CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 OBJECTIVE The objective of this project is to use sun tracking system, which tracks the sun light according to its light intensity. In recent years solar energy is the new development way with utilization and is an ideal green energy. The project researched a new sun light tracking automatic system based on programmable logic controller PLC. It not only adjusts the solar panel automatically according to sun light but it can also locate the direction without any human intervention. 1.2 SOLAR ENERGY Sunlight a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, Particularly infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as Sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat. When it is blocked by the clouds or reflects off other objects, it is experienced as diffused light. The World Meteorological Organization uses the term "sunshine duration" to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter. Sunlight may be recorded using a sunshine recorder, pyranometer or pyrheliometer. Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach the Earth. On average, it takes energy between 10,000 and 170,000 years to leave the sun's interior and then be emitted from the surface as light. A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at a given location. The results provide information about the

weather and climate of a geographical area. This information is useful in meteorology, science, agriculture, tourism, and other fields. There are two basic types of sunshine recorders. One type uses the sun itself as a times scale for the sunshine readings. The other type uses some form of clock for the time scale. A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used to measure broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface and is a sensor that is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (in watts per meter square) from a field of view of 180 degrees. A pyrheliometer is an instrument for direct measurement of solar irradiance. Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto a thermopile which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The signal voltage is converted via a formula to measure watts per square meter. It is used with a solar tracking system to keep the instrument aimed at the sun. A pyrheliometer is often used in the same setup with a pyranometer. Radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent energy problems the world now faces. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

1.2.1 SOLAR POWER Is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. A few industries have increased in size dramatically over a relatively short period. The computer trade is an obvious one. And now so is the solar energy trade. New manufacturers are appearing almost daily, new product innovations are announced just as fast, and existing products are ever more refined, improved, and lowered in price. It's an exciting time for the people involved in the various solar energy industries, and this heightened focus translates to better deals for the consumer, whether residential, commercial, government or other. Today's solar product offerings go way beyond what most people think of when they hear the term 'solar power' or 'solar energy' typically they imagine solar electric panels on a roof converting sunlight into electricity. While these 'photo voltaic' panels do represent a piece of the solar pie, many more solar-powered products and technologies utilizing the sun's energy now exist. One of the biggest is solar hot water, whether for residential or commercial the use of the sun's heat to warm a potable water supply instead of electricity is a very efficient method and truly cost-effective. Solar HVAC systems, battery-backed off-grid systems, solar farms and more are at the forefront of the solar power world innovations, with more to come. Add this site to your Favorites to keep up with all the latest developments. 1.2.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) Is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaic include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium
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telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the increased demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years. 1.3 TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS 1.3.1 MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON or SINGLE-CRYSTAL SI, or MONO-SI Is the base material of the electronic industry. It consists of silicon in which the crystal lattice of the entire solid is continuous, unbroken to its edges. It can be prepared intrinsic, i.e. made of exceedingly pure silicon alone, or doped, containing very small quantities of other elements added to change in a controlled manner its semiconducting properties. Most silicon monocrystals are grown by the Czochralski process, in the shape of cylinders up to 2 m long and 30 cm in diameter (figure on the right), which, cut in thin slices, give the wafers onto which the microcircuits will be fabricated. Single-crystal silicon is perhaps the most important technological material of the last decades (the "silicon era"), because its availability at an affordable cost has been essential for the development of the electronic devices on which the present day electronic and informatics revolution is based. Monocrystalline is opposed to amorphous silicon, in which the atomic order is limited to short range order only. In between the two extremes there is polycrystalline silicon, which is made up of small crystals, known as crystallites. Monocrystalline silicon is also used in the manufacturing of high performance solar cells. Since, however, solar cells are less demanding than microelectronics for as concerns structural imperfections, monocrystaline solar grade (Sog-Si) is often used, single crystal is also often replaced by the cheaper polycrystalline or multicrystalline silicon.Monocrystalline solar cells can achieve 17% efficiency whereas other types of less expensive cells including thin film and polycrystalline are only capable of achieving around 10% efficiency. The basic monocrystaline silicon is shown in Fig 1.1

Fig 1.1 Monocrystalline Silicon 1.3.2 POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON It is also called polysilicon, is a material consisting of small silicon crystals. It differs from single-crystal silicon, used for electronics and solar cells, and from amorphous silicon, used for thin film devices and solar cells. Polycrystalline silicon is also a key component of solar panel construction. Growth of the photovoltaic solar industry was limited by the supply of the polysilicon material. For the first time, in 2006, over half of the world's supply of polysilicon was being used for production of renewable electricity solar power panels. Only twelve factories were known to produce solar-grade polysilicon in 2008. Monocrystalline silicon was higher priced and more efficient than multicrystalline. The Fig 1.2 shows the polycrystalline silicon.

