Answer 1: Separation and Identification of Ions

1-1 For example

1-2 For example

61

1-3-1

BY2

= B + S1
3

2+

2Y 2S1
-8

Ksp = (S1)(2S1) = 3.20 10

-8

1-3-2 CY2

4S1 = 3.20 10 , = C + S2
3 2+

S1(solubility of BY2) = 2.0 10 M Ksp = (S2)(2S2) = 2.56 10

2 -13

-3

2Y 2S2

1-4-1

4S2 = 2.56 10 ,

-13

S2(solubility of CY2) = 4.0 10 M

-5

Plot of Absorbance (A) vs Volume (VL) of L added as follows:

From the volume of L at Break point B (all B be calculated: n/1 = (# of moles of L) / (# of moles of B )
2+

2+

ions form complex with L) in the plot, n can

= (5.1 mL 1.0 10 ) / (2.0 mL 8.2 10 ) 3 It means that B 1-4-2

2+

-2

-3

forms BL3

2+

complex with L.

(1) Calculation of Molar Absorption Coefficient At Break point, A = 0.66 = 1 (concentration of BL3 ) And = 0.66 / (2.0 mL 8.2 10 / 50 mL) = 2.01 10
-3 3 2+

(2) Choose a point in the curve of the plot, for example: At Point P (2.0 mL of L added): A = 0.26 A = 0.26 = 1 [BL3 ]
62
2+

 [BL3 ] = 0.26 / = 0.26 / (2.01 10 ) = 1.29 10 M [B ] = (2.0 mL 8.2 10 50 mL 1.29 10 M) / 50 mL [B ] = 1.99 10 M [ L ] = (2.0 mL 1.0 10 3 50 mL 1.29 10 M) / 50 mL [ L ] = 1.3 10 M [Calculation of formation constant] So 1-5-1 Kf = [BL3 ] / ([B ][ L ] ) = (1.29 10 ) / ((1.99 10 )(1.3 10 ) ) Kf = 8.74 10
11 2+ 2+ 3 -4 -4 -5 3 -5 -2 -4 2+ -4 2+ -3 -4

2+

-4

For CY2: Ksp = [C ] [Y ] = 2.56 10 [Y ] = ((2.56 10 ) / 0.05)

2+ - 2 -13 1/2

2+

- 2

-13

= 2.26 10 M When CY2 begins to form

-8

-6

For BY2: Ksp = [B ] [Y ] = 3.20 10 [Y ] = ((3.20 10 ) / 0.05) CY2 forms first 1-5-2 The precipitation of C Thus and
2+ -8 1/2

= 5.66 10 M

-4

When BY2 begins to form

as CY2 considered to be completed at [C ] = 10 M

- 2 -13

2+

-6

Ksp = [C ] [Y ] = 2.56 10
-13 -6 1/2

2+

[Y ] = ((2.56 10 ) / 10 )
-4

= 5.06 10 M

-4

It means that [Y ] = 5.06 10 M, when CY2 precipitates completely. When [Y ] = 5.06 10 M, for BY2 : [B ] [Y ] = (0.1) (5.06 10 ) = 2.56 10 < Ksp of BY2 (3.20 10 ) BY2 (ppt) can not be formed at [Y ] = 5.06 10 M and [B ] = 0.1 M when CY2 precipitates completely. It means that it is possible to separate B a precipitating agent.
2+ -4 2+ 2+ - 2 -4 2 -8 -8 -4

and C

2+

ions by precipitation method with Y as

63

Answer 2: Preparation and Applications of Radioisotopes

2-1

2-2-1

A = N, and

Ao = N o
-t

and

N = No e

-t

A / Ao = N / No = e A = Ao e
-t -t

2-2-2

N = No e If N

= 1/2 No,

t = t1/2
-t1/2

then

1/2 No = No e

= 2.303 log 0.5 / t1/2 = 0.693 / t1/2 For C-14, Also = 0.693 / 5730 = 1.2 x 10 A = Ao e
-t -4

