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DESIGN TO BS 5950 : PART 1: 1990 LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF TUBULAR STRUCTURES USING HOT FINISHED STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTIONS.
Preface
This brochure has been produced to assist Structural Engineers and Designers who use Hot finished Structural Hollow Sections whose section properties comply with BS 4848 : Part 2 (Ref 1) and whose Steel qualities comply with EN 102 10-l (Ref 2) to design using the Limit State basis as covered by BS 5950 : Part 1 (Ref 3). It is important for designers to recognise that hollow sections, unlike their rolled open section counterparts, can be produced by a hot or cold forming process. The process of cold forming produces different mechanical properties in the section to that of hot forming and a reduction in the sectional properties used in design. Designers wishing to use cold formed hollow sections should design in accordance with the appropriate cold formed standard and with the sectional properties as given in BS 6363 (Ref 4). Further guidance is given in British Steels Tubes & Pipes publication TD369 - Cold Formed Hollow Sections . In addition to the information contained in this publication, further assistance and design guidance is given in companion British Steel Tubes & Pipes publications (references 16 to 21) and the Steel Construction Institute (references 8 to 15) publications as given in Appendix A. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION Extracts from British Standards are reproduced by permission of the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London, W1 A 2BS from whom complete copies can be obtained. The information given is not intended in any way to replace that given in the Standards themselves to which reference should always be made. Where reference is made to specific clauses and tables throughout the text, these refer to BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 plus amendment No. 1.
Disclaimer
Care has been taken to ensure that the contents of this publication are accurate, but British Steel plc and its subsidiary companies do not accept responsibility for errors or for information which is found to be misleading. Suggestions for or descriptions of the end use or application of products or methods of working are for information only and British Steel plc and its subsidiaries accept no liability in respect thereof. Before using products supplied or manufactured by British Steel plc the customer should satisfy himself of their suitability. If further assistance is required, British Steel plc within the operational limits of its research facilities may often be able to help.
Contents 1.0
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 INTRODUCTION PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS AND SECTION PROPERTIES Structural Steel Physical properties of structural steel Hollow Section range Design Grade Design Strength py Section Classification MEMBER DESIGN Members in tension Members in compression Members in bending
Page
2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 8 8 10 14
L .
AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS WITH MOMENTS Tension members Compression members Web bearing and buckling MEMBERS IN TORSION
17 17 18 19
5.0
20
6.0
21
22 22 22 24
8.0
9.0
COMPOSITION CONSTRUCTION
24 24
10.0
25 26 29
1.1
2.4 2.5
2.0
2.2
The range of Structural Hollow Sections manufactured by British Steel is generally in accordance with BS 4848, Hot Rolled Structural Steel Sections, Part 2 Hollow Sections. This standard gives dimensional and sectional properties and relates generally to the international standard IS0 657 Hot Rolled Steel Sections, Part 14 Hot Finished Structural Hollow Sections. The manufacturing range normally produced by British Steel is given in the leaflet TD 167 (Ref 16). Larger sizes of HFCHS, not detailed in that leaflet, may be obtained on application.
BS 5950 Part 1
BS 5950 Design Grade 43c 43D 43EE 5oc 50D 50EE 55c 55EE 55F
Note: The Standard production grades for Tubes & Pipes SHS is S275J2H and S355J2H, previously BS 4360 Grade 43D and 50D respectively.
Design strength py
Design Grade
Thickness (mm)
43
5 16 > 16 540
50
1.16 > 16 1 4 0
355 345
55 *
5 16 > 16 1 2 5
460 440
Values have been shown for steel in grade 55 but the designer is advised to check availability before proceeding with its use.
Note that currently rectangular hollow sections are limited to 20mm thick and circular hollow sections to 50mm thick. Thus in practice for sections up to and including 16mm thick, py = 275 N/mm2 (Design Grade 43) or 355 N/mm2 (Design Grade 50). For sections over 16mm and up to 40mm thick py = 265 and 345 respectively for Design Grades 43 and 50. However, this design strength will be reduced when, due to their size and thickness, sections are classified as slender (see section classification).