Fig 1.2 Polycrystalline silicon

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1.3.3 CADMIUM TELLURIDE Is a crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium. It is used as an infrared optical window and a solar cell material. It is usually sandwiched with cadmium sulphide to form a p-n junction photovoltaic solar cell. Typically, CdTe cells use a n-i-p structure. It describes a photovoltaic (PV) technology that is based on the use of cadmium telluride thin film, a semiconductor layer designed to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. Cadmium telluride PV is the only thin film photovoltaic technology to surpass crystalline silicon PV in cheapness for a significant portion of the PV market namely in multi-kilowatt systems. The cadmium telluride is shown in Fig 1.3.3

Fig 1.3 Cadmium Telluride 1.4 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT In todays world, energy crisis is a very important factor affecting the human society. The lack of reserves of energy sources has forced mankind to think of innovative and efficient ways of gathering and storing energy .Solar energy is an important renewable source of energy for which , an efficient storage mechanism is yet to be found. This project lends a method of providing automated tracking with greater efficiency compared to traditional solar panels. If vertical direction can always be kept between solar cell panels and light, in order to maximize the solar energy received, which it can take full advantage of abundant solar energy resources.
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1.5 ADVANTAGES It can achieve an overall power collection by using single axis tracking, the efficiency can be improved by 20-30% than to the normal panel fixed only in one direction. This solar tracking system is energy saving It can work normally in all kinds of weather such as windy, rainy, snowy, etc. 1.5.1 DISADVANTAGES In rainy season, usually there is absence of sun light. Hence light from the sun cannot be obtained. Solar panels are usually expensive, hence may not be affordable to everyone. 1.6 SCOPE OF PROJECT This project is focused to develop and build an Automated Solar Tracking System(ASTS) by using plc to move the DC motor that will direct the solar panel from east to west and back to its initial. Therefore, the project scope is as follow. i. ii. iii. An automated tracking system which detects the sun during daylight. Use PLC to move the motor clockwise or counterclockwise Show result by differentiate with other angle reading. (45, 90, 135).

1.7 PROBLEM STATEMENT

This study aims to seek the following research: i. The sun is moving 180 from east to west so the light irradiation is varied due to the rotation cycle of the earth.

ii.

A solar panel which is static for instant 45 (east/west) will only take the light irradiation w/m at the first 90 or the end 180 therefore the maximum power for the solar panel does not occur.

CHAPTER 2
LITERTURE REVIEW 2.1. EXISTING SYSTEM If vertical direction can always be kept between solar cell panels and light, in order to maximize the solar energy received, which it can take full advantage of abundant solar energy resources.The aims and objective of this paper is to design and implement a microcontroller based solar automatic tracking system with working software which will always keep the solar panels aligned with the sun in order to maximize efficiency. This is an single axis tracking system proposed with two position in the morning and in the afternoon. Results indicated that the seasonal energy yield was increased by 1020% over the yield from a fixed south facing collector tilted at an optimal angle. This is based on microcontroller and programming to control the tracking system.

2.1.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM This paper presents a design of a programmable logic controller (PLC)tracking system where the solar energy captured is optimized. The system is based on a Siemens micro PLC. One of the main advantages of the machine is that it can deliver pulses as short as one millisecond. The PLC controls two light dependent resistors. One detects the optimal inclination angle towards the sun, and the second guides the cells to follow it. Designed the solar tracking system called one axis three position sun tracking PV module with low concentration ratio reflector. The one-axis tracking mechanism adjusted the PV position only at three fixed angles. These are the morning; the noon and the afternoon. An experiment performed in the present study indicated that economic analysis showed that the price reduction was between 20% and 30% for the various market prices of flat plate PV modules.

2.1.2 COMPARISION BETWEEN STATIC AND TRACKING SOLAR PANELS Static solar panels have fixed orientation relative to the sun throughout the day whereas a tracking solar panel tracks the sun all through the day. A single axis tracking system tracks the daily variation; a double axis tracking system tracks both daily variation as well as seasonal variation of the sun. An image of a single axis solar plant is shown in Fig 2.1 as follows.,

An image of a dual axis solar tracker is shown in the Fig 2.2.,

It should be noted that dual axis tracking will not be advantageous for equatorial regions such as India since the suns position is roughly the same all the seasons. It makes sense only in regions where suns position changes considerably at different times in a year.
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2.1.3 EFFICIENCY OF FIXED AND TRACKING SOLAR PANELS The efficiency of a single axis solar panel may be 10 15 % higher than a fixed axis solar panel and a dual axis panel may have efficiency 20-25 % higher than that of a fixed axis panel. The figure below shows the power output at different times of a day for a static and single axis tracking system and it can be seen that the output of tracking system is higher throughout the day.

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2.2 GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.3General Block Diagram The general block diagram is shown in the Fig 2.3., The solar elevation tracker is a closed loop control system that covers both fields of electronics and mechanical engineering. This system is used to position solar panels to positions of the sun so as to achieve higher efficiency of power generation. The components of the electronic system consist of a Microcontroller logic circuitry, a Comparator, a DC motor, a relay, cadmium Sulphide photoconductive cells (photo sensors), a Transformer. These components are grouped into the following units and illustrated in the block diagram above

1. Power Unit. 2. Comparator Unit. 3. Relay Unit. 4. DC Motor. 5. LDR 6. PLC. 7. SCADA

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2.3 POWER UNIT 2.3.1 DESCRIPTION A 230v, 50Hz Single phase AC power supply is given to a step down transformer to get 12v supply. This voltage is converted to DC voltage using a Bridge Rectifier. The converted pulsating DC voltage is filtered by a 2200uf capacitor and then given to 7805 voltage regulator to obtain constant 5v supply. This 5v supply is given to all the components in the circuit. A RC time constant circuit is added to discharge all the capacitors quickly. To ensure the power supply a LED is connected for indication purpose. Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. It includes transformer, rectifier, regulator and filter circuits to give constant 5v supply to the controller. The circuit also provides 12v and 5v outputs wherever required on the controller board and to the external interfaces.

