International Journal of Civil Engineering and (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTechnology CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

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OPTIMIZATION OF RESERVOIR OPERATION USING NEUROFUZZY TECHNIQUES

S. K. Hajare Principal, Someshwar Polytechnic College, Someshwarnagar, Tal. Baramati, Dist. Pune

ABSTRACT Water resource engineering is mainly concerned with planning, designing and operation of water resources system. This paper explores the use of soft computing tools for water availability and operation studies, deciding suitable advanced optimization techniques for understanding a real life study related to water resources engineering and extension of these techniques to reservoir operation studies Keywords: Water resource engineering; soft computing; optimization; ANN. I. INTRODUCTION Water resource Engineering is mainly concerned with planning, designing and operation of water resources system. Uncertainty in availability of water in space and time poses challenges for efficient planning and design of water resources systems. The basic techniques used in water resources systems analysis are optimization and simulation, where optimization techniques are meant to give global optimum solutions and simulation is a trial and error approach leading to the identification of the best possible solution. Optimization models are characterized by a mathematical statement of the objective function and a formal search procedure to determine the values of decision variables for optimizing the objective function (Gupta and Gupta Amit, 1994). The principal optimization techniques are, A) Linear programming B) Nonlinear programming C) Dynamic programming.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

Water resources development is a production process and the purpose of production is to convert a set of inputs to set of outputs, e.g. output for water resources are irrigation hydropower generation and flood damage alleviation and the examples of inflow are natural stream flow. A reservoir operating policy is a sequence of decisions in operational periods (such as months) specified as a functions of the state of the system.The state of the system in a period is generally defined by the reservoir storage at the beginning of the period and the inflow to the reservoir during the period (Vedula and Mujumdar, 2005)Once the operating policy is known the reservoir operation can be stimulated in time with a given inflow sequence. Traditionally reservoir operation is based on heuristic procedures, embracing rule curves and to certain extent subjective judgment by the operator. As such it does not take into account the randomness or stochasticity of reservoir inflow and rainfall in the irrigated area, inter -seasonal competition for water among multiple croops.The conventional methods are based on mass curve analysis and time series analysis and have limitations such as. Paucity of data and quality of data can be major impediment for reliability of results. Inability to handle or manage a complex tasks under significant uncertainty. Assumes a definite sequence of events as in rainfall data but it is subjected to considerable time variations In many approaches the structures and parameters of the model usually do not have any physical significance. Dose not considers the inception by the recognition that the human brain taking into account such as nonlinear modeling, classification association and control. In order to find remedies for such limitations it needs to explore use of soft computing as well as advanced optimization tools and techrliques such as artificial neural networks ,fuzzy logic, Neuro-fuzzy etc. II. POLICES FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION 2.1 Standard Operating Policy The standard operating policy (SOP) aims to best meet the demands in each period based on the water availability in that period. It thus used no foresight on what is likely to be the scenario during future period in a year. Let D and R represent respectively the demand and release in a period. Let the capacity of the reservoir be K.Then the standard operating policy for the periods is represented in fig.1. The available water in any period is the sum of storages S at the beginning of the period and inflow Q during the period. The release is made as per the line OABC on the Fig.1

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME

Fig.1: Standard operating policy

Along OA : Release = water available; Reservoir will be empty after release. Along AB : Release = demand; Excess water is stored in the reservoir (fill up phase) At.A : Reservoir is empty after release. At.B : Reservoir is full after release. Along BC : Release = demand + excess of availability over the capacity (spill)

The release in any time period is equal to the availability ,S + Q or demand, D whichever is less as along as the availability, does not exceed the sum of the demand and the capacity. The standard operating policy no optimization criterion is used in the release decisions, for highly stressed systems standard operating performs poorly. III. OPTIMAL OPERATING POLICY One of the classical problems in water resources systems modeling is the derivation of an optimal operating policy for reservoir to meet a long term objective. Modeling techniques to be used depend on whether the reservoir inflows are treated deterministic or stochastic. As shown in Fig.2 given single simplified reservoir system of known capacity K and sequence of inflows.