3.5.2
CLASS 1 PLASTIC (Can form plastic hinge with rotation capacity required for plastic design) CLASS 2 COMPACT (Can develop full plastic moment but with limited rotation capacity) CLASS 3 SEMI-COMPACT (Stress in extreme fibres can reach yield) CLASS 4 SLENDER (Design strength pY must be reduced to prevent local buckling) Figure 1 Section classification
3.6 Table 7
Sections in which under bending a plastic hinge can form with sufficient rotation capacity to allow redistribution of moment within the structure. Stress will reach the full design strength pY in a rectangular stress block configuration which will be retained during rotation with no significant deformation of the cross section.
Class 2
Compact:
Class 2
Sections in which under bending the full plastic moment can be developed but local buckling may prevent the development of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to permit redistribution of moment. In this case elastic analysis of the frame should be used.
Class 3
Semi-compact:
Class 3
Sections in which under bending the stress at the extreme fibres can reach the design strength pY in a triangular stress block configuration but local buckling will prevent the development of the full plastic moment, and the moment capacity is therefore based upon the elastic modulus.
Class 4
Slender:
Class 4
Sections in which local buckling will prevent the stress in the section from reaching the design strength pi and consequently a reduced value of design strength pyr must be used in calculating the bending capacity, which is based upon the elastic modulus, and the compression resistance.
The classification of a section is determined by comparing the width to thickness ratio of each element of the section, or diameter to thickness ratio for a HFCHS, with the appropriate limiting values given in BS 5950 Table 7. These limiting values are scheduled for each classification and type of element and include a factor E (defined as (275/~y)O.~) which takes account of the steel grade of the section. The limiting values that apply to structural hollow sections are given in Table 7, part of which is reproduced on page 7. Elements that exceed the semi-compact limits of 39s for HFRHS or 80~~ for HFCHS are classified as slender.
Table 7
Table 7
Type of element
3. Semi-compact b
t
Table 7
Internal element of compression flange Web, with neutral axis at mid-depth Web, generally Web, where whole section is subject to compression. Circular tube subject to moment or axial compression
b
i
I 26~
I 32~ I 98&
I 39&
d
t
d<9& t - OL d I 39& t
D
d I 39& t
D
I 40&2
I 57E2
0.5
and
a = 2y, d
Notes to Table 7
Note that for HFRHS the element width is taken as the side wall length less 3 times the thickness as shown in Figure 2.
HFRHS
Figure 3
b=B-3t d=D-3t
When members are subject to bending about one axis only the classification may be read directly from Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 : Part 1 (Ref 10);
3.0
3.1
MEMBERS IN TENSION
2.4.4.3
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
3.3.3
In hollow section members with bolted flattened end connections, as in Figure 3, it is necessary to make allowance for fastener holes.
BS 5950 Part 1
Figure 3 The 76.1 x 5 circular hollow section (design Grade 43) member in Figure 3 has a gross cross section area of 11.2 cm (from Dimensions and Properties tables). In accordance with clauses 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 the effective area at the connection may be taken as K, times the net area, but not more than the gross area, where K, = 1.2 for design grade 43 steel. The effective area, 4, is therefore as follows:-
&
= = = = =
(gross area - area of holes) x K, (11.2 x 102) - (4 x 18 x 5) x 1.2 (1120 - 360) x 1.2 760 x 1.2 912 mm* 5 1120
(6)
(7)
10
BS 5950 Part 1
.!