Fig 2.4 Power supply circuit diagram

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2.3.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally. The basic bridge rectifier is shown in the Fig 2.5 as follows.,

Fig 2.5 Bridge Rectifier Capacitor is a basic storage device to store electrical charges and release it as it is required by the circuit. In a simple form it is made of two conductive plates (Electrodes) and an insulating media (Dielectrics) which separate the electrodes. As the voltage applies between the opposite electrode plates of a capacitor, electric field takes place between the plates and charges start accumulating on the surface of the electrodes 2.3.3 FEATURES Output Voltage: 12V DC

Output Ripple: Typical 100mV Input Voltage : Universal 90VAC to 264VAC (2 AC inlet plugs in redundant power supply) Input Frequency : 47Hz to 63Hz Input Current: Approx. continuous 3 Amps. Current Tolerance: Typical 2%.
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2.3.4 LM7805 The image of the LM7805 is shown in the Fig 2.6 as follows.,

Fig 2.6 LM7805 Diagram 2.4 INTRODUCTION LM7805 5V Voltage Regulator One of the most common and useful voltage regulators ever is the LM7805. It is a versatile linear regulator where in its TO-220 package can provide up to one amp of current at 5V. The only support circuitry needing to be a couple of capacitors to prevent high frequency oscillations on the outputs. Similarly the LM7805 circuit diagram is shown in the Fig 2.7 as follows.,

Fig 2.7 LM7805 Circuit diagram It is an absolute necessity for any TTL logic design and a great regulated voltage source for a wide assortment of projects.
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2.4.1 FEATURES 3-Terminal Regulators Output Current up to 1.5 A Internal Thermal-Overload Protection High Power-Dissipation Capability Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting Output Transistor Safe-Area Compensation

2.4.2 DESCRIPTION This series of fixed-voltage integrated-circuit voltage regulators is designed for a wide range of applications. These applications include on-card regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. Each of these regulators can deliver up to 1.5 A of output current. The internal current-limiting and thermal-shutdown features of these regulators essentially make them immune to overload. In addition to use as fixed-voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents, and also can be used as the power-pass element in precision regulators.

2.5 COMPARATOR LM324 is a 14pin IC consisting of four independent operational amplifiers (op-amps) compensated in a single package. Op-amps are high gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. The output voltage is many times higher than the voltage difference between input terminals of an op-amp. These op-amps are operated by a single power supply LM324 and need for a dual supply is eliminated. They can be used as amplifiers, comparators, oscillators, rectifiers etc. The conventional op-amp applications can be more easily implemented with LM324. The pin diagram of LM324 is shown in Fig 2.8 as follows.,

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PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig 2.8 Comparator 2.5.1 PIN DESCRIPTION

.2.5.2 FEATURES Short Circuited Protected Outputs True Differential Input Stage Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A)
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Four Amplifiers per Package Internally Compensated Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply Industry Standard Pin outs ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness without Affecting device Operation.

2.6 RELAY UNIT 2.6.1 DESCRIPTION This is a high quality single pole, double throw (SPDT). Use them to switch high voltage, and/or high current devices. The coil voltage on this relay is rated at 12VDC, and the load current is rated up to 10A. Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays; a relay switches one or more poles each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil in one of three ways: Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal.

Fig 2.9 Relay Diagram

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SPST(Single Pole Single Throw). These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity. The SPST circuit is shown in the Fig 2.10 as follows.,

Fig 2.10 SPST Circuit 2.6.2 USING SPDT CONTACT OF THE SPST-NO+SPST-NC RELAY Do not construct a circuit so that over current and burning occur if the NO, NC and SPDT contacts are short-circuited with the SPST-NO+SPST-NC Relay. Arcing may generate short-circuiting between contacts if there is Short-circuiting because of conversion to the MBB contact caused by asynchronous operation of the NO and NC contacts, the interval between the NO and NC contacts is small, or a large current is left open.

2.6.3 SOCKETS When mounting the Relay, make sure to insert the Relay terminals perpendicularly and correctly into the socket contact pin. Hold-down clips (for mounting and removal) are also available. The P6C model has a flux-resistant construction. Do not wash it down with water. The maximum carry current of sockets is 5A.
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2.6.4 FEATURES

12VDC SPDT Relay Rated up to 10A (@125VAC) Fully Sealed Can be mounted directly into breadboard - 300mil spacing! High Current Contacts RoHS Compliant Compact Size Economically Priced.