10.2 = 16.5 e-1.2 x 10 and t = 4008 years

-4 t

2-3-1

A = Rp Rd = N- N( e and

-t

) = N(1- e

-t

= 0.693 / (14.3 x 24 x 60 x 60) = 5.61 x 10

-3 23

-7

N = [(10 x 10 ) / 98] x 6 x 10 A = N(1- e and 2-3-2

-t

= 6.12 x 10
19

19

) = (6.12 x 10 )(1.00 x 10 )(0.9 x 10 )(1-e

6 10 -5

13

-24

-5.61 x 10-7x60x60

A = 1.11 x 10 cps = 1.11 x 10 / (3.7 x 10 ) Ci = 3 x 10 Ci = 0.03 mCi

Total amount of P-32 is constant after and before the injection,

64

so,

Vo Ao = Vx Ax (V = volume,
10

A = Activity,

x for pool water)

2.0 x 1.0 = Vx (12.4 / (3.7 x 10 ) and Vx(pool water) = 5.97 x 10 mL = 5.97 x 10 L

9 6

Answer 3: Ion Exchangers

3-1-1 2 RNa + Ca or
2+

= (R)2Ca + 2 Na

2 RNa + CaCl2 = (R)2Ca + 2NaCl

2+

3-1-2(a) The tap water contains trace HCl after the adsorption of Ca and the chemical equation of the adsorption is: 2 RH + Ca or
2+

by the ion exchanger R H

= (R)2Ca + 2H

2 RH + CaCl2 = (R)2Ca + 2HCl

3-1-2(b) RNa is suitable for drinking purpose. Because the product of the adsorption of Ca2+ by + + 2+ RNa is Na or NaCl while the product is H or HCl after the adsorption of Ca by RH. 3-2-1 The removal of H can be achieved by using the anionic ion exchanger R OH with the equation: ROH + HCl = R Cl + H2O 3-2-2 Firstly, the anionic ion exchanger R OH is used to adsorb the SO4 equation :
222 ROH + SO4 = (R+)2SO4 + 2 OH + 2+ + + -

ion with the

Secondly, a standard solution of HCl can be used for the titration of the OH in the 2solution after adsorption of SO4 by the anionic ion exchanger R+OH . H + OH = H2O 3-3
+ + + -

(Acid-Base Titration)
+ +

RH + M = RM + H , Kc = [RM][H ] / ([M ][RH]) Kd = [RM] / [M ] S = ([RM] + [RH]) 10

-3 +

(3-3-1) (3-3-2) (3-3-3)

We substitute Equations (3-3-1) and (3-3-2) into Equation (3-3-3) and obtain:
65

S = (Kd[M ] + [RM][H ] / Kc[M ]) 10

+ + + +

-3

= (Kd[M ] + Kd[M ][H ] / Kc[M ]) 10 = (Kd[M ] + Kd[H ] / Kc ) 10

3 + + + -3

-3

S Kc 10 = Kd Kc [M ] + Kd[H ] 1 / Kd = [M+] / (S(10 )) + [H+] / (S Kc (10 )) 3-4-1 N1 = 16 (t1 / 1) = 16 (10 / 1.0) = 1600 N2 = 16 (t2 / 2)2 = 16 (14 / 1.5) = 1394 N = (N1 + N2) / 2 = (1600 + 1394) / 2 = 1497 3-4-2 3-4-3 3-4-4 3-5-1 3-5-2 H = L / N = 30 / 1497 = 0.021 cm R = 2 (t2 - t1) / (1 +2) = 2 (14 10) / (1.0 +1.5) = 3.2 = (t2 - t0) / (t1 - t0) = (14 1) / (10 - 1) = 1.44 Z-Na + Ca
+ + + 2+ 2 2 2 3 3

(3-3-4)

= Z-Ca
+

2+

+ Na
+

Z-Na + K = Z-K + Na

Answer 4: Determination of Calcium Ion by Precipitation Followed by Redox Titration

4-1 (NH2)2CO + H2O

4-2

CO2 + 2NH3
+

titration reaction 5 H2C2O4 + 2 MnO4 + 6 H

2+ -3

10 CO2 + 2 Mn + 8 H2O

2+

[Ca ] = 2.5 x 10 M x 0.02741 L x

5 2

/ 0.025 L

= 6.85 x 10-3 M
2+ 2-

4-3

Mass-balance:

[Ca ] = [C2O4 ] + [HC2O4 ] + [H2C2O4]

66

= [C2O4 ] (1 + [H ] / K2 + [H ] / K1K2) [C2O4 ] = [Ca ] / (1 + [H ] / K2 + [H ] / K1K2) Substituting (1) into [Ca ] [C2O4 ] = Ksp [Ca ] = 1.92 x 10 M
2+ 22+ -4 2+ 222+ + + 2

