IS: 1343 -1980

57

3.Loss of prestress due to elastic deformation of concrete
pretensioned members
P
A
=., I = ?, y=? Z =
I
y
,
M
z
=
Pc
z
, stress in concrete, f
c
=
P
A
+
M
z
, Final stress = o
c
{
c
=
Ls
Lc
{
c

% loss of stress =
fInaI strcss
InItIaI strcss
x1uu
1.2E
c
= ? , E=? , y = ?, c =
d
2
y , A=?, I= ?,
P
A
=. m=
Ls
Lc
=
Top= [
P
A

M
z
m , Bottom = [
P
A
+
M
z
m, loss of stress in top =
fInaI strcss
InItIaI strcss
x1uu ,
loss of stress in bottom =
fInaI strcss
InItIaI strcss
x1uu
1.3 post tensioned
initial stiess
P
A
= given , p=? , A=? I=? , c =
d
2
y ,
P
A
=.
Case-i:- Simultaneous tensioning & anchoring:-
There will be no loss on simultaneous tensioning and anchoring of 3 cables
Case-ii:- Successive tensioning:- f
c
=
P
A
+
M
z

Cable-1 = no loss, Cable-2 = loss of elastic deformation & anchorage slip occurs in cable-1 =mf
c

Cable-3 = loss of elastic deformation & anchorage slip occurs in cable-1 & cable-2
cable-1 =mf
c
cable-2 =mf
c
, total loss in cables is
cable-1 = (cable-1)
2
+(cable-2)
3
, cable-2 = (cable-2)
3
, cable-3 = 0 , avg.loss = ?
If bars or strands are large , the loss of prestress becomes half , Loss of prestress =
1
2
mf
c

Curved cables
initial stiess
P
A
=. , I=? , cable-1 = no loss
cable-2 = when cable-2 is tensioned or anchored stress distribution in cable-1 is
stress at support =
P
A
, stress at mid span =
P
A
+
M
z
, avg.stres =
P
A
+
2
3
y
final stress in cable-1 = avg.stress x
c
, loss of stress =
fInaI strcss
InItIaI strcss
x1uu
cable-3 = when tensioned & anchored stress distribution in cable-1 & cable-2 is cable-1
stress at support=
P
A

M
z
,stress at mid span=
P
A
+
M
z
,avg.stress in concrete= stress at support +
2
3
y
final stress = avg.stress x
c
, loss of stress =
fInaI strcss
InItIaI strcss
x1uu
cable-2
stress at support =
P
A
, stress at mid span =
P
A
+
M
z
, avg.stres =
P
A
+
2
3
y ,final stress = avg.stress x
c

loss of stress =
fInaI strcss
InItIaI strcss
x1uu , total loss in cablescable-1 =? , Cable-2 =? , Cable-3 =?
Creep:
E
s
=? , E
c
=?, E
cc
= ?, m=? , = 1.6 given ,
P
A
=. , P=? , m=P x e , Z=
bd
3
12
, Z=
I

,
P
A
+
M
z
= .
Ultimate creep stress method Loss of stress in steel = E
cc
x f
c
x E
s
,
% loss =
Ioss oI strcss In stccI
IntIaI strcss
x 1uu , Creep coefficient method Loss of stress in steel = f
c
m
IS: 1343 -1980
58

%loss =
Ioss oI strcss
IntIaI strcss
x 1uu
Loss due to shrinkage:
F
p
=
cs
x E
s
,Same as procedure in creep, posttension (a)F
p
=
cs
x E
s
=
0.0002
Iog (t+2)
x E
s
x1uu
% loss =
P
p
InItIaI strcss
x1uu , Pretension (b) F
p
=
cs
x E
s
=
0.0003
Iog (t+2)
x E
s
x1uu
% loss =
P
p
InItIaI strcss
x1uu
Loss due to friction = y =
4c
I
[1
2x
I
,Cable-1=
d
dx
=
4c
I
,For cable-1slope at end=?,=2xslope
at end , For cable-2 slope at end =
4c
I
, = 2 x slope at end ,
P
A
=. , P
x
= P
o
e (M

