 3314 Engineering Building III Box 7910, Raleigh, NC 27695 - kramesh2@ncsu.edu