UNIT 2.

2 THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC MODELS :
1. DALTON ATOM MODEL (1766-1844)
a) Elements are made up of the small ____________ particles called ________.
b) Atom is ____________.
c) Atom cannot be ____________ or _________________.
d) Atoms of the same element are the _________.
2.

J.J THOMSON ATOM MODEL (1856-1940)

a) Atom is ____________.
b) Atom has ___________ charge.
c) Atom has ____________ scattered inside it.
d) J.J Thomson introduced _______ __________ model.
e) He also discovered that ___________ are ___________ charged when they reflected
towards __________ plates in an electric field.

3.

ERNEST RUTHERFORD ATOM MODEL (1871-1937)

a) In an atom, __________ always orbit the nucleus.
b) Nucleus has ___________________ particles.
c) Number of protons is _______ to the number of ________ in an atom.
d) Mass of atom centres at ____________.

4.

NEILS BOHR ATOM MODEL (1885-1962)

a) ___________ rounds the ___________ at certain orbits which are known as
__________.
b) The shells are ___________ in shape.
c) Each shell has a __________________ from the nucleus.

5.

JAMES CHADWICK ATOM MODEL (1891-1974)

a) Electron rounds the nucleus at certain ____________.
b) All nuclei consist of ___________ and ___________ (except Hydrogen which only
has protons).
c) Mass of neutron ________ to the mass of ______________.
d) He found that the mass of ______ calculated by using
___________________________ is _______ than its actual mass.

MODERN ATOM MODEL:

1.

Subatomic particles of an atom :

PROTON :
- symbol : _____
- _________ charged.
- Relative electric charge : ______
- Relative mass : _____ unit.
- It is ________ and situated in the
_________.

NEUTRON :
- symbol : _____
- has no _________.
- Relative electric charge : ______
- Relative mass: _____ unit.
- It is _________ and situated in the
________.

ELECTRON :
-symbol : _____
- __________ charged.
- Relative mass : _______ unit
- It always move round the ________ in a certain orbit and can move from 1 ______ to another ______.

PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON NUMBER:

__________________

16

__________________

_________________
______________

oxygen

Nucleon number = proton number + neutron number

Neutron number for oxygen =

SYMBOL OF ELEMENT:
First letter will always be in capital letter while the second letter will always be in small letter.
Element
Hydrogen
Helium

symbol

Element
Iron

symbol
F
B

C
Chromium

Bromine
Co
Cu

Calcium

Be
Barium
Lead

Element

symbol
Ar
Al

Silver
Gold
Sodium

Element
Silicon
Magnesium

Mn
Ne

Potassium
Gallium

Nickel

Cl

Pt
P

Cadmium

symbol
S

N
O

I
Zn
Vanadium

UNIT 2.3 ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

1.
2.
3.

Isotopes are atoms of the _______ element with ___________ numbers of neutrons.
Alternatively, isotopes can be defined as___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
The isotopes of an element have the __________________________ because they have the
______ electron arrangement but their ____________________ such as densities and melting
point differ. Below is the example of isotopes of hydrogen:

1
p

1p
1n

1p
2n

4.
5.

In an element, some isotopes are ________, while the rest are __________ isotopes. Unstable
isotopes are ______________ isotopes.
Radioactive isotopes will undergo ____________________ to emit _____________________.

THE USES OF ISOTOPES IN OUR DAILY LIFE

1. Carbon-14: _______________________________________________________________.
2. Cobalt-60: _______________________________________________________________.
3. -rays of cobalt-60: ________________________________________________________
and _____________________________________________________________________.
4. Uranium-235: ____________________________________________________________.
5. Sodium-24:_______________________________________________________________.
6. -radiation:_______________________________________________________________.
7. Radioisotope (sodium-24):___________________________________________________.
8. Phosphorus-32:____________________________________________________________.
9. Carbon-14 in CO2:_________________________________________________________.