+ k
x
)
For small values P
x
= Po(1 (M

+ k
x
)) , Loss of stress = p
o
(M

+ k
x
) ,Cable-1 loss of stress = ?
Cable-2 loss of stress = ?, Cable-3 loss of stress , % loss of cable-1 =
Ioss oI strcss
InItIaI strcs
x 1uu
% loss of cable-2 =
Ioss oI strcss
InItIaI strcs
x 1uu , % loss of cable-3 =
Ioss oI strcss
InItIaI strcs
x 1uu
Loss due to anchorage slip
=
pI
ALS
, where = slip of anchorage, L= length of cable , A = c/s area of cable , E
s
= modulus
of elasticity ,
P
A
=
Ls
L
, lossof stress =
Es
L
ntuI stcss
x1uu , For nmetre length beam
Loss of stress =
Ls
nL
, %loss =
Ioss oI strcss
IntIaI strcss
x 1uu
Rectangular Section :
To calculate the moment of resistance of rectangular section
H
u
= u.S6 {
ck
bX
u
(J u.42X
u
)
To calculate the area of steel from the above formula is
H
u
= u.S6 {

A
st
(J u.42X
u
)
H
u
= x b, b=?
Given moment = ?, find b from
H
u
= u.S6 {
ck
bX
u
(J u.42X
u
)
H
u
= x b , b=?
X
u
d
= u.S , Assume b=0.5d, d=? , b=?, X
u
=.
H
u
= u.S6 {
p
A
sp
(J u.42X
u
)
A
p=
? adopt the section .steel is located at an effective depth of c/s.
Moment of resistance for I-section:
H
u
= {
pu
A
p
(J u.42X
u
)
From IS 1343 appendix B clause 18.6.2.2 and 22.1.2
H
u
= u.1{
ck
bd
2
.bd
2
=? assume b= 0.6 to 0.8d
0.6d
3
=?
h
]
d
= u.2 to u.2S
b
w
d
= u.2 to u.S
]
=. b
w
=.
By calculating neutral axis depth as per IS 456 we can get X
u
=
]
= 17umm
H
u
= {
p
A
p
(J u.42X
u
)
A
p
=.
H
u
= {
pu
A
sp
(J u.42X
u
)
]
p
A
sp
]
ck
bd
= 0.35 , from page no.59 appendix B IS 1343 value
]
pu
0.87]
p
is calculated
IS: 1343 -1980
59

{
pu
=. H
u
=.
{
p
A
p
{
ck
bu
X
u
J

X
u
d
value is obtained from table 11 of appendix B in IS 1343.
H
u
=.
I section:
H
u
= {
pu
A
spw
(J u.42X
u
)+0.446{
ck

]
(b b
w
)(J u.S
]
)
l/d=? {
p
A
p]
(J u.42X
u
) =0.446{
ck

]
(b b
w
)(J u.S
]
)
A
pw
=. A
p]
= A
p
+ A
p]

From table 12 pg.no 60 comparing l/d
]
pu
]
p

find the value of
]
pu
]
p
from this table
]
pw
A
pw
]
ck
bwd
and
]
pu
]
p
find he value of
]
pu
]
p
{
pu
=.
l/d
X
u
d
find the limits
]
pw
A
pw
]
ck
bwd
and
X
u
d
X
u
=. H
u
= {
pu
A
spw
(J u.42X
u
)

4. Analysis of Stresses
Q) An unsymmetrical I- Section is used to support an imposed load of 2 KN/m over a span of
8m.The section details of top flange 300mm wide and 60mm thick bottom 100mm wide and
60mm thick.ThickNess of web 80mm overall depth of the beam 400 mm at the center of span
.The eff.prestress force is 100 kN is located at 50mm from sofit of the beam .Estimate the stress
at the center of span
1.prestress +self wt.
Area = width X depth(top flange) +width X depth(of web) +width X depth (bottom flange)=?
y =
A
1