2.7 DC MOTOR A direct current or DC motor, converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is one of two basic types of motors: the other type is the alternating current or AC motor. Among DC motors, there are shunt-wound, series-wound, compoundwound and permanent magnet motors

Fig 2.11 DC motor

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2.7.1DESCRIPTION A 12V DC motor consists of two magnets facing the same direction, that surround two coils of wire that reside in the middle of the 12V DC motor around a rotor. The coils are positioned to face the magnets, causing electricity to flow to them. This generates a magnetic field, which ultimately pushes the coils away from the magnets they are facing, and causes the rotor to turn. The current shuts off at the rotor makes a 180 turn, causing each rotor to face the opposite magnet. As the current turns on again, the electricity flows oppositely, sending another pulse that causes the rotor to turn once again. The brushes that are located within the 12V DC motor transfer the electricity from the rotor, controlling the motors timing; turning it on and off when instructed. A direct-current motor is a shunt-wound motor in which the field windings and the armature may be connected in parallel across a constant-voltage supply. A direct-current motor is a shunt-wound motor in which the field windings and the armature may be connected in parallel across a constant-voltage supply. Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor, armature, stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors, the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets The stator is the stationary part of the motor, this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator.
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2.7.2 FEATURES

30RPM 12V DC motors with Gearbox 6mm shaft diameter with internal hole 125gm weight Same size motor available in various rpm 2kgcm torque No-load current = 60 mA(Max), Load current = 300 mA(Max)

2.7.3 DC MOTOR DRIVE The basic L293D pin diagram is shown in the Fig 2.12 as follows

Fig 2.12 L293D Pin diagram

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2.8 LDR 2.8.1 DESCRIPTION A light-dependent resistor alternatively called an LDR, photo resistor, photoconductor, or photocell, is a variable resistor whose value decreases with increasing incident light intensity. An LDR is made of a high-resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. In intrinsic devices, the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which have a ground state energy closer to the conduction band since the electrons don't have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. Two of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and fire detection systems and camera light meters. Because cadmium sulfide cells are inexpensive and widely available, LDRs are still used in electronic devices that need light detection capability, such as security alarms, street lamps, and clock radios. PDV-P500X are (CdS) photoconductive photocells designed to sense light from 400nm to 700 nm. As light dependent resistors, they are available in a wide range of resistance values. They are packaged in a two leaded plastic-coated ceramic header. 2.8.2 LIGHT SENSOR

Light sensors are among the common sensor type. The simplest optical sensor is the photo resistor which may be a cadmium sulphide (CdS) type or a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) type. The next step in complexity is the photodiode followed by the photo transistor. The sun tracker uses cadmium sulphide (CdS) photocell for sensing.
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This is the least expensive and least complex type of light sensor. The LDR is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. It can also be referenced to as a photo conductor. A photo resistor is made of high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump to the conduction band. The resulting free electron and its hole partner conducts electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The reverse is the case when darkness falls on the LDR, for this will increase its resistance. This characteristic of the LDR is used to vary the input voltage into the comparator as the sun moves over it.

Fig 2.7.1Structure of a Light Dependent Resistor, showing Cadmium Sulphide track and an atom to illustrate electrons in the valence and conduction bands.

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Fig 2.13 ex. Diagram The animation opposite shows that when the torch is turned on, the resistance of the LDR falls, allowing current to pass through it. 2.8.3 FEATURES Visible light response Sintered construction Low cost High Reliability.

2.9 PLC 2.9.1 INTRODUCTION TO PLC A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a specialized computer used to control machines and process. It uses a programmable memory to store instructions and specific functions that include On/Off control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic, and data handling. PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer, but also through manual programs (console). computer if you have the software needed for programming. This

practically means that each PLC Controller can be programmed through a Todays

transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming of PLC comptroller in factory itself. This is of great importance in industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is
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also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms. Prior to PLCs, many control tasks were solved with contactor or relay controls. This is often referred to as hardwired control. Circuit diagrams had to be designed, electrical components specified and installed, and wiring lists created. Electricians would then wire the components necessary to perform a specific task. If an error was made, the wires had to be reconnected correctly. A change in function or system expansion required extensive component changes and rewiring.

Fig 2.14 Introduction to PLC

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2.9.2 PLC ARCHITECTURE

Fig 2.8.2 PLC Architecture

The programmable logic controller is basically computer-based and therefore, their architecture is very similar to computer architecture. The memory contains operating system stored in fixed memory like ROM, rather than disk in case of computers. The application program is stored in Read-Write portion of memory. All programmable controllers contain a Central processing Unit (CPU), Memory, Power Supply, Input/output (I/O) modules and programming device. The operating system is the main workhorse of the system. It is necessary to distinguish between the instructions used by operating system to command the microprocessor and the instruction used by the programmable controller to handle the specific control problem. The operating system performs the following tasks: Execution of application program. Memory management. Communication between programmable controller and other units. I/O interfaces handling.
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 Diagnostics. Resource sharing.

The CPU, upon receiving instructions from the memory together with feedback on the status of the I/P-O/P devices, generates commands to the outputs by means of the o/p modules these commands control the o/p elements on a machine or process device such as relay coils, solenoid valves, indicator lamps and motor starters are typical loads to be controlled. During program execution the processor reads all the inputs, takes these values and according to control application program, energizes or de-energizes the outputs, thus solving the ladder network. 2.9.3 HOW PLC CONTROLLER WORKS Basis of a PLC function is continual scanning of a program. The Scanning process involves three basic steps Step 1: Testing input status. First the plc checks each of its input with intention to see which one has status on or off. In other words it checks whether a switch or a sensor etc., is activated or not. The information that the processor thus obtains through this step is stored in memory in order to be used in the following steps Step 2: Programming execution: Here a plc executes a program instruction by instruction based on the program and based on the status of the input has obtained in the preceding step, and appropriate action is taken. The action might be activation of certain outputs and the Results can be put off and stored in memory to be retrieved later in the following step. Step 3: Check up and Correction of the output status: Finally, a plc checks up output signals and adjust it has needed. Change its perform is based on the input status that had been read during the first step, and based on the result of the program execution in

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step two. Following execution of step three plc returns a beginning of the cycle and continually repeats these steps Scanning time = Time for performing step 1 + Time for performing step 2 + Time for performing step 3 2.9.4 BASIC INSTRUCTIONS Now let's examine some of the basic instructions is greater detail to see more about what each one does. Load The load (LD) instruction is a normally open contact. It is sometimes also called examine if on. (XIO) (As in examine the input to see if its physically on) The symbol for a load instruction is shown below.