2.0
7.2.4 Conditions of restraint at ends (in plane under consideration) Effectively held in position at both ends Restrained in direction at both ends Partially restrained in direction at both ends Restrained in direction at one end NOT restrained in direction at either end One end Effectively held in position and restrained in direction Other end Not held in position Effectively restrained in direction Partially restrained in direction NOT restrained in direction Effective length, L
0.7L Table 24
0.85L
OML
l.OL
1.2L
1.5L
2.OL
11
Compression chord members forming part of a lattice beam, girder or roof truss may require one or more lateral restraint within the span, these intermediate lateral restraints should be capable of resisting a total force of not less than 2.5% of the maximum factored force in the compression chord, divided between the intermediate lateral restraints in proportion to their spacing. All intermediate lateral restraints should be either connected to an appropriate system of bracing capable of transferring the restraint forces to the beam, girder or trusses, effective points of support, or else connected to an independent robust part of the structure capable of fulfilling a similar function. Where two or more parallel members require lateral restraint at intervals, it is not adequate merely to connect the members together such that they become mutually dependent. Where three or more intermediate lateral restraints are provided, each intermediate lateral restraint should be capable of resisting a force of not less than 1% of the maximum factored force in the compression chord. In this case, the bracing system should be capable of resisting the greater of the effects of: (a) the 1% restraint force considered as acting at only one point at a time; (b) the restraint forces described in 4.3.2.1 Where more than three parallel members share the same system of restraints, the combined lateral restraint force should be taken as the sum of the three largest lateral restraint forces required for each individual restrained member, as determined in accordance with 4.3.2:1 and 4.3.2.2. 4.3.2.3 4.3.2.2
60 09
for members resisting loads other than wind loads for members resisting self weight and wind loads only
Members whose slenderness exceeds 180 should be checked for self weight deflection. If this exceeds length/1000 the effect of bending should be taken into account in design.
12
a) W d 4 e)
At critical points the combination of maximum moment and co-existent shear and the combination of maximum shear and co-existent moment. Deflection limits given in Clause 2.5.1. The resistance of a member to lateral torsional buckling unless the compression flange has full lateral restraint, Local buckling (of slender elements). Web buckling and web bearing.
3.3.2 Shear
Shear force F, should not exceed the shear capacity P, which is given by: P, = 0.6 pyA,. For rectangular hollow sections with the applied load parallel to the web the shear area A, is: A, = (D/D+B)) x A For circular hollow sections, A, = 0.6 A A further check is given in the Code for shear buckling of thin webs (where d/t ratio exceeds 63&), but since the sizes in the current BS 4848: Part 2 range do not exceed this limit the check is not applicable. 4.2.3
B.2.5
14
BS 5950
Part 1
The Code (Appendix B.2.6.1. Table 38) gives a limiting slenderness ratio below which box sections of uniform wall thickness (including RHS) need not be checked for lateral torsional buckling effects. In practice, where normal deflection limits apply, this limit of slenderness is unlikely to be exceeded, and consequently hollow sections in bending may generally be considered as beams with full lateral restraint. By applying the limits as given in Table 38 to the current range of Rectangular Hollow Sections sizes in Design grades 43 and 50 the following limiting values of h are obtained: B.2.6.1
Table 38
-_ D/B 1 2 h for design grade 43 infinity 350 h for design grade 50 D infinity 271 -_ 01 B ! i - i
D and B are overall depth and breadth of RHS respectively. It follows that based upon these values of h (which is equal to L&y) for each RHS size there is a corresponding limiting length L,, beyond which a check should be made for lateral torsional buckling. For example, consider a simply supported laterally unrestrained rectangular hollow section beam 200 x 100 x 5 design grade 43 with D/B = 2.
----------m-------B-AL
------~~~~~~--_-----I
AL
sl
I
The limiting value of h is 350
LC = 14.7m
This length (14.7m) is termed the limiting length L, and is tabulated on pages 147, 148, 321 and 322 of the Steelwork Design Guide Volume 1 (Reference 9). Square and circular hollow sections have a limiting length of infinity and, as indicated previously need not be checked for Lateral Torsional Buckling.
15
4.2.5
* This restriction is to ensure that plasticity does not occur at working load. For most I-sections the shape factor S/Z is less than 1.2. Only for hollow sections is S/Z greater than 1.2 and in such cases the constant 1.2 may be replaced by the average load factor (i.e. the ratio of the factored load to the un-factored load). Note that in the Steelwork Design Guide - Volume 1 (Reference 9) most of the tabulated values of M, for hollow sections are governed by M, 5 = 1.2 pYZ. Since in most design cases the average load factor is greater than 1.2 it generally follows that M, can be taken as the higher value derived from M, = pYS.