1+
A
2

2
+A
3Y
3
A
1
+A
2
+A
3

= width X depthX depth /2(top flange) + width X depth(of web)(depth of flange+ depth of
web/2) + width X depth (bottom flange) (depth of flange+ depth of web + depth /2)/Area =?
y= y depth from top+ depth of section/2
I
1
= bd
3
/ 12 + A
1
(y
1
)
2
I
2
= bd
3
/ 12 + A
2
(y
2
)
2
I
3
= bd
3 /
12 + A
3
(y
3
)
2

= 100 x 60
3
/ 12 + 100 x 60 (156- 370)
2

= 1800000 +274776000
= 2.76 x 10
8
mm
4
I = I
1
+I
2
+I
3

= 3.3 X 10
9
mm
4

Y
b
= overall depth of the beam y
= 244 mm
Z
t
= I/y

= ?
IS: 1343 -1980
60

Z
b
= I/y
b
= ?
Prestress force =
P
A
= eff.prestress force/area = ?
Self wt = unit wt of concreteXarea =?
M
8
= wl
2
/8 =?
Moment due to pre stress = P
e
= eff.prestress force x (Y
b
- distance from sofit of the beam/2)
1. Prestress + self wt
Top = P/A - P
e
/z
t
+ M
g
/ z
t

Bottom = P/A + P
e
/z
b
M
g
/ z
b
2. prestress + self wt + live load
Top = P/A - P
e
/z
t
+ (M
g
+M
q
)

/Z
t

= 2.15 0.917 + 1.17
= 2.4 N/mm
2

Bottom = P/A - P
e
/z
b
+ (M
g
+M
q
)

/Z
b

= 2.15 + 1.43 1.83
= 1.74 N/mm
2





Diagram

Q) A prestressed concrete beam of section 200 mm wide and 300 mm deep is used over a
effective span of 6 m to support an imposed load of 4 kn/m .The density of concrete is 24kn/m
3

at the center of span section of the beam find the magnitude of

1. concentrating prestressing force necessary for zero fibre stress at soffit when the beam is fully
loaded
2. the eccentric prestressing force loacated 100 mm from bottom of beam which would nullify
the bottom fibre stresses due to loading

A = 200 X 300
= 6 X 10
4
mm
2
I
I = bd
3
/12
= 45 x 10
7
mm
4

IS: 1343 -1980
61

Z = I/y
= 3 x 10
6
mm
3

M
g
= wl
2
/8
=
24 x 6 x 104 x 6
2
x10
-2
8

= 6.48 kN-m
H
q
=
4X6
2
8

= 18 kN-m
1.
P
A
-(
M
+

)=0
P
A
=
6.48+18
3X10

P
A
=8.16 N/mm
2

P=8.16X6 X10
4

=489.6 kN
2. e=50
P
A
+
P

-(
M
+

)=0
P
A
+
PX0
3X10

-8.16=0
P
6X10

+
PX0
3X 10

=8.16
pX1.66 10
-5
+1.66X10
-5
p=8.16
3.33X10
-5
P=8.16
P=244.8kN

Q)A prestressed concrete beam with a rectangular section 120 mm wide& 300 mm deep.
Supports a UDL of 4 kN/m which includes self wt of the beam. The eff span of beam is 6m The
beam is concentrically prestressed by a cable carrying a force of 180 kN.Locate the position of
preesure line in the beam.
P=180kN
At top=P/A+M/Z
=180x10
3
/120X300+wl
2
/8/z
M=wl
2
/8 =4X6
2
/8=18 kN-m
I = bd
3
/ 12 = 27 x 10
7
mm
4

Z= I/y = 27 x 10
7
/ 150 = 18 x 10
5
mm
3
At top = P/A + M/Z
=
180 x 10
3
120 x 300
+
18 x 10

18 x 10

= 5 + 10
= 15 N / mm
2

At bottom = P/A M/Z
= 5 10
IS: 1343 -1980
62

= - 5 N /mm
2
A = M/P
=
18 X 10

180 X 10


= 100
Diagram
Q) A prestressed concrete beam of 120 mm wide and 300 mm deep is used over a eff. Soan of
6m to support a ude of 4 kn/m which includes self wt of beam. The beam is prestressed by st
cable carrying a force of 180 kN and locared at the eccentricity of 50 mm. Determine the
location of pressure line in beam and spot its location at quarter and central span section
I = 27 x 10
4
mm
4