A Load (contact) symbol This is used when an input signal is needed to be present for the symbol to turn on. When the physical input is on we can say that the instruction is true. We examine the input for an on signal. If the input is physically on then the symbol is on. An on condition is also referred to as logic 1 state. This symbol normally can be used for internal inputs, external inputs and external output contacts. Internal relays don't physically exist. They are simulated (software) relays. Load Bar The Load Bar instruction is a normally closed contact. It is sometimes also called Load not or examine if closed. (As in examine the input to see if it is physically closed) The

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Symbol for a Load bar instruction is shown below. A Load Not (normally closed contact) symbol This is used when an input signal does not need to be present for the symbol to turn on. When the physical input is off we can say that the instruction is True. We examine the input for an off signal. If the input is physically off then the symbol is on. An off condition is also referred to as a logic 0 state. This symbol normally can be used for internal inputs, external inputs and sometimes, external output contacts. Remember again that internal relays don't physically exist. They are simulated (software) relays. It is the exact opposite of the Load instruction. Out The Out instruction is sometimes also called an Output Energize instruction. The output instruction is like a relay coil. Its symbol looks as shown below.

An OUT (coil) symbol When there is a path of True instructions preceding this on the ladder rung, it will also be True. When the instruction is True it is physically On. We can think of this instruction as a normally open output. This instruction can be used for internal coils and external outputs. Out Bar The Out bar instruction is sometimes also called an Out Not instruction. Some vendors don't have this instruction. The Out bar instruction is like a normally closed relay coil. Its symbol looks like that shown below. An OUT Bar (normally closed coil) symbol

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When there is a path of false instructions preceding this on the ladder rung, it will be True. When the instruction is True it is physically On. We can think of this instruction as a normally closed output. This instruction can be used for internal coils and external outputs. It is the exact opposite of the Out instruction. 2.9.5 PLC COMPARED WITH OTHER CONTROL SYSTEMS PLCs are well-adapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices compatible with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centres on expressing the desired sequence of operations. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of mass-produced goods, customized control systems are economic due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a "generic" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units. For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques are used. For example, a consumer dishwasher would be controlled by an electromechanical cam timer costing only a few dollars in production quantities. A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies, input/output hardware and necessary testing and certification) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use PLCs instead of custom-

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designed controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomic. Very complex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLCs. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for example, aircraft flight controls. Programmable controllers are widely used in motion control, positioning control and torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that G-code (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements. PLCs may include logic for single-variable feedback analog control loop, a "proportional, integral, derivative" or "PID controller". A PID loop could be used to control the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example. Historically PLCs were usually configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system (DCS) would instead be used. As PLCs have become more powerful, the boundary between DCS and PLC applications has become less distinct. PLCs have similar functionality as Remote Terminal Units. An RTU, however, usually does not support control algorithms or control loops. As hardware rapidly becomes more powerful and cheaper, RTUs, PLCs and DCSs are increasingly beginning to overlap in responsibilities, and many vendors sell RTUs with PLC-like features and vice versa. The industry has standardized on the IEC 61131-3 functional block language for creating programs to run on RTUs and PLCs, although nearly all vendors also offer proprietary alternatives and associated development environments. 2.9.6 ADVANTAGE OF PLC Flexible Faster response time Less and simpler wiring
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 Solid-state - no moving parts Modular design - easy to repair and expand Handles much more complicated systems Sophisticated instruction sets available Allows for diagnostics easy to troubleshoot

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2.10 SCADA 2.10.1 INTRODUCTION TO SCADA SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a type of industrial control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer controlled systems that monitor and control industrial processes that exist in the physical world. SCADA systems historically distinguish themselves from other ICS systems by being large scale processes that can include multiple sites, and large distances. These processes include industrial, infrastructure, and facility-based processes, as described below: Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes. Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment, oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, wind

farms, civil defence siren systems, and large communication systems. Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems

(HVAC), access, and energy consumption.

2.10.2 PRINCIPLES OF MODERN SCADA SYSTEMS In modern manufacturing and industrial processes, mining industries, public and private utilities, leisure and security industries telemetry is often needed to connect equipment and systems separated by large distances. This can range from a few meters to thousands of kilometres. Telemetry is used to send commands, programs and receives monitoring information from these remote locations. SCADA refers to the combination of telemetry and data acquisition. SCADA encompasses the collecting of
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the information, transferring it back to the central site, carrying out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a number of operator screens or displays. The required control actions are then conveyed back to the process. In the early days of data acquisition, relay logic was used to control production and plant systems. With the advent of the CPU and other electronic devices, manufacturers incorporated digital electronics into relay logic equipment. The PLC or programmable logic controller is still one of the most widely used control systems in industry. As need to monitor and control more devices in the plant grew, the PLCs were distributed and the systems became more intelligent and smaller in size. PLCs and DCS (distributed control systems) are used as shown below. The advantages of the PLC / DCS SCADA system are The computer can record and store a very large amount of data. The data can be displayed in any way the user requires. Thousands of sensors over a wide area can be connected to the system. The operator can incorporate real data simulations into the system. Many types of data can be collected from the RTUs. The data can be viewed from anywhere, not just on site. 2.10.3 ARCHITECTURE OF SCADA 2.10.4 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