Fig2: Single Reservoir Operation The reservoir operation problem involves determining the sequence of release Rt that optimizes an objective function. In general the objective function may be a function of the storage volume and /or the release.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME 3.1 Rule curves for reservoir operation A rule cure indicates the desired releases or storage volume at given period of the year in a steady state condition, some rules identify storage volume targets that the operation is to maintain, as far as possible and others identifies storage zones ,each associated with a particular release policy. The rule curves are best derived through simulation for a specified objective, although for simple cases it may possible to derive them using optimization. IV. LITERATURE REVIEW 4.1 Linear programming In reservoir operation linear programming (LP) is well known most favored optimization techniques as it is easy to understand and does not require any initial solution. For optimal reservoir operation, objective function is to maximize net benefits of the crop subjected to various constraints such as storage capacity, canal capacity, Area under crop, Evaporation losses Seepage losses, Inflow and its dependability. Demand of water for various uses such as industrial, water supply, irrigation etc. An intraseasonal allocation model can be used to maximize sum of relative yields of all crops, for given state of system by using LP number of models developed on LP such as integrated model for optimal reservoir operation developed deterministic LP. Model for short term annual operation (Long Le Ngo, 2006).Limitation of LP is that it cannot consider stochastic as well as random nature of inflow and demand.(Vedula and Nageshkumar,1996). 4.2 Dynamic Programming /Real Time Reservoir Operation Dynamic Programming (DP) is a sequential or multistage decision making process works on a divide and conquer manner. it gives the steady state operational policy of single reservoir by using backward recursive equations. Steady state models are useful in deriving polices for maximizing long-term benefits from irrigation system. The steady state operation model developed by (Vedula and Muzumdar, 1992 ) focuses on main bases for real time operation model and it is better in case of critical low flow years. It is useful in finding steady state policy selecting stage as a time period in a particular year (after which it is assumed that reservoir is no longer useful).The real time operation is formulated for solution ones at the beginning of each inter seasonal period. It uses forecasted inflow for the current period and all subsequent period in the year. (Muzumdar and Ramesh, 1997) 4.3 Limitations i) Assumption that the decision made at one stage is dependent only on the state variables and is independent of the decision taken in other stages. ii) The dynamic programming will not be an appropriate technique where decision is 4.4 Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) Real world reservoir problem mostly involves complexities like discrete, continuous or mixed variables, multiple conflicting objectives, non-linearity, discontinuity etc. for such a
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME situation stochastic search as EA is used. EA provides not only a single best solution but 2nd best 3rd best and so on as required ,also gives quick approximate solution and may be incorporated with other local search alogorithms.To handle limitations of EA and the convergence It is required to carry out problem oriented sensitivity analysis to find out the range in which model is effective. (Reddy Janga &Nagesh kumar,2006). V. ARTIFICIAL NEUTRAL NETWORKS Artificial Neutral Network (ANN) is structured to resemble the biological neutral network Two aspects: i) Knowledge acquisition through a learning process and ii) Storage of knowledge through connections known as synapade weights. The artificial neutron has two modes of operation ,the training mode and using mode in The training mode, the neutron can be trained to fire (or not) for particular input patterns. When a taught input pattern is deleted at the input, its associated output to become the Current output (Zurada,2006). Artificial neural networks are also used successfully for Single reservoir as well as multireservoir operation(Raman and chandramouli1996). ANNs are particularly useful as pattern recognition tools for generalization of input Output relationship. In the water recourses engineering most common application of ANNs Includes thus for rainfall runoff relationships, stream flow forecasting and reservoir Operation (Vedula and Mujumdar,2005). For reservoir operation the ANN is trained by the available in flow with related to out flow At various demand of water. Then it can be applicable for the stochastic nature of inflow as Well as demand. VI. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL Fuzzy logic is extension of classical set theory and element is the member of several sets. At the different degree. Fuzzy sets are defined by labels and membership functions. The Fuzzy rues will be relies on human experts to express knowledge of appropriate control Strategies (Ross, 1995) .Many successful applications of fuzzy systems were reported in the literature especially in control and modeling (Fontana etai, 1997). The main advantage of the fuzzy control method is to control the processes that are too Complex to be mathematically modeled. Reservoir operation mode fuzzy logic haveFollowing distinct steps (Vedula and mujumdar, 2005). i) Fuzzification of inputs where the crisp in puts such as the inflow, reservoir Storage and release are transferrin to fuzzy variables. ii) Formulation of fuzzy set, based on a expert knowledge base. iii) Application of a fuzzy operation to obtain one number representing the premises of each rule. iv) Shaping of the consequence of the rule by implication and defuzzification. The fuzzy neural network (FNN) model has been developed to study the behavior of optimal release operating policies formulated through DP (Deka and Chandramouli,2009)