Z = 18 x 10
5
mm
3

M = 18 kN m
P x e = 180 x 50
= 9000 kN m
P / A =
180 x 10
3
120 x 300
= 5 N/mm
2

At top =
P
A
-
Pc
z
+
M
z

= 5 5 + 10
= 10 N / mm
2

At bottom =
P
A
-
Pc
z
+
M
z

diagram
About center = M/P =
I
2
8
180 x10
3
= 100 mm
At quarter span = M/P
=
3
w
2
32
180 x 10
3

= 75 mm
Diagram
Q) A rectangular concrete beam 250 mm wide by 300 mm deep is prestressed by a force of 540
Kn /m at a constant eccentricity of 60 mm. The beam support load of 68 kn at the center of span
of 3m .Determine the location pressure line at center line , quarter span and support section
neglect self wt of beam.
Z= I / y
375 x 10
4
mm
3

M = wl / 4 = 51 kn m
P / A =
40 x 103
20 x 300
= 7.2 n/mm
2
Pe/Z =
40 x 10
3
x 60
37 x 10

= 8.64 N/mm
2

M/Z =
1 x 10

37 x 10

= 13.6 N/mm
2

IS: 1343 -1980
63

M/Z at quarter =
2. x 10

= 6.8 N/mm
2

At top =
P
A

Pc
z
+
M
z

= 7.2 8.64 + 13.6
= 12.16 N/mm
2

At bottom =
P
A
+
Pc
z

M
z

= 2.24 N/mm
2

A at center = M/P
=
w

40 x 10
3

=
1 x 10

40 x 10
3

= 94.4 mm
A at quarter = M/P
=
w

40 x 10
3

= 25.5 x 10
6
/ 540 x 10
3

= 47.2 mm
Diagram
Y
1
=
( 300 x 2.2 )x 10+(
1
2
x .6 x 300)
300 x 2.2 x (
1
2
x .6 x 300)

=
000+14400
660+144

= 115.32 mm
Quarter span :-
At top =
P
A

Pc
z
+
M
z

= 7.2 8.64 + 6.8
= 5.36 N/mm
2

At bottom = =
P
A
+
Pc
z

M
z

= 7.2 + 8.64- 6.8
= 9.04 N/mm
2

Diagram
Y
2
=
.36 x 300 x 10+[
1
2
x 3.68 x 300 x 200
.36 x 300+
1
2
x .36 x 300

=
241200+110400
1608+2

= 162.77 mm
Q) A prestressed concrete bridge deck comprises unsymmetrical I section beams spanning
over 20 m. The c/s of a hupical beam is shown in fig.The beam is prestressed by seven freyssinet
cables , eachcarrying an effective force of 600 kN located 200 mm from the soffit at the centre of
IS: 1343 -1980
64

span section.If the total max bending movement at the center of span of the girder is 3600kN-m
.Estimate the resultant stress developed at the section using the internal resishing couple method.
Diagram
Area = 1200 x 200 + 900 x 200 + 400 x 500
= 62 x 10
4
mm
2

Y
t
= 1200 x 200 x 100 + 900 x 200 x (200 +
00
2
) + 400 x 500 x (200 +900 +200)
Y
t =
6746.7 mm

Z
t
= I
t
/y
t

I
1
=
1200 200
3
12
+ 1200 X 200 X [ 646.7 (
200
2
)]
2

= 8 X 10
8
+ 7.17 X 10
10

= 7.25 X 10
10
mm
4

I
2
=
00 x 200
12
+ 900 x 200 [646.7 (200 + 450 )]
2

= 1.215 x 10
10
+1960200
= 1.215 x 10
10
mm
4

I
3
=
400
3
X 00
12
+ 400 X 500 [646.7 (200 + 900+200)]
2

= 2.6 X 10
9
+ 8.5 X 10
10

= 8.76 X 10
10
mm
4

I = I
1
+ I
2
+I
3

= 1.72 X 10
11
mm
4

Z
t
= I/y
t

= 2.66 x 10
8
mm
3

Y
b
= 1500 646.7
= 853.3 mm
Z
b
= I/Y
b

= 2.0-1 x 10
8
mm
3
Total P = 600 x 7
= 4200kN
A = M/P = 857.14 mm
Internal resisting couple
e
1
= a e
= 857 14 mm
= 203.14 mm
At top = P/A - Pe
1
/z
t