One distinguishes two basic layers in a SCADA system: the "client layer" which caters for the man machine interaction and the "data server layer" which handles most of the process data control activities. The data servers communicate with devices in the field through process controllers. Process controllers,e.g. PLCs, are connected to the data servers either directly or via networks or field buses that are proprietary (e.g. Siemens
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H1), or non-proprietary (e.g. Profibus). Data servers are connected to each other and to client stations via an Ethernet LAN. The data servers and client stations are NT platforms but for many products the client stations may also be W95 machines. Fig.1. shows typical hardware architecture.

Fig 2.15 Hardware Architecture

2.10.5 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE

The products are multi-tasking and are based upon a real-time database (RTDB) located in one or more servers. Servers are responsible for data acquisition and handling (e.g. polling controllers, alarm checking, calculations, logging and archiving) on a set of parameters, typically those they are connected to.

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Fig 2.16 Software Architecture

2.10.6 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF SCADA

The benefits one can expect from adopting a SCADA system for the control of experimental physics facilities can be summarised as follows: A rich functionality and extensive development facilities. The amount

of effort invested in SCADA product amounts to 50 to 100 p-years.

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The amount of specific development that needs to be performed by the

end-user is limited, especially with suitable engineering. Reliability and robustness. These systems are used for mission critical

industrial processes where reliability and performance are paramount. In addition, specific development is performed within a well-established framework that enhances reliability and robustness. Technical support and maintenance by the vendor. For large

collaborations, as for the CERN LHC experiments, using a SCADA system for their controls ensures a common framework not only for the development of the specific applications but also for operating the detectors. Operators experience the same "look and feel" whatever part of the experiment they control. However, this aspect also depends to a significant extent on proper engineering.

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CHAPTER 3

REAL TIME IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 EXPLANATION

It consists of three LDR which enrols 3 point movement

according to the light intensity falls on the LDR which adjusts the panel according to the angel of sun. Thus LDR acts as the input, the LDR1 is kept in two or three

inches gap with LDR2 and even in angle. So the intensity of light varies from LDR1 to LDR2. So comparator is used to compare which LDR has the greater

intensity by using LM324 14 pin IC. The comparator compares and it is given to relay 230v using

SPST switch which triggers the input signal and gives to PLC. The PLC which is used in this is OMRAN PLC CPIE

M40DTD, which acts as the external device it receives the input signal from the relay. The DC motor which is connected to the PLC and acts as the

output device .And by using PLC programme it controls the motor and allows to drive the motor according by the input signal. This can be controlled manually or automatically .To check the

tracking if any disturbance occurs if the panel sets aside in different position, the SCADA is used to check the panel graphically and try to

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adjust the panel. Thus SCADA is used for monitoring the system from a distant movement. In terms of daily energy generation, the presented tracking-

cum-cleaning scheme provides about 40% more energy output as compared to the flat PV module (module kept stationary on ground) and about 15% more energy output as compared to PV module with single axis tracking. This solar tracking system can automatically follow the

movement of the sun so that the sunlight can vertically reach its surface. In this way, it can ensure products on its surface can get the solar energy as much as they can. It can be achieved an overall power collection efficiency

increase from only 39% for a fixed panel to over 80% for the same panel on the tracking device. This solar tracking system is energy saving. Its annual

electricity output can increase by 40%. It can work normally in all kinds of weather such as windy,

rainy, snowy, sandy, etc. During the summer time, it can use the time control mode to keep the tracking system in the west to track the movement of the sun so that more solar energy can be utilized. 3.2 OMRAN PLC (CP1E M40DT)

The SYSMAC CP1E Programmable Controller is a package-type PLC made by OMRON that is designed for easy application. The CP1E includes E-type CPU Units (basic models) for standard control operations using basic, movement, arithmetic, and comparison instructions, and N-type CPU Units(application
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models) that supports connections to Programmable Terminals, Inverters, and Servo Drives. The components CP1E-M40DT is, 1. Processor 2. I/O Structure 3. I/O Modules 4. Industrial Terminal 5. Auxiliary power supplies 3.2.1 THE PROCESSER CONTROL MODULE The Processor control module occupies the middle plastic slot of the processor chassis. This module's primary function is to provide control functions, timing, and interfacing with other processor modules. Once inserted and properly seated into the backplane socket, it is covered with a front panel which is secured to the processor chassis with two thumb screws. In addition to covering this module it also covers the memory module.