2-

+ 2

(1)

4-4

CCa = [Ca ] + [CaC2O4(aq)] + [Ca(C2O4)2 ]

= Ksp (

1 [C 2 O4 ]
2

+ Kf1 + Kf1 Kf2 [C2O4 ])

2-

dC Ca d [C 2 O4 ]
22

= 0 = - Ksp

1 [C 2 O4 ] 2
2

+ Ksp Kf1 Kf2

[C2O4 ] = 1.0 x 10 M [Ca ] = Ksp / [C2O4 ] = 1.3 x 10 M 4-5 Charge balance: 2[Ca ] + [H ] = 2[C2O4 ] + [HC2O4 ] + [OH ] Mass balance: [Ca ] = [C2O4 ] + [HC2O4 ] + [H2C2O4] Because Kb2 is too small, [H2C2O4] can be neglected.
+ + 2+ 22+ + 22+ 2-6

-2

(1)

(2)

Comparing (1), (2), [HC2O4 ] = Kw / [H ] [H ] [C2O4 ] = (K2 Kw) / [H ] K2 [Ca ] = Ksp / [C2O4 ] = Ksp [H ] / (K2Kw K2[H ] ) Substituting (3), (4), (5) into (2)
+ 5 2 + 4 + 3 2 + 2 2 + 2+ 2+ 2 + 2 2+ 2

(3)

(4)

(5)

K2 [H ] + (K2 - Ksp) [H ] 2 K2 Kw [H ] 2 K2 Kw [H ] + K2 Kw [H ] + K2 Kw = 0 Solving [H ], [H ] = 5.5x10 M (or pH = 7.26)

+ 2+ -4 + + -8

Substituting [H ] into (5), [Ca ] = 1.04 x 10 M

67

Answer 5: Nitrogen in Wastewater

5-1-1 5-1-2 NH4 NH3 H3BO3 + NH3 NH4+ + H2BO3 H2BO3 + H3O H3BO3 + H2O Methyl orange. At the equivalence point, the solution contains boric acid and ammonium
+ +

5-1-3

5-1-4 5-1-5

ion, therefore, an indicator with an acidic transition interval is required.

5-2-1

2 MnO4

(aq)

+ 5 HNO2 + H

+ (aq)

2 Mn

2+

+ 5 NO3

+ 3 H2O

5-2-2 5-2-3

2 MnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + 6 H 2 Mn

2+

+ 10 CO2 + 8 H2O

A = [ 5 ( B C) 2 ( D E ) ] 7 / F

Answer 6: Use of Isotopes in Mass Spectrometry

6-1 0.77

6-2

Corrected signal = (m / z 136 signal) - 1.03 (m / z 138 signal)

68

Answer 7: Atomic Orbitals

7-1

1s: 0, 2s: 1 and 3s: 2. 7-2

2pz

3pz

There is one angular node for 2pz; one angular node and one spherical node for 3pz. 7-3 (0, 2, 4, 1, 3)

Answer 8: Intermolecular Forces

8-1-1
OH2 H2O H2O OH2 OH2 OH2

Na+

8-1-2

69

O O O

Na+
O O O

8-2-1

F H F H F H F
8-2-2

H F H F H

O CH3 C O
8-3

O C CH3

H O

H H3C H O N N R O H H H N N N N N R H

Adenine

Thymine

H H H N N N R O H N H H H O N N N N R H

Guanine

Cytosine

70

Answer 9: Crystal Packing

9-1 9-2 Simple cubic: 6, body-centered cubic: 8 and face-centered cubic: 12

4 3 r For simple cubic, a = 2r, f v = 3 3 = 52.4% a

4 2 r 3 3 3a = 4r , f v = = 68% a3 4 4 r 3 3 2 a = 4r , f v = = 74% a3

For body-centered cubic,

For face-centered cubic,

9-3

2a = 4r , a = 2 2r = 407 pm

d=

107.9 6.02 1023 = 10.6 g/cm3 (407 pm)3

9-4

2d sin =

= 2 201 sin 17.34o = 229 pm

Answer 10: Applications of Transition Metals

10-1-1

2 CrO42 (aq) +
CrO42: + 6,

2 H+ (aq)

Cr2O72 (aq)

H2O (l)

10-1-2 10-1-3

Cr2O72: +6.