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME 6.1 Integration of Models The challenge of stochastic DP locates that it is usually associated with difficulties in data availability and solution efforts, especially when there are more thAn two state variables (Ravikumar and Venugopal,1998)The Fuzzy provides a convinient approach for optimizing complex reservoir system with low quality information where the uncertainty cannot be represented adequately by probability theory (Liu,2011). so that a methodology by integration chance constrained programming and factorial design is used to account for uncertainties in reservoir operation and management. The impact of system reliability and initial reservoir storage as well as their interaction are examined through a set of factorial design experiments and complex interrelationships among water release, initial reservoir storage and reliabilitylevel are examined through implementing the developed chance constrained model based on variety of system condition (Li,2003) 6.2 Suggested Methodology From the literature review some of typical problem associated with operation for various methods are as indicated below. GAPS LP cannot consider stochastic as well as random nature of inflow and demand. DP/ Real time reservoir operation assumes that the decision made at one stage is dependent only on the state variables and is independent of the decision taken in other stages but in reservoir operation decision taken at one period effects on the other. For EA techniques problem oriented sensitivity analysis should be carried out to find out the range in which model is effective. SDP is associated with difficulties in data availability and solution efforts when there are more than two state variables. Hence it is suggested to explore the following options:Consider water users in different seasons under different reliability levels and initial storage conditions may emphasis on design of cropping pattern according to seasonal as well as initial availability of water. Explore use of soft computing techniques for reservoir operation and management under uncertainties by effectively relating the information quality of system variable to the reservoir operation decisions. The physical system may be single reservoir or multi-reservoir with stochastic nature of inflow to meet demand. VII. EXPECTED OUTCOMES Explore the use of soft computing tools for water availability and operation studies. Deciding suitable advanced optimization techniques for understanding a real life study related to water resources engg. and extension of these techniques to reservoir operation studies. Use of human brain intelligent to solve large complex problem in water resources engineering by use of rational decision in a environment of uncertainty. Attempt for application to real life problem involving a water resources system in the state of Maharashtra state.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), IAEME REFERENCE [1] Deha Paresh Chandrs and Chandramouli V.(2009) Fuzzy Neural Network Modeling of oir Operation ASCEJ.Water Resource .Plng.Mgt,135(1),5-12. [2] DmtanceD.G.,Gates T.K. and Moncada,E.(1997) Planning reservoir operation with imprecise objectives.J.Water Resour Plng.Mgt,123(3)432-510. [3] Gupta B.L. and Gupta Amit (1994) water resource system management standard pub. Distributor;new Delhi. [4] L.J.B.(2003)Integration of stochastic programming and factorial design for optionalreservoir, Operation,ISEIS-J. Environmentalinformation,1(2),12-17. [5] Ltu,B(2001)Fuzzy random chanced-constrained programming,IEEE Trans fuzzy system 9 (5),713-720. [6] Long Le Neg(2006).Optimizing reservoir operation (Ph.D.Thesis),A case study of Binnreservoir,Vietnam (Institute of Environment and Resources) Technical University Denmark. [7] Mujurmdar P.P.and Ramesh T.S.V.(1997) Real Time reservoir operation for irrigation ASCE, J. Water Resour Plann.Manag122(5),342-347. [8] Ravikumar V.and Venigopal k.(1998)Optimal reservoir operation using mulit objective evolutionary algorithm Springer J,Water Resour,Manag 20(1)86-8.8. [9] Ross.T.J.(1995)Fuzzy logic with engineering application Tata McGraw Hit New Delhi. [10] Vedula S and Mujumadar P.P.(1992).Optional reservoir operation for irrigation of multiple crop,J.Water REsour.Res.28(1)1-9. [11] Vedula S and Nageshkumar D.(1996)An integrated model for optimal reservoir operation for irrigation of multiple crops,water Resource.Res,32(4),1101-1108. [12] VeddiaS.and Mujumadar P.P.(2005)Water resources system, modeling technique and analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.

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