1) 2)
3) 4)
Select section and check that L&y < Limiting h Or check that span < L, Determine the value of the design strength pY Determine the section classification For slender sections reduce the value of design strength using the same procedure given section 3.2.2 page 10 for members in compression. Check the shear capacity Check the moment capacity With low shear load With high shear load Check the buckling resistance of the webs Check the bearing resistance of the webs
B.2.6.1
5) 6)
4.2.3
7) 8)
16
BS 5950 Part 1 4.0 4.1 AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS WITH MOMENTS TENSION MEMBERS
Tension members with moments should be checked for the following two effects: 1) Lateral torsional buckling under the action of moment alone and 2) check for capacity under the combined effects of axial load and moment at the points of greatest bending moments and axial loads, usually at the ends. The following relationship should be satisfied: F Ae Py where F is the applied axial load in member; is the effective area;
PY + -
4.8.2 4.3
Mx
MY MC,
Il.0
MC,
(3.3.3)
is the design strength; is the applied moment about the major axis at critical region; is the moment capacity about the major axis in the absence of axial load; is the applied moment about the minor axis at critical region; is the moment capacity about the minor axis in the absence of axial load (4.2.5 and 4.2.6) (4.2.5 and 4.2.6)
WC MC,
MY
MC,
Alternatively for greater economy in plastic or compact cross sections only the following relationship should be satisfied.
where
Mr x* and Mr y * are the reduced moment capacities about the major and minor
axis respectively in the presence of axial load obtained from the published tables (see Ref 10). andzl = Z2 2.0 513
are
)ierx and Mr Y are the reduced moment capacities which are calculated by using a
reduced plastic modulus. The published tables (ref. 9) are for the case where the plastic neutral axis lies within the area bounded by the walls of a rectangular section or the internal radius of a circular section. When the plastic neutral axis lies within the wall thickness of rectangular sections the modified reduced plastic modulus is given in Appendix B of this publication.
17
BS 5950 Part 1
4.8.3.2 4.8.3.3 4.8.3.2
1)
MY MC,
Il.0
or
b)
Il.0
4.8.3.3
2)
Overall buckling
a>
4.8.3.3.1 + PY ZY &Y
Il.0
b)
4.8.3.3.2
Max
Where
Max
May
is the maximum buckling moment about the major axis in the presence of axial load, taken to be the lesser of:
MC,
(I- $3
(1+&q
Ma,
is the maximum buckling moment about the minor axis in the presence of axial load taken as:
CY where M,x
MC,
(l-e)
(1+y)
is the moment capacity about the major axis is the moment capacity about the minor axis but not subject to the restriction M, I 1.2~~ Z; is the compression resistance about the major axis; is the compression resistance about the minor axis. ( 4.2.5 4.;: )
P cx P CY
The simplified approach for overall buckling assumes that lateral / torsional buckling controls. This is not true for circular or square hollow sections and only true for rectangular hollow sections with long unrestrained lengths. It is therefore recommended that the more exact approach be generally used. 18
4.5.2.1 4.53
I
Figure 7 Web bearing Where Bearing web capacity = Cl + (bl.C2) +(tp.C3)
bl = length of stiff bearing t = thickness of web tp = thickness of flange plate Cl = beam factor c2 = stiff bearing factor c3 = welded flange plate factor Note Where the flange plate is non welded factor C3 should be divided by 2.5.
19
The beam buckling factor Cl allows for dispersion of load in two directions and applies to a member which is continuous over bearing or an end bearing member with a continuously welded sealing plate (see Figure 9).
BS 5950 Part 1
Figure 9
2)
There are two sets of values given for factor Cl, C2 and C3: the first (larger values) are for welded flange plates, and the second (smaller values) for non-welded flange plates. When loads or reactions are applied through non-welded flange plates the additional effects of moment in the web due to eccentric loading have to be taken into account, resulting in lower buckling values (see Figure 10).
t 07 iJ
t-l
B
MY
LT
MY
Iz) =
WhereTg z G J
TsZ GJ = = = = the applied torque the length of member subject to T4 Shear modulus of elasticity (79000 N/mm*) Torsional constant for cross section
BS 5950 Part 1
and the pure torsional shear stress is given by:
Tt
=-
Tq
C
where C = Torsional Modulus Constant Torsional constants for circular, square and rectangular hollow sections plus basic theory and worked examples for members subject to torsion loading including combined bending and torsion, are given in the SC1 publication (Ref 11).
