Name: Sahil Anil Patel Matric No.

: A0071443M Group: 2D2 NUS, Mechanical Engineering

Name: Chow Kok Min Matric No. :A0074696M Group: 2N2

TITLE: MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS (ME2143)

OBJECTIVES
1. To become familiar with the wiring and basic characteristics of the following DC motors:

DC Series motor DC Shunt motor 3-Phase AC induction motor 2. Examine the relationship between Torque, Speed, and Current for various types of DC motor connections in no-load and load configurations. 3. To get used to the many safety precautions and procedures that come with handling circuit connections and motors
i. ii. iii.

RESULTS (DC series motor)

Table 1 : DC Series Motor Constant-Load Test Results

Volts (V) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 Speed (rpm) 2387 211 1947 1703 1430 1150 825.2 Current (A) 0.448 0.435 0.426 0.410 0.404 0.395 0.389

Table 2 : DC Series Motor Load Test Results

Voltage (V) 180 179.3 178.6 177.5 176.8 176.0 175.5 174.2 174.2 173.5 Speed (rpm) 2407 2245 1915 1702 1546 1420 1338 1229 1177 1100 Torque (Nm) 0.09 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 070 0.80 0.90 Current (Amp) 0.439 0.477 0.570 0.645 0.718 0.789 0.843 0.935 0.969 1.044

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

4.3 QUESTIONS a) Why must the DC series motor be always started under load and give examples in your answer? In a DC series motor the speed, is inversely proportional to the square of the torque. DC series motor has the characteristic that a low torque is obtained at high speeds and high torque is obtained at low speed. Hence, if we were to disconnect the load, the motor would reach a dangerously high speed. This high speed will in term damage or destroy the motor. Examples: Tractor Motors, Car motors (motors with huge starting loads) b) What is the relationship between Torque and Current for a DC series motor? The Torque and current for a DC motor are proportional to each other. The power dissipated in a DC series motor can be expressed in terms of its Torque and Angular Displacement. And this power comes from the current supplied to the motor and hence the proportional relationship. c) Try you best to briefly explain the shape of the Torque versus Speed graph obtained in this experiment. A curve with a negative gradient is obtained at first but as the torque continues to decrease the increase in speed becomes even greater, which is characteristic of a DC series motor.

RESULTS (DC shunt motor)

Table 3 : DC Shunt Motor No Load Test Results

Volts (V) 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 Speed (rpm) 1500 1440 1377 1314 1254 1181 1107 1027 930.8 790.3 Field Current, IF (A) 0.169 0.155 0.141 0.126 0.113 0.099 0.085 0.071 0.057 0.043 Line Current, IL (A) 0.31 0.305 0.298 0.292 0.283 0.279 0.280 0.285 0.301 0.324

Table 4 : DC Shunt Motor Load Test Results (with voltage drops from 240V to 230V )
Speed (rpm) 1531 1520 1468 1437 1398 1371 1349 1320 1299 1280 1275 Torque (Nm) 0.04 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 Field Current, IF (A) 0.170 0.169 0.167 0.166 0.165 0.165 0.164 0.162 0.162 0.161 0.161 Line Current, IT (A) 0.322 0.371 0.453 0.528 0.607 0.673 0.744 0.827 0.905 0.978 1.020

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

5.3 QUESTIONS a) Explain how speed is regulated in a DC shunt motor and give examples. In a DC Shunt Motor, speed is regulated by varying the amount of current supplied to the shunt field and controlling the amount of current supplied to the armature. In the first case this can de done by tinkering with the rheostat in the experiment(as shunt field's current is decreased, the motor's rpm will increase slightly). Secondly, the shunt motor's rpm can also be controlled by regulating the voltage that is applied to the motor armature. b) From no-load to full-load, explain in your own words why there is little speed variation over this range. The ability of the motor to maintain a set rpm at high speed when the load changes is a characteristic of the shunt motor. Since the armature begins to produce back EMF as soon as it starts to rotate, it will use the back EMF to maintain its rpm at high speed. If the load increases slightly and causes the armature shaft to slow down, less back EMF will be produced. This will allow the difference between the back EMF and applied voltage to become larger, which will cause more current to flow. The extra current provides the motor with the extra torque required to regain its rpm when this load is increased slightly. c) Try you best to briefly explain the shape of the Torque versus Speed graph obtained in this experiment. A curve is obtained initially but as voltage increases, the curve becomes a straight line. This shows that in shunt motors the speed varies proportionally with the torque which is a characteristic of this type of motors.

RESULTS (3-Phase AC induction motor)

Table 5 : AC 3-Phase Motor 400VAC Results (at constant 400V)

Torque (Nm) 0.03 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Speed (rpm) 1474 1470 1460 1451 1442 1431 1420 1407 1395 1375 1365 Line Current (A) 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.44

Conclusion
We were able to show experimental proof of the relationship between speed, torque and current in the 3 different types of motors. By comparing the different curves and characteristics in the different motors, we will be able to select a correct motor for a given purpose. A DC series motor has the highest starting torque of any DC motor but will dangerously gain speed at no load, so has to be used wth huge starting loads. A DC shunt motor has a torque speed characteristic whose speed drops linearly with increasing torque and also maintains a itself in small range of speeds as we change the applied torque. Changing its field current, its armature voltage, or its armature resistance can control its speed. Similarly for a 3-Phase AC induction motor the speed drops with increasing torque as well, and the speed can also be controlled by regulating the frequency and the number of poles in the motor.