= 6.77 3.20
= 3.56 N/mm
2

At bottom = P/A Pe
1
/Z
b


= 6.77 4.24 = 2.53 N/mm
2



IS: 1343 -1980
65

5. Rectangular Section:
To calculate the moment of resistance of rectangular section
H
u
= u.S6 {
ck
bX
u
(J u.42X
u
)
To calculate the area of steel from the above formula is
H
u
= u.S6 {

A
st
(J u.42X
u
)
H
u
= x b, b=?
Given moment = ?, find b from
H
u
= u.S6 {
ck
bX
u
(J u.42X
u
)
H
u
= x b , b=?
X
u
d
= u.S , Assume b=0.5d, d=? , b=?, X
u
=.
H
u
= u.S6 {
p
A
sp
(J u.42X
u
)
A
p=
? adopt the section .steel is located at an effective depth of c/s.
Moment of resistance for I-section:
H
u
= {
pu
A
p
(J u.42X
u
)
From IS 1343 appendix B clause 18.6.2.2 and 22.1.2
H
u
= u.1{
ck
bd
2
.bd
2
=? assume b= 0.6 to 0.8d
0.6d
3
=?
h
]
d
= u.2 to u.2S
b
w
d
= u.2 to u.S
]
=. b
w
=.
By calculating neutral axis depth as per IS 456 we can get X
u
=
]
= 17umm
H
u
= {
p
A
p
(J u.42X
u
)
A
p
=.
H
u
= {
pu
A
sp
(J u.42X
u
)
]
p
A
sp
]
ck
bd
= 0.35 , from page no.59 appendix B IS 1343 value
]
pu
0.87]
p
is calculated
{
pu
=. H
u
=.
{
p
A
p
{
ck
bu
X
u
J

X
u
d
value is obtained from table 11 of appendix B in IS 1343.
H
u
=.
I section:
H
u
= {
pu
A
spw
(J u.42X
u
)+0.446{
ck

]
(b b
w
)(J u.S
]
)
l/d=? {
p
A
p]
(J u.42X
u
) =0.446{
ck

]
(b b
w
)(J u.S
]
)
A
pw
=. A
p]
= A
p
+ A
p]

From table 12 pg.no 60 comparing l/d
]
pu
]
p

find the value of
]
pu
]
p
from this table
]
pw
A
pw
]
ck
bwd
and
]
pu
]
p
find he value of
]
pu
]
p
{
pu
=.
l/d
X
u
d
find the limits
]
pw
A
pw
]
ck
bwd
and
X
u
d
X
u
=. H
u
= {
pu
A
spw
(J u.42X
u
)
Design of members with shear and principle stress:
Y= VA/Ib.
V= shear force
A= first moment of inertia
IS: 1343 -1980
66

I= moment of inertia
b= breadth of the c/s.
given data A=bd
span l, prestressing force, are given
I,SF, Shear force =?