6.0
4.12
4.12.4
D L/65
RHS
WPL 1800
Where Wp is the total unfactored load on one span of the purlin (in kN), L is the l.ength centre to centre of the main supports (in mm). Side rails should generally be designed for wind loads and self weight of the cladding. The minimum values of the elastic modulus (Zl) about the axis parallel to the plane of cladding and the section depth (D) measured perpendicular to the cladding, and the corresponding elastic modulus (22) and section width (B) are found by:-
Zl (min)
WlL
22 (min)
W2L
D L/65
B Table 30
2000 RHS
WJ
1350
W2L
L/70
L/l00
1800
1200
Where W1 and W2 are total unfactored loads on one span of the side rail acting perpendicular to and parallel to the plane of the cladding respectively, (in kN), L is the span of the rail (in mm) for a) Zl andDandb)Z2andB. 21
BS 5950 Part 1
4.13
4.13.2.2
w (a* - 0.3b2)
and for circular or square base plates for solid rounds or CHS members the minimum thickness in mm is given by the following expression which was based on requirements for solid columns and may give unacceptably large thickness for CHS members. Reference to the effective area method is recommended for CHS baseplates.
W
t =
where
a is the greater projection of the plate beyond the column b is the lesser projection of the plate beyond the column w is the uniform pressure on the underside of the plate pYp is the design strength of the plate with a maximum of 270 N/mm* Dp is the length of side or diameter of base plate, not less than 1.5 (D + 75)nu-n D is the CHS diameter 4.13.2.3
If the bearing pressure beneath the base plate is not uniform, calculations should be made to determine the bending moments in the plate which should not exceed 1.2 pypZ where pyp I 270 N/mm* and Z is the elastic modulus of the base plate. Caution must be exercised in use of the above formulae as they assume uniform loading is present at the underside of the base plate and the maximum moment occurs at the external corner of the RHS. Resultant base sizes may not produce this condition particularly when dimension D is large in relation to dimension B. As an alternative the effective area method may be used.
7.2
Note that when K is greater than ( B - 2t) /2 then the internal outstands overlap and the effective area becomes Areq = ( D + 2K ) ( B + 2K )
22
8.0
BS 5950 Part 1
9.0
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
BS 5950 : Part 1 gives guidance for the design of cased beam or column sections but no reference is made to hollow sections as this will be covered in Part 3, Code of practice for design in composite construction. A separate design manual for limit state design of concrete filled hollow sections based on BS 5400 : Part 5 (Ref 6), is available from British Steel Welded Tubes (Ref 20).
4.14
24
Appendix A REFERENCES
1. 2. BS 4848 : Part 2 - Specification for hot-rolled Structural Steel Sections. Part 2 - Hollow Sections. EN 10210-l : Hot finished structural Hollow Sections in non alloy and fine grain Structural Steels - Part 1 : Technical delivery conditions. BS 5950 : Part 1 - Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction. Hot rolled sections. BS 6363 - Specification for Welded Cold formed Steel Structural Hollow sections. BS 5 135 - Specification for Arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels. BS 5400 : Part 5 - Code of practice for design of composite bridges. BS 5950 : Part 8 - Code of practice for fire resistant design.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
References 1 to 7 are available from the British Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, London, WlA 2BS
Introduction to Steelwork design to BS 5950 : Part 1 Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990, Vol 1. Section properties member capacities, 3rd Edition. Steelwork Design Guide to BS 5950 : Part 1, Vol 2. Worked Examples. Design of members subject to combined bending and torsion. Water cooled hollow columns. Fire Safety of bare external Structural Steel. Fire protection for Structural Steel in Buildings. Fire Resistant Design of Steel Structures - A Handbook to BS 5950 : Part 8
References 8 to 15 are available from The Steel Construction Institute, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN.
RI-IS & CHS Sizes, Properties RHS & CHS Technical Data Design of SHS Welded Joints, to BS 5950 SHS Welding Design manual for SHS concrete filled columns SHS Jointing
References 16 to 21 are available from British Steel Tubes & Pipes, SHS Technical Sales.