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3.2.2 CPU OF OMRON

Fig.3.1 Layout of Omron PLC CPU The PROCESSOR FAULT INDICATOR is often helpful in, isolating processor malfunctions. It illuminates when the logic controlling the processor scan fails. This fault is usually corrected by replacing this module. The Memory module occupies the right most plastic slot III the processor chassis. 3.2.3 MEMORY MODULE There are two types in Memory modules. They are, 1. CMOS RAM Memory module 2. Core Memory module 3.2.4 CMOS RAM MEMORY MODULE The l772-ME CMOS RAM memory module is a read/write solid state Random Access Memory and contains support circuitry needed to store and
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retrieve memory information. It also houses a battery pack for memory backup support. Maximum memory capacity is 8K (K=1024) words. The following memory segments can be used with the CMOS RAM memory module: 512 word memory segment 2048 word memory segment Combinations of both segments are possible. The Memory Fault Indicator is located on the front edge of the memory module in front of the backup battery. It illuminates when an extort in the parity of data retrieved from memory is detected. Changing the mode select switch to the PROG position resets this circuit. The memory should be reloaded and checked in the test mode for another memory fault indication. The 8K read-write memory utilized by the 1772-M8 module 1S Ferrite core memory and is therefore, non-volatile. That is, unlike the solid-state RAM read-write memory of the 1772-ME module described above, it does not tend to lose its stored data when power is disrupted due to system power failure or shutdown, or due to removing the module from its slot. IT, therefore, does not require backup battery to prevent inadvertent loss of content, as does the 1772-ME. The core memory integrity is, however, vulnerable to stray magnetic fields. These core memory modules are non-volatile in nature. That is, unlike the solidstate 1772-ME CMOS RAM module, it does not lose its stored data content when power is disrupted or the module is removed. From its slot. It does not require backup battery to prevent inadvertent loss of content, as does the 1772-ME memory module. The core memory integrity is vulnerable to stray magnetic fields.

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3.2.5 I/O STUCTURE 1. One I/O chassis 2. One I/O Adapter Module 3. I/O modules 3.2.6 I/O CHASSIS The I/O chassis is a single compact enclosure for the 1/0 adapter module and I/O modules that make up the I/O structure. It has been designed to fit within the same enclosure used for the CP1E-M40DT processor. Slots in the I/O chassis allow for quick, easy insertion of modules, the left most slot accepts the CPM1A10CDR adapter module and all slots to the right accept I/O modules. 3.2.7 I/O ADAPTER MODULE For proper transmission of data between the local processor and I/O modules, the I/O chassis must contain and I/O Adapter Module. The I/O adapter module must be installed in each I/O chassis used with a processor. I/O adapter module circuitry allows communication between input modules and the processor, and the processor and output modules. There are two sockets located on the front panel of the I/O adapter module. The top socket receives the I/O connector cable from the processor or the previous I/O chassis. The bottom socket mates with the I/O connector cable going to the next I/O chassis or the termination plug. Diagnostic indicators on the front panel of the I/O Adapter module aid in trouble shooting. These indicators are as follows:

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1. ACTIVE - Illuminates when proper communication is established between the processor and the I/O chassis, It al-so indicates that DC power is properly supplied to the I/O chassis. It is normally on. 2. RACK FAULT - Illuminates when I/O data is not in the proper format. It is normally off. 3.2.8 INPUT -OUTPUT MODULES 1. Input module: Monitors the on/off status of the user's input Devices connected to it. Input signals can originate from limit, float, pressure and selector switches and from push buttons, transducers or many other sensing or switching devices. 2. Output modules: Controls the on/off status of the user's output devices. Output signals can control various type of indicators, motor starters, solenoids, alarms and displays. 3. Analog modules: Monitor the magnitude of input and output signals which in turn are proportional to physical quantities such as temperature, weight and velocity. The Industrial Terminal System is the primary programming terminal for the controller. It allows the maximum capabilities of the controller, in the memory and I/O points, to be utilized. 3.3 PROGRAMMING TERMINAL The Industrial Terminal system is used to load, edit, monitor and troubleshoot the user's program in the processor memory. In addition to programming, the industrial terminal can be used for report generation or as an

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interface for the Digital Cassette Recorder or the Data Cartridge Recorder which can be used to record and load processor memory onto a magnetic cassette tape. 3.3.1 OVERVIEW OF FEATURES Easy connection with computers using commercially available USB cables. Expansion I/O Units can be connected to increase the I/O capacity of a CPU Unit (for CPU Units with30 or 40 I/O points). Expansion Units can be connected to add analog I/O or temperature inputs to a CPU Unit with 30 or40 I/O points. Quick-response inputs. Input interrupts. Complete high-speed counter functionality. Versatile pulse control for N-type CPU Units. Execution of origin searches and origin returns using instructions for Ntype CPU Units. PWM outputs for N-type CPU Units. Changing settings with the analog adjusters. Built-in RS-232C port on N-type CPU Units. A Serial Option Board can be added to N-type CPU Units with 30 or 40 I/O points. 3.3.2 INPUT INTERRUPTS An interrupt task can be started when a built-in input turns ON or

turns OFF (supported only in direct mode). Up to six interrupt inputs can be used.

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3.3.3 ANALOG SETTINGS Changing Settings Using Analog Adjuster, By adjusting the analog adjuster with a Phillips screwdriver, the value in the Auxiliary Area (A642)can be changed to any value between 0 and 255. All CPU Units are equipped with two analog adjusters. This makes it easy to change set values, such as those for timers and counters, without a Programming Device.