This is not a redox reaction because the oxidation state in each metal center does not change.

10-1-4

Hydrogen ion concentration is the main factor to control the equilibrium position.
71

10-1-5
O Cr O O

2
O O Cr O O Cr O O O

10-2-1

Cathode Anode Overall

Cr2O72 + 14 H+ + 12e 2 H2O Cr2O72 (aq) + 2 H+ (aq)

2 Cr + O2 +

7 H2O 4 H+ + 4e + 3 O2 (g)

H2O (l) + 2 Cr (s)

10-2-2

1.5 moles of oxygen gas will evolve.

Cathode Anode Overall

Cr2O72

+ 14 H+ + 12e ( 2 H2O

2 Cr + O2 +

7 H2O 4 H+ + 4e ) x 3 + 3 O2 (g)

Cr2O72 (aq)

2 H+ (aq)

H2O (l) + 2 Cr (s)

52 g Cr x

1 mol Cr 52 g

3 mol O2 2 mol Cr

1.5 mol O2

10-2-3

16 h

52 g Cr x

1 mol Cr 52 g

6F mol Cr

1h 1 sec 1 min 96485 C x x x = 16 h 60 sec 1F 60 min 10 C

10-2-4

Chromium readily forms a thin, adherent, transparent coating of Cr2O3 in air, making the metal extremely useful as an attractive protective coating on easily corroded metals.

Answer 11: Electrochemistry of Inorganic Compounds

11-1 For the concentration cell: Mn(s) | Mn
2+ (aq) (1M)

|| Mn

2+

(aq) /

MnCO3 | Mn(s),

72

Ecell = E (0.0592 / 2) log ([Mn ]right / [Mn ]left) Ksp = 1.810

2+ -11

2+

2+

= [Mn ][CO3 ]
-8 2+ o

2+

2-

[Mn ]right = 1.010 M and [Mn ]left= 1.0 M with E = 0.0 V (both are Mn) Ecell = 0.0 - (0.0592 / 2) log (1.010 M / 1.0 M) = 0.237 V 11-2
-8

Reduction of O2 to H2O is obtained as (0.70V+1.76V) / 2 = 1.23 V, for O2 + 4H + 4e 2 H2O

o + -

E = 1.23V

: 2H2

The E value could be obtained directly from the diagram by dividing the differences (2.46) of O2 and H2O by the differences of the oxidation number (2). For H2O2 O2 + H2O E = 1.06 > 0.0
o

: 00

The disproportionation reaction is spontaneous. 11-3 The number of electron pair should be 5 (trigonal bipyramidal) with three electron pairs in the equatorial plane, thus the molecular geometry of XeF2 is linear. 2 H2O O2 + 4H + 4e XeF2(aq) + 2H
+ (aq) + -

E = -1.23V E = 2.32V E = 1.09 V

: 2H

+ 2e Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)

2 XeF2(aq) + 2H

+ (aq)

+ 2 H2O 2 Xe(g) + O2 + 4HF(aq)

The decomposition of XeF2 in aqueous solution is favored in acidic solution.

Answer 12: Metal Carbonyl Compounds

12-1 Compound A is anionic, the absorption bands attributed to CO stretching appear at lower
73

frequency because of stronger back donation of the anionic charge to the anti bonding orbital of CO thus weakening the CO bond. appear at the higher frequency. 12-2
OC W(CO)6 NaC5H5 W Na FeSO4 Na/Hg W OC CO CO W CO OC

For the neutral species B, absorption bands

OC CO CO

A
HCCCH2Br

OC CO CO

metal migration

W OC CO CO

C CH2

C
12-3
D OC CO CO D W C

OC CO

W CO

metal migration

CH2

74

Answer 13: Carbocation and Aromaticity

13-1 13-2 (CH3)3C SbF6
+ -

Spectrum I: (CH3)3CF in SbF5 6 electrons yes (a) A singlet at 9.17

13-3 13-4

13-5 13-6

O OH O OH or O OH

O OH

O OH

O OH

O OH

O OH

13-7

O Fe O 3

Answer 14: Photochemical Ring Closure and Opening

14-1 (2E,4Z,6Z)-octatriene

14-2

14-3

95

H3C H3C H3C H HO H3C

CH3

14-4

I
O O O

14-5

No.