25
The publication of B.S. 5950 Part 1. Code of Practice for Design in Simple and Continuous Construction: Hot Rolled Sections, presents the engineer with a change in design philosophy with the use of limit state principles and, partly as a direct result of this, a change in the detail procedures of design. It is anticipated that the D.O.E. will withdraw approval for B.S. 449 by the end of 1987 and in this event, familiarisation of the new standard is important. To assist engineers a number of design examples have been prepared using Structural Hollow Sections. Whilst it has not been possible to cover every aspect of the code, it is hoped that the examples will be of practical use in the design of elements. In each case reference should be made to the appropriate clauses in B.S. 5950 which have been given in the margin throughout the examples. In addition reference is made to tables given in the Steelwork Design Guide - Volume 1, Section Properties and Member Capacities published by the Steel Construction Institute, and are shown in the margin thus 1x1. Appendix C2 contains relevant extracts from the Steelwork Design Guide .
EXAMPLE 2
CONTINUOUS MULTI-STOREY COLUMN (SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION)
2.1 Ref.
Factored Loading
50 80 40 40 3.0m 100 170 kN
f
3.5m
5 500 kN
Generally, for axially loaded compression members with moments, cl. 4.8.3, separate checks are required for local capacity cl. 4.8.3.2., and overall buckling cl. 4.8.3.3. The requirements for overall buckling may be satisfied by either the Simplified approach cl. 4.8.3.3.1, or the More exact approach using cl. 4.8.3.3.2. However for columns of the type in this example a further option is available by reference to cl. 4.7.7, Columns in simple multi-storey construction subject to compliance with the qualifying conditions. This clause dispenses with the need for a separate local capacity check, and it is only necessary to apply the rules defined in the Simplified approach .
F = Applied axial load pc = Compressive strength A, = Gross cross - sectional area m = Equivalent uniform moment factor Mb= Buckling resistance moment Capacity (major axis) Z, = Elastic section modulus (minor axis) pY = Design strength
4.5 Ref. Using STEELWORK DESIGN GUIDE to BS5950 Volume 1 (3rd Edition), Section properties, Member capacities RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION 250 x 150 x 8 Design grade 50 Section is PLASTIC for bending about X-X 322 El
Web Shear Shear force F, (max) = 82.5 kN Shear capacity P, = 814 kN Check shear F, (at max. bending) = 60 kN < O-6 P, = 488 kN :. Shear force is low , and M, need not be reduced.
I330 ]
4.2.5
Moment Capacity Applied moment M, = 178 kNm Moment capacity M, = 176 kNm* *governedbyM,=1.2pYZ=176kNm Higher value may be used since S, = 1.22 Z, > 1.2 Z, and constant 1 - 2 may be replaced by 1 - 5 (average load factor). M,=p,S,<+5p,Z =355x505x10~3~1~5x355x413x10-3 = 179 kNm < 220 kNm O.K. :. M,= 179 kNm > M, = 178 kNm Limiting length L, = 16 - 7 m Since span 5.0 m < L, = 16.7 m LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING need not be checked.
322 Note 47 0
322 I
Web Bearing Bearing load = 82 - 5 kN Beam factor (end) Cl = 114 kN Stiff bearing factor (end) = 5 - 68 kN/mm = C2 Bearing capacity = Cl + (b, x C2) + (tP x C3) =114+(75x5~68)+(Ox14~2) = 540 kN O.K.
330 I
Web Buckling Buckling load = 82.5 kN Beam factor (end) Cl = 798 kN Stiff bearing factor (end) C2 = 3 - 19 kN/mm Buckling resistance = Cl + (b, x C2) + (tP x C3) =798+(75x3*19)+(0x3.19) = 1037 kN O.K.
330 cl
APPENDIX C=2
Extracts reproduced from:STEELWORK DESIGN GUIDE TO BS5950 : PART 1 : 1990 Volume 1 - Section Properties and Member Capacities @THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION INSTITUTE
PO Box 101, Weldon Road, Corby, Northants. NN17 5UA Tel: 01536 404120/1 Fax: 01536 404005
TD 365/5E/94