Chapter 16

Chapter 16
Circle Geometry
This chapter deals with applying reasoning to prove circle theorems and to solve problems. After completing this chapter you should be able to: identify and name parts of a circle use terminology associated with angles in circles identify the arc on which an angle at the centre or circumference stands demonstrate that at any point on a circle there is a unique tangent and that this tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact prove and apply theorems involving chord, angle, tangent and secant properties of circles.
Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4 WM: S5.3.1S5.3.5
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Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4
Diagnostic test
1 Which of the following statements is not correct? A A is a sector of a circle B B is a chord D D is a tangent
A B C
C A 10 cm y cm O x X 43 8 cm B
C C is a secant
The line joining the centres of the circles intersect the common chord AB at X. OA = 10 cm, XB = 8 cm and XBC = 43. The values of x and y are: A x = 43, y = 12 C x = 43, y = 8 B x = 47, y = 6 D x = 47, y = 8
The angle subtended at the circumference by the arc PQ is: T A SQT B POQ C PSQ D QTS