Answer 15: Stereochemistry

15-1 (2S,3S)

15-2 15-3

X= CH3, Y = PPh2 36%

15-4 15-5

HO O HO HO OH OH

15-6
O H HO H H CH OH H OH OH CH2OH

15-7

none
96

15-8

99:1

15-9

Answer 16: Organic Synthesis

16-1
I A=

B=

HO

C=

16-2
D= Br

O E= Br

F=

Br

F G = C8H17O

97

Answer 17: Spectroscopy and Polymer Chemistry

17-1 C4H6O2 C=O group

17-2

17-3

H H H
17-4 B
In O

O O CH3

n O O O O O

In: initiator

17-5

Organic reactions that could transform acetate to alcohol such as acid or base hydrolysis, alcoholysis, or LiAlH4 reduction.

17-6

There are 100 units/molecule.

99

However, the last one does not contain chiral center,

therefore, there are 99 chiral centers and each of which would have R or S configuration. Totally there will be 2 stereoisomers, including enantiomers and diastereomers.
99

Therefore, the number of pairs of enantiomers is 2 /2 = 298. 17-7 C

H H H
17-8 E: CO2 G:
OH n

O O

CH3

F: (CH3)2C=CH2 H: (CH3)2CBr-CH2Br

17-9

I: (d)
98

Answer 18: Crown Ether and Molecular Recognition

18-1 B
O O O O O O

18-2

(c) To remove the tetrahydropyran group

18-3

O NH O

NH
O O Cl Cl O O

O O O

O O O

O O N O

NH

NH

N O O

18-4

(b) A high dilution condition is employed in order to inhibit polymer formation.

18-5

Curve I to I; Curve II to G; Curve III to H

99

Answer 19: Works in Thermodynamics

19-1 Isothermal reversible expansion We have 100/22.41=4.461 moles, and the final volume is

V2 =

P 10 10 1V1 = = 100l P2 1

(1)

The work done by gas is

w = q = nRT ln

V2 V1
(2)

= 4.461 8.341 273.2 ln 10 = 23290 joules

19-2 Adiabatic reversible expansion Notice that

3 R+R CP 2 5 = = = CV R 3
Thus

(3)

P V2 = ( 1 ) 2 V1 = (10) 5 10 P2 = 39.8l
and the final temperature is obtained from

(4)

T2 =

1 39.81 P2V2 = 4.461 0.08205 nR o = 108.8 K

(5)

For adiabatic processes,

q=0
ie

and

E = q + w = w

w = E = nC vT = 9141 joules
19-3 Irreversible adiabatic expansion Since q=0, we have

(6)

E = w = nCv (T2 T1 )

(7)

101

w = P2 (V2 V1 )
and

(8)

3 nRT2 nR 273.2 nR (T2 273.2) = ( ) 2 1 10

It follows that

(9)

T2 = 174.8o K
and

(10)

3 nR (174.8 273.2) 2 = 5474 joules E = w =

(11)

Answer 20: Kinetics Atmosphere Chemistry

20-1

dPNO 2

dt 1 1 = 0 + kt PNO2 PNO2
where PNO2 devotes the initial pressure of NO2 20-2 At
0

2 = kPNO 2

t = t1
1 P t

/ 2

, PNO2 =

1 0 PNO2 2

k= or

0 NO 2 1 / 2

k=

1 = 0.422 l / atm min 600 3 760

Answer 21: Kinetics and Thermodynamics

21-1 In the beginning 4 min of the reaction,

102

d [ B] = k1 [ A] dt .. (1) d [C ] = k 2 [ A] dt .. (2)
(1) divided by (2) gives

d [ B ] k1 = d [C ] k 2
21-2

B k1 1 = = = 10 C k 2 0 .1

When the reaction is complete, the system reaches thermal equilibrium.

[ B ] k1 = [ A] k 1

[C ] k 2 = [ A] k 2

1 0.01 [ B] k1 k 1 100 1 = = = = [C ] k 2 k 2 0.1 0.0005 200 2

21-3 AC thermodynamic- controlled reaction process is favored when temperature increases. The system will reach thermal equilibrium more rapidly.

Answer 22: Phase Diagram

22-1 22-2 A: solid; B: solid, liquid, and gas states coexist; C: liquid and gas states coexist. The negative slope of the solid/liquid line indicates the liquid state of water is denser than its solid state. 22-3 Therefore, ice may not sink in its own liquid.

