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3. Describe four ways to improve network performance on the server.

Software Fine-tune the network operating system settings Hardware Upgrade to a faster computer Increase the servers memory Upgrade to a faster network interface card Increase the servers memory 4. Describe four ways to improve network performance on the circuit. Upgrade to a faster circuit Add another circuit Change protocols Segment the network 5. Compare and contrast cut through, store and forward, and fragment-free switching. Cut through switching, the switch begins transmitting before it has received the entire packet. The advantage of this is low latency and results in a very fast network. Cut through switching can only be used when the incoming data circuit has the same data rate as the outgoing circuit. switch Store and forward switching does not begin transmitting the outgoing packet until it has received the entire incoming packet and has checked to make sure it contains no errors. It provides higher latency and thus results in a slower network. Circuit speeds may be different. Fragment free switching reads the first 64 byte segment (contains the header). It performs error check, if it is okay then starts transmitting. 64 7. How does logical topology differ from a physical topology? A logical topology is how the network works conceptually, much like a logical data flow diagram (DFD) or logical entity relation diagram (ERD) in system analysis and design or database design. A physical topology is how the network is physically installed, much like a physical DFD or physical ERD.

8. What is a bottleneck and how can you locate one? In order to improve performance, you must locate the bottleneck, the part of the network that is restricting the data flow. Generally speaking, the bottleneck will lie in one of two places. The first is the network server. In this case, the client computers have no difficulty sending requests to the network server, but the server lacks sufficient capacity to process all the requests it receives in a timely manner. The second location is the network circuit. The network server can easily process all the client requests it receives, but the network circuit lacks enough capacity to transmit all the requests to server. It is also possible that the bottleneck could also lie in the client computers themselves (e.g., they are receiving data to fast for them to process it), but this is extremely unlikely. 13. How does switched Ethernet differ from traditional Ethernet? Switched Ethernet provides individual dedicated ports to each node connected to it physically and processes packets based on this unique port. Traditional Ethernet whether 10Base2, 10Base5 or a 10BaseT HUB processes packets based on the entire LAN segment to which a node is physically connected. Switched Ethernet has considerably better. Switched Ethernet has considerably better performance than traditional Ethernet because computers do not have to share circuits with other computers. Switched Ethernet traditional Ethernet 10BASE210BASE5 10BaseT HUB LAN segment Switched Ethernet Switched Ethernet traditional Ethernet 14. What are the primary advantages and disadvantages of switched Ethernet? The primary advantages of switched Ethernet are it dramatically improves network performance over HUB base networking, eliminates bottlenecks and can operate at 10/100/1000 Mbps depending on the specific type of switches used. The primary disadvantages of switched Ethernet are switches cost more than HUBs and the cost increases linearly when moving from 10Mbps up through 1000Mbps switches. HUB bottlenecks 10/100/1000 Mbps switches switches switches 10Mbps 1000Mbps 15. Under what circumstances is Switched Ethernet preferred to Shared Ethernet?

Large networks and heavy traffic flow 17. Define local area network? A local area network (LAN) is a group of microcomputers located in the same general area. A LAN covers a clearly defined small area, such as one floor or work area, a single building, or a group of buildings. 18. What are the two reasons for developing LANs? The two basic reasons for developing a LAN are information sharing and resource sharing. Information sharing refers to business needs that require users to access the same data files, exchange information via e-mail, or search the internet for information. Resource sharing refers to one computer sharing a hardware device (e.g., a printer) or software package with other computers on the network. The main benefit of resource sharing is cost savings whereas the main benefit of information sharing is improved decision making 19. What are the distinguished features of LAN? The distinguishing features of LAN are: The small confined area in which it operates Very high speed transmissions They operate outside the government-regulated communication environment, because their circuits do not cross public thoroughfares (roads) and, therefore, do not require licensing or regulatory approvals to operate. 20. In some LANs, most of the computers talk with the server, but others use no server. What are these two approaches called? A dedicated server LAN has one or more computers that are permanently assigned to being the network server(s). These servers enable users to share files and often are also used to share printers. Peer-to-peer networks do not require a dedicated server. All computers run special network software that enables them to function both as a client and as a server. Authorized users can connect to any computer in the LAN that permits access and use their hard drive(s) and printer as though they were physically attached to their own computers. Peer-to-peer networks often are slower than dedicated server networks because if you access a computer that is also being used by its owner, it slows down both the owner and the network. 26. Why does network segmentation improve LAN performance?

If there is more traffic on a LAN than the network circuit and media access protocol can handle. The solution is, divide the LAN into several smaller segments. Breaking a network into smaller parts is called network segmentation. By carefully identifying how much each computer contributes to the demand on the server, and carefully spreading those computers to different network segments, the network bottleneck can often be broken. 27. Briefly describe how CSMA/CD works. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) with Collision Detection (CD), like all contention-based techniques, is very simple concept: wait until the circuit is free and then transmit. Computers wait until no other devices are transmitting, and then transmit their data. As long as no other computer attempts to transmit at the same time, everything is fine. However, it is possible that two computers located some distance from one another can listen to the circuit, find it empty, and begin to simultaneously. This simultaneous transmission is called a collision. The two messages collide and destroy each other. The solution to this is to listen while transmitting, better known as collision detection (CD). If the NIC detects any signal other than its own, it presumes that a collision has occurred, and sends a jamming signal. All computers stop transmitting and wait for the circuit to become free before trying to retransmit. The problem is that the computers which caused the collision could attempt to retransmit at the same time. To prevent this, each computer waits a random amount of time after the colliding message disappears before attempting to retransmit. 30. What does NOS do? What are the major software parts of NOS? The network operating system (NOS) is the software that controls the network. Every NOS provides two sets of software: one that runs on the network server(s) and one that runs on the network client(s). The server version of the NOS provides the software that performs the functions associated with the data link, network, and application layers and usually the computers own operating system. The client version of the NOS provides the software that performs the functions associated with the data link and the network layers, and must interact with the application software and the computers own operating system.

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