= 3/2 V/bh.
Axial stress =?

tcnsn
=

2
-

2
2
+
x
2

Without axial force
x
=. ,

=.

tcnsn
=., with axial force

x
=. ,

=.,
tcnsn
=.

tcnsn
=

2
+

2
2
+
x
2

Magnitude =
(
tcnsn
t tot x {occ

tcnsn
t t x {occ )/
tcnsn
t tot x {occ

8. Q. deflections of prestressed concrete members influence factors for deflection:-
1. Imposed load and self wt , 2.Magnitude of prestressing force , 3.Cable profile
4.Moment of inertia of cross section , 5.Modulus of elasticity of concrete, 6.Shrinkage,creep and
relaxation of steel stresses, 7.Span of the member , 8.Fixidity conditions
effect of tendon profile on deflection :-

p p
l


l
= -[
(PcL)X

LI
]
= -
PcI
2
4LI



pe
IS: 1343 -1980
67


=
PcL
2
48







=
1
LI
[
1
2
Pel
1
x
2
3
(l
1
+ e2) + Pee2

x
I
2
2
]
=
PcI
1
2
3LI
+
PcI
1
2
3LI
+
PcI
2
2
2LI




= -
P(c
1
+ c
2
)L
2
48LI
+
Pc
2
L
2
8LI

= -
PcL
2
48LI
-
Pc
2L
2
48LI
+
Pc
2L
2
8LI

= -
Pc
1
L
2
48LI
+
Pc
2L
2
48LI

Q. The depth of a pretressed concrete culvert is made up of a slab 500mm thick.the slab is
spanning over 10.4 m and supports a total udl comprising the dead loads and live loads of 23.5
Kn/m
2
.The modulus of elasticity of concrete is 38 Kn/m
2
.The concrete slb is prestressed by st.
cables each containing 12 high tensile wires of 7mm dia stressed to 1200 N/mm
2
is a constant
eccentricity of 195 mm.The cables are spaced at 328 mm intervals in the transverse direction
.estimate the instaneous deflection of the slab at center of span under prestress and imposed
loads.
195 195

b = 1000mm
Pe pe

IS: 1343 -1980
68

d = 500mm
= -
PcL
2
8LI

P= 1200 X 12 X
n
4
(7)
2
X
1000
328

=554176.9441 X
1000
328
= 1689563.854 N
I=
bd3
12
=1.0416 x 10
10

= -
PcI
2
8LI

= -
16863.84 x 1 x 10.4
2
x 10

8 x 38 x 10
3
= - 11.253855.77 mm

downward = 5wl
4
/384EI
W = 1 X 0.5 X 25
= 12.5 Kn/m
downward = 5 x 12.5 x (10.4 x 10
3
)
4
/ 384 x 10
3
x 1.0416 x 10
10

=4.81mm
Self wt = 2.35
Q. A prestressed concrete beam of rectangular section of 120 mm wide and 300 mm deep span
over 6m. The beam is prestressed by a st. cable carrying an effective force of 200 kN at an
eccentricity of 50 mm .The modulus of elasticity of concentrate is 38 Kn/mm
2
compute the
deflection at the center of span for the foll cases
a) deflection due to prestress + self wt
b) find the magnitude of of ud live load which will nullify the deflection due to prestress and self
wt

p = 200 kN
e = 50mm
I = bd
3
/12 = 27 x 10
7
mm
4
o = -PeL
2
/ 8EI
= - 200 x 103 x(6000)2x 50 / 8 x 38 x 103 X 27 X 107 = - 9.385 mm
down = 5wl4 / 384EI
w = 0.12 x 0.3 x 25
0.9 Kn/m
down = 5 x 0.9 x 6000
4
/ 384 x 38 x 10
3
x 27 x 10
7

= 1.48 mm
a) due to ( prestress + self wt)
= 4.38 + 1.48= - 2.90 mm
b) - 2.9 = 5 x q xl
4
/384EI
q = - 1.76 kN/m
= 1.76 kN/m (upward)
Q) A reactangular concrete beam of c/s 150mm x 300 mm deep is simply supported over a span
of 8 m and is prestressed by means of a symmetric parabolic cable at a distance of 75 mm from
IS: 1343 -1980
69

bottom of beam at mid span and 125 mm from top of beam at suppor section. If the force in the
cable is 350 kN modulus of elasticity of concrete is 38 kN/mm
2
calculate deflection at mid span
when beam is supported its wt
b) The concentrated load which must be applied at mid span to restore it to the level of supports

e1 = 75 mm
e2 = 25 mm
p = 350 kN
E = 38 k N/mm
2


p
= -
p(c
1
+c
2
)L
2
48LI
+
Pc
2
L
2
8LI

= - 5 X 350 (10)
3
(75 + 25) x (8000)
2
x 12 / 48 x 38 x 10
3
x 150 x 300
3
+ 350 x 10
3
x
25 x (8000)
2
x 12 / 8 x 38 x 10
3
x 150 x 300
3