Clapeyron equation is expressed as

dP H , = dT TV
where H is molar enthalpy of water and V is volume change. the volume expands when water freezes. 22-4 As pressure is lowered, liquid phase transforms directly to gas phase at the same temperature. frozen. 22-5 Thus water may vaporize. At the same time, the process of water The left water becomes evaporation is endothermic as to make the surrounding cooled. The phase diagram

shows that the slope of dP/dT for the liquid-solid coexistence region is negative, indicating

The solid state will sublime until none is left, if the pump is left on.
o

The ice surface, exerted by a pressure more than one atm, turns to liquid state at 0 C.

103

Answer 23: Standard Deviation in One-Dimensional Quantum Mechanics

23-1 average speed <v>: <v>=

M = 4 vF (v)dv 2RT

3/ 2

Mv 2 3 exp 2 RT v dv

2 -1 8 x8.31x300 8 RT = = 4.45 x 10 ms M 3.14 x0.032

standard deviation v: <v >=

2

M vF (v)dv = 4 2RT

3/ 2

Mv 2 4 exp 2 RT v dv

5 2 -2 3RT 3 x8.31x300 = =2.33 x 10 m s M 0.032 2 -1

v = < v > < v > = 2.33 x10 (4.45 x10 ) = 1.87 x 10 ms

2 2

2 2

23-2

average position <x>: <x>=

* xdx =

1 2

x exp(

x2 )dx = 0 2

standard deviation x: <x2>=

* x 2dx =

1 2

x 2 exp(

x2 )dx = 1 2

x = 23-3

< x 2 > < x > 2 =1.

x / 2 ihxe h <p> = (i )dx = dx =0 2x 4 2 *

<p2>=

* (
2

h2 2 h2 ) = dx 4 2 x 2 16 2
2

p= < p > < p > =

h 4

23-4

xp=

h 4

104

Answer 24: A Particle in 2-D Box Quantum Mechanics

24-1 E1,1 = 2E0 E1,2 = E2,1= 5E0 E2,2 = 8E0 E1,3 = E3,1= 10E0 E2,3 = E3,2= 13E0 E1,4 = E4,1= 17E0 E3,3 = 18E0 E2,4 = E4,2= 20E0 E3,4 = E4,3= 25E0 E1,5 = E5,1= 26E0 where E0 = h / 8 mL 24-2 24-3 24-4
2 2

The total number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level is 4. Ground state is diamagnetic. The longest-wavelength excitation energy is E = (25-20) E0, where E0= (6.6310
-34

Js) / [8 9.1110
-19

-31

kg (110 m) ] = 6.0210

-9

-20

(1) (2)

E = (25-20) E0 = 3.0110 The wavelength is = hc / E = [6.6310

-34

Js 310 ] / 3.0110

-19

= 660 nm

(3)

Answer 25: Spectrum Analysis

25-1 = 355.00 / 2 sin60.00 = 204.96 DFDL = 2 1.40 204.96 = 573.89 nm

Answer 26: Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer

26-1 (a) = [(2 1 1.602210 =17669.5 m/s 26-2 (c)
t = 1.00 m / 17669.5 m/s = 56.59 s
-19

C 20000 V) / (12362 1.660510

-27

kg)]

105

Answer 27: Enzyme Catalysis

27-1 A = bC; C = A/ b;
3

mol = C x V (volume)
-3 -8

[0.1 / ((27.7-9.2) x 10 )] x 5 x 10 = 2.7 x 10 mol/sec 27-2 Four electrons are needed to reduce one molecule of oxygen, therefore, the oxygen consuming rate is 2.7 x 10 / 4 = 6.75 x 10 mol/sec 27-3 By definition, the turnover number equals 6.75 x 10 (mol/sec) / (2.7 x 10 M x 5 x 10 L). Therefore, oxidase has a turnover number of 500.
-9 -9 -3 -8 -9

Practical Problems
Answer 30: Identification of Unknown Solutions II
1. Use the indicator to find out NaOH, HCl, and H2SO4 (confirmed by Pb2+) 2. Find out the Na2S by the odor, and use it to find Cd2+ and Zn2+ (by precipitation. and color). 3. By electrolysis of the four solutions remained, KI solution can be found by the trace of yellowish brown (I2) formed in the anode. 4. The color of I2 will be disappeared by Na2S2O3 solution. 5. The concentration of unknown solution is about 0.5 M (mol/L)

106