3.3.4 Built-in RS-232C Port for N-type CPU Units The N-type CPU Units have one built-in RS-232C port as a standard feature. 3.3.4.1 CP1E CPU Unit Types E-type CPU Units: Basic models for standard control operations using basic, movement, arithmetic, and Comparison instructions. N-type CPU Units: Application models that support connections to Programmable Terminals, Inverters, and Servo Drives. 3.4 INTERFACING PLC WITH SCADA The interfacing of plc with SCADA is done by the RS232 cable. Here the SCADA is operated in the pc. Here the RS232 cable input cant give directly to pc so converter called RS232 to USB converter is used. Here the 6 pin RJ11 port is used which will be connecting with the 9 pin RS232 cable. The other end of the RJ11 contains USB type port which will be useful while connecting with pc or laptops.

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Fig 3.2 Interfacing PLC with SCADA 3.4.1 DESCRIPTION The DS9097U is a sophisticated RS232 to 1-Wire Adapter, which performs RS232 level conversion and actively generates the 1-Wire communication signals. Together with adequate TMEX software driver it enables an IBM-compatible PC to directly communicate with any 1-Wire device connected to the adapter's RJ-11 port. The DB-9 version reads and writes any non-EPROM 1-Wire device. To write to EPROM devices the DB25 version with external power supply is required. All DS9097U adapters are based on the DS2480B Serial 1-Wire Line Driver chip and therefore are not a plug-in replacement for the DS9097 or DS9097E. The RXD/TXD Polarity Select input of theDS2480B is tied to Vdd (non-inverting). The DS9097U communicates with 1-Wire devices at regular speed as well as Overdrive speed. The serial port must support a data transmission rate of 9600 bits/s. Under software control, the adapter can be set up for RS232 data rates of 19200, 57600 and 115200 bits per second. The two higher rates are recommended for communication at Overdrive speed with Overdrive capable devices. Since the DS9097U operates in a byte mode, every data byte
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received from the RS232 port generates eight time slots on the 1-Wire line. At 19200 bits/s data rate the DS9097U-E25 is already faster than the DS9097 (E) at 115200 bits/s. Note that there are some COM ports that use signal levels of less than ( ) 5V. The DB-9 versions of this adapter will not work with such ports. The DS9097U-E25 adapter, however, will function in most cases if external power is supplied. Without EPROM programming the external power may be anywhere in the range of 6 to 9V. For EPROM programming the voltage must be at 12V in any case. Before using an externally powered DS9097U-E25 with a COM port of less than () 5V check whether the COM port will not be damaged by 5V on its RXD input.

3.4.2 PROGRAMMING INTERFACE All of this requires that physical conditions be translated into machine language and then signals that humans can read, record and analyze. Thus a full fledged SCADA system has to comprise of both hardware and software elements. Todays sophisticated SCADA systems include input/output signal devices, control equipment, HMI (Human Machine Interface), networking, communication systems, databases and software. Thus SCADA system development involves programming at various levels. Data collected at the RTU has to be converted into signals, and for interpreting this data an operator requires HMI. Often the data also has to be compiled and stored (history databases) for recognizing trends and analysis work. Thus customized database systems have to be developed. Networks, communication systems etc bring in more varied requirements for programming.
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Add to this the fact that SCADA systems are still evolving. Industries are awakening to challenges like possibility of terrorist strikes. Thus R&D for better, more fool-proof systems is still on at both hardware and software levels. SCADA programming this way has a lot of possibilities.

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CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

4.1PLC LADDER LOGIC PROGRAMME 1. Main Program

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3. Manual Program

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4. Process Program

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5.End Program

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4.2 SCADA PROGRAM IF ldr2 == 1 AND ls == 1 THEN pannel = pannel + 1; ENDIF; IF ldr == 1 AND ls1 == 1 THEN pannel = pannel - 1; ENDIF; IF pannel>= 100 THEN pannel=100; ENDIF; IF pannel<= 0 THEN
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pannel=0; ENDIF; ON SHOW PANNEL=50

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a means of controlling a sun tracking array with an SCADA PLC system, a working software solution for maximizing solar cell output by positioning a solar array at the point of maximum light intensity. This project presents a method of searching for and tracking the sun and resetting itself for a new day. While the project has limitations, this provides an opportunity for expansion of the current project in future years.

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REFERENCES
1. S P Sukhatme, Solar energy, Book 1997,Tata McGraw-Hill 2. Chia-Yen Lee , Po-Cheng Chou , Che-Ming Chiang and Chiu-Feng Lin, Sun Tracking Systems: A Review Sensors2009, 9, 3875-3890; doi:10.3390/s90503875. 3. Finster C. El heliostato de la Universidad Santa Maria. Scientia 1962;119:520. 4. Saavedra AS. Diseno de un servomecanismo seguidor solar para un instrumento registrador de la irradiacion solar directa. Memoria, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile, 1963. 5. Salah Abdallah , Salem Nijmeh Two axes sun tracking system with PLC control Energy Conversion and Management 45 (2004) ,19311939. 6. P. Roth, A. Georgiev and H. Boudinov Design and construction of a system for sun-tracking Renewable Energy 29 (2004), 393402. 7. Mohanad Alata, M.A. Al-Nimr, Yousef Qaroush Developing a multipurpose sun tracking system using fuzzy control Energy Conversion and Management 46 (2005),12291245 8. J. Rizk, and Y. Chaiko Solar Tracking System: More Efficient Use of Solar Panels Proceedings Of World Academy Of Science, Engineering And Technology Volume 31 July 2008Issn2070-3740 9.A Solar Panels Automatic Tracking System Based on OMRON PLC Weiping Luo, Wuhan University of Science and Engineering,

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