= - 18.19 + 5.45= - 12.73
w = 5 x 1.125 x( 8000)
4
x 12 / 384 x 38 x 10
3
x 150 x 300
3


= 47.67 mm
Net deflection =
p
+
sw

= - 12.73 + 4.67

= - 8.05 mm
a) wl
3
/ 48EI = net deflection
w x (8000)
3
x 12 /48 x 38 x 10
3
x 150 x 300
3
= - 8.05
w = 9678.86 N =9.67 Kn
Long term deflection :-
= a
il (1 +
) [ a
ip (1 - Lp/pi) +( 1 Lp/2Pi ) ]
Q) A concrete beam having a rectangle section 100 mm wide and 300 mm deep is pretressed by
a parabolic cable carrying an initial force of 240Kn .The cabler has an eccentricity of 50 mm at
center of span and is conmcentric at the supports.If the span of beam is 10 m and the Live load is
2 Kn/m .estimate the short term deflection at center of span .Assume E
c
= 38 kn/mm
2
and creep
welf = 2 ,loss of prestress = 20 % of initial stress after 6 months .Estimate the long term
deflection at center of span at this stage .Assuming DL and LL are simultaneously usly applied
after leaving of prestress
P
i
= 240 Kn
L
P
= 0.2 P
i
= 0.2 x 240 =48
=2
e = 50 mm

p
= -
PcI
2
48LI

= - 5 X 240 X 10
3
X 50 X (10000)
2
X 12 / 48 X 38 X 10
3
X 100 X 300
3

= - 14.61 mm
Self wt = area x density = 0.100 x 0.3 x 25 = 0.75 Kn/m
Total load = ll + s.w = 0.75 + 2 = 2.75 kn/m
IS: 1343 -1980
70

= 5 (w + q) l
4
/384 EI
= 5 x 2.75 x 10000
4
x 12 / 384 x 38 x 10
3
x 100 x 300
3
a il = 41.87 mm
net deflection = - 14.67 + 41.87 = 27.26 mm
Long term deflection
= a
il (1 +
) [ a
ip (1 - Lp/pi) +( 1 Lp/2Pi ) ]
= 41.87 (1+2) + 14.61 [(1- (48/240))]+(1- (48/2 x 240)
2
]

=125.61 + 14.61(0.8+1.8)=163.59 mm
1. Necessity of using high strength concrete and high tensile steel in psc:
The significant observations which resulted from the pioneering research on prestressed
concrete were:
1. Necessity of using high strength steel and concrete.
2. Recognition of losses in prestress due to various causes.
The early attempts to use prestress concrete were not successful, as a working stress of 120
KN/mm2 in mild steel is more or less completely lost due to elastic deformation, creep and
shrinkage of concrete.
The normal loss of stress in steel is generally about 100 to 400 N/mm2 and it apperant that if
this loss of stress is to be a small portion of initial stress in steel in the initial stages must be
very high about 1200 to 2000 N/mm2. These high stress ranges are possible only with the use of
high strength steel .
High strength concrete is necessary in prestress concrete as the material offers high resistance
in tension, bond shear and bearing .in the zone of anchorage the bearing stress being higher high
strength concrete is invariably preferred to minimize costs. High strength concrete is less liable
to shrinkage cracks and has a higher modulus of elasticity and smaller ultimate creep strain
resulting in smaller loss of prestress in steel. The use of high strength concrete results in the
reduction in c/s elements with a reduced dead weight of the material, longer spans become
technically and economically practicable.
3. High strength concrete mixes.
Prestressed concrete requires concrete which has a high compressive strength at a reasonabally
early age, with comapritively higher tensile strength than ordinary concrete. Low shrinkage,
minimum creep characteristics and a high value of youngs modulus are generally deemed
necessary for concrete used for prestressed members. Many desirable properties such as
durability, impermeability and abrasion resistance , are highly influenced by the strength of
concrete. With the development of vibration techniques it became possible to produce without
much difficulty, high strength concrete having 28-day cube compressive strength in the range
30-70 Nmm2. Recent developments in the field of concrete mix design have indicated that it is
now possible to produce even ultra high strength concrete, of any desired cube compressive
strength ranging from 70-100 N/mm2 without taking recourse to unusual materials or
processing and without facing any significant technical difficulties.
High strength concrete mixes can be designed by using.

