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Paul, Here is a short write-up on the differences in the way in which the Siemens 7SA6 and SEL-321/311/421 QUAD

measurement comparators are evaluated. A) Siemens 7SA6 alogrithm In this algorithm, the user defines the earth-return compensation factor by real numbers KR and KX, which are defined as KR = (R0L - RL)/(3RL) = RE/RL and KX = (X0L - XL)/(3XL) = XE/XL (1)

where R0L+jX0L is the zero-sequence line impedance and RL+jXL is the positive-sequence line impedance, up to the fault point. Note that RE = (R0L-RL)/3 and XE = (X0L-XL)/3. The relationship between the complex K0 factor and these factors is given by KR + jKX * XL/RL KL = ------------------1 + j XL/RL (2)

We first write the voltage loop equation as (assuming line is radial) U = I*ZL + I*ZE + I*RF (3)

where I is the measured phase current, U is the measured phase-earth voltage. ZL is the positive sequence line impedance to the fault point. ZE is the earth return impedance and is equal to (Z0L-ZL)/3. RF is the fault resistance. Equation 3 can be re-written as U = I * ( (RL+jXL) + (R0L+jX0L)/3 - (RL+jXL)/3 + RF ) = I * ( RL+jXL + (R0L-RL)/3 + j(X0L-XL)/3 + RF ) = I * ( RL + (R0L-RL)/3 + j(XL + (X0L-XL)/3) + RF ) = I * ( RL + RE + j(XL + XE) + RF ) = I * ( RL*(1 + KR) + jXL*(1 + KX) + RF ) with KR and KX defined above in equation 1. The relay then evaluates the resistive and reactive parts separately. Real(U/I) R_SIEM = --------1 + KR and (5) (4)

Note that the computation of R_SIEM measures the resistance along the line to the fault point, RL, plus RF/(1+KR), where RF is the fault resistance. That is,

Real(U/I) RF R_SIEM = --------- = RL + -------1 + KR 1 + KR For the imaginary part of equation 4: Imag(U/I) X_SIEM = --------1 + KX

(6)

(7)

The reactance measurement measures the reactance along the line to the fault point. R_SIEM and X_SIEM computed above are compared against the relays resistive and reactive reach settings respectively. B) SEL-311/321/421 Reactance Measurement: On a radial line, the SEL reactance measurement can be written as Imag ( U / I ) X_SEL = --------------------------sin [arg(Z1L)] * (1 + KX) X_SIEM = ---------------sin [arg(Z1L)] (8)

where KX is defined as before : (X0 - X1)/(3X1). Z1L is the positive-sequence line impedance. Therefore, arg(Z1L) is the angle of the positive-sequence line impedance. The SEL reactance measurement is not a true reactance measurement. It measures the impedance to the fault along the line-angle. X_SEL is compared against the appropriate setting in the relay. Resistance Measurement: The SEL resistance measurement tries to estimate the actual fault resistance RF, as opposed to RL + RF/(1+KR) in the Siemens algorithm using the equation (valid for a radial line): Imag( U/I . conjg(Z1L.(1 + K0)) ) RF = --------------------------------------Imag( conjg(Z1L.(1 + K0)) ) (9)

Where Z1L = RL+jXL is the line impedance to the fault point and K0 is the complex earth-return compensation factor.

SEL-321 and Siemens 7SA6 in CG:

The axes are in secondary ohms. The resistive blinder for the SEL relay is set at 2 secondary. For the 7SA6, the blinder is set at 1.291 secondary, because the relay measures RF/(1+KR) as opposes to RF. The value of KR = 0.55 and 2/(1 + 0.55) = 1.291. Siemens recommends setting the blinder as follows: _ _ | I2| RARC + RTF R_SETTING = 1.2 * |1 + --| * -----------(10) | I1| 1 + KR |_ _| where RARC and RTF are the arc resistance and tower footing resistance respectively. 1.2 is a safety margin. I2 is the current flowing into the resistive fault from the remote end, while I1 is the current measured at the relay location. For a radial line, I2 = 0. The resistance of the line itself need not be accounted for separately in the R_SETTING as long as the resistive blinders angle of inclination is not greater than the line angle setting. The setting must be computed for the case when I1 is at its minimum and I2 is at its maximum value. The phase angle difference between I1 and I2 is ignored. Note that the maximum fault resistance for which the blinder will operate is still 2 (secondary) for both relays.

Close-in SLG fault with 2 (secondary) Fault Resistance (Line is Radial): We now take the case of a close-in SLG fault with a fault resistance of 2 secondary, (16.667 primary), applied on the line 179 Commerce 115 to 167 Tugalo 115 circuit 1. The remote-end breaker at Tugalo is opened to make the line radial. A mutually coupled line had to be outaged too.

RF/(1+KR) = 1.29

RF = 2

The apparent impedance for the SEL-321 relay plots at exactly 2 along the resistance axis. The apparent impedance for the 7SA6 relay plots at 1.29 for the same fault because its resistance measurement does not measure RF, but RF/(1+KR). The value of KR in the relay is 0.55.
Fault: A Close-in SLG_A_R16_66 at bus 179 COMMERCE 115 Curve Apparent Operating S.I.R. (+ seq) Impedance Time Source/total line [Mag] [Deg] [Cycles] [Mag] [Deg] ________________________________________________________________________ 1 2.00 0.00 (Z0/Z1-1)/3 from tap settings: 2 1.29 0.00 (Z0/Z1-1)/3 from tap settings: 1.00 ACT. MEASUREMENT A-G 0.710 @ 4.0 deg 1.00 ACT. MEASUREMENT A-G 0.713 @ 4.5 deg 0.22 @ 0.22 @ 3.5 3.5

Previous versions of CAPE would have plotted the generic apparent impedance computed according to VA/(IA + 3*I0*K0), with K0 computed from the relay settings. SLG fault with 2 (secondary) Fault Resistance at 50% (Line is Radial):

Fault: A SLG_A_R16_66 at temporary bus 999002 COMMERCE 115 (NEWBUS2) Curve Apparent Operating S.I.R. (+ seq) Impedance Time Source/total line [Mag] [Deg] [Cycles] [Mag] [Deg] ________________________________________________________________________ 1 3.15 34.31 (Z0/Z1-1)/3 from tap settings: 2 2.59 42.98 (Z0/Z1-1)/3 from tap settings: 1.00 ACT. MEASUREMENT A-G 0.710 @ 4.0 deg 1.00 ACT. MEASUREMENT A-G 0.713 @ 4.5 deg 0.26 @ 0.26 @ 3.8 3.8

The inference here is that the user has to be careful in setting the resistive blinder in these two relays. Both blinders will operate for fault resistance up to 2 secondary on radial lines. But in one relay, this blinder should be set at RF/(1+KR), and in the other relay, at RF.

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