ME1201 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Unit 2: Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

Objective
After completing this Session you will be able to understand:
The concept of heat reservoirs, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pump The Second Law of Thermodynamics Carnot engine The concept of Entropy
Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

Thermal energy reservoir A body with a relative large thermal energy capacity that can supply or absorb finite amounts of heat without undergoing any change in temperature Source Sink

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

Heat engines
High-temperature SOURCE Thermal Energy Reservoir Thermal Energy Reservoir
Qin

Engine
Qout

Wnet
Qin = Wnet + Qout

Low-temperature SINK
Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

Refrigerator and Air Conditioner High-temperature SOURCE QH Refrigerat or QL Low-temperature SINK

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

Q H = Wnet + QL

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kelvin-Planck Statement Its Impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work Clausius Statement It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower temperature body to a higher temperature
Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

Equivalence of the two Statements

High temperature reservoir QH W engine = QH QL Low temperature reservoir

Refrigerator

high temperature reservoir QH+QL QL

refrigerator

QL Low temperature reservoir

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

THE CARNOT CYCLE

P 1 isotherm 2 adiabat adiabat 4 isotherm 3 V
1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1 reversible isothermal heat addition process: Q1 added to system reversible adiabatic expansion process: work is done by system reversible isothermal heat rejection process: system rejects Q2 reversible adiabatic compression process: work is done on system

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

EFFICIENCY

W w = = Q1 q1
v2 q1 = RT1 ln( ) v1

q1 w q2

v3 q 2 = RT2 ln( ) v4

q1 q 2 = q1

v3 v2 RT1 ln( ) RT3 ln( ) v1 v4 = v2 RT1 ln( ) v1

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

Since 1-4 & 2-3 are adiabatic processes

k1 T1 v 4 T2 v3 = = = T v T4 v 3 1
2

k1

v4 v 1

k1

v3 = v 2

k1

v 4 v3 v 2 v3 = = v1 v 2 v1 v 4

since

v3 v2 RT1 ln( ) RT3 ln( ) v1 v4 = v RT1 ln( 2 ) v1

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T RT1 RT3 T1 T3 = = 1 = T1 RT1 T

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THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

q COPR = w

q = q q
q = q q

T = T T
T = T T

COPHP

q = w

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

THE CARNOT THEOREM The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than that of a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs COROLLARY The efficiency of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs are the same
Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

True or false?
(a) PMM II obeys I Law (b) PMM II obeys II Law

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical

References
Engineering Thermodynamics, P.K.Nag, Tata McGraw Hill.Holman.J.P., Thermodynamics, rd 3 Ed. McGraw-Hill, 1995

Dr. Thansekhar M.R. / Mechanical