IS: 1343 -1980
71

2 Advantages of Prestressing
The prestressing of concrete has several advantages as compared to traditional reinforced
concrete (RC) without prestressing. A fully prestressed concrete member is usually subjected to
compression during service life. This rectifies several deficiencies of concrete.
The following text broadly mentions the advantages of a prestressed concrete member with an
equivalent RC member. For each effect, the benefits are listed.
1) Section remains uncracked under service loads
Reduction of steel corrosion
Increase in durability.
Full section is utilised
Higher moment of inertia (higher stiffness)
Less deformations (improved serviceability).
Increase in shear capacity.
Suitable for use in pressure vessels, liquid retaining structures.
Improved performance (resilience) under dynamic and fatigue loading.
2) High span-to-depth ratios
Larger spans possible with prestressing (bridges, buildings with large column-free spaces)
Typical values of span-to-depth ratios in slabs are given below.
Non-prestressed slab 28:1
Prestressed slab 45:1
For the same span, less depth compared to RC member.
Reduction in self weight
More aesthetic appeal due to slender sections
More economical sections.
3) Suitable for precast construction
The advantages of precast construction are as follows.
Rapid construction
Better quality control
Reduced maintenance
Suitable for repetitive construction
Multiple use of formwork
Reduction of formwork
Availability of standard shapes.
Limitations of Prestressing
Although prestressing has advantages, some aspects need to be carefully addressed.
Prestressing needs skilled technology. Hence, it is not as common as reinforced
concrete.
The use of high strength materials is costly.
There is additional cost in auxiliary equipments.
There is need for quality control and inspection.
Types of Prestressing
IS: 1343 -1980
72

Prestressing of concrete can be classified in several ways. The following classifications
are discussed.
Source of prestressing force
This classification is based on the method by which the prestressing force is generated.
There are four sources of prestressing force: Mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and
chemical. Institute of Technology Madras
External or internal prestressing
This classification is based on the location of the prestressing tendon with respect to the
concrete section.
Pre-tensioning or post-tensioning
This is the most important classification and is based on the sequence of casting the
concrete and applying tension to the tendons.
Linear or circular prestressing
This classification is based on the shape of the member prestressed.
Full, limited or partial prestressing
Based on the amount of prestressing force, three types of prestressing are defined.
Uniaxial, biaxial or multi-axial prestressing
As the names suggest, the classification is based on the directions of prestressing a
member.
The individual types of prestressing are explained next.
Source of Prestressing Force
Hydraulic Prestressing
This is the simplest type of prestressing, producing large prestressing forces. The
hydraulic jack used for the tensioning of tendons, comprises of calibrated pressure
gauges which directly indicate the magnitude of force developed during the tensioning.
Mechanical Prestressing
In this type of prestressing, the devices includes weights with or without lever
transmission, geared transmission in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or
without gear drives and wire-winding machines. This type of prestressing is adopted for
mass scale production.Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Electrical Prestressing
In this type of prestressing, the steel wires are electrically heated and anchored before
placing concrete in the moulds. This type of prestressing is also known as thermoelectric
prestressing.
External or Internal Prestressing
External Prestressing
When the prestressing is achieved by elements located outside the concrete, it is called
external prestressing. The tendons can lie outside the member (for example in I-girders
or walls) or inside the hollow space of a box girder. This technique is adopted in
bridges and strengthening of buildings. In the following figure, the box girder of a bridge
is prestressed with tendons that lie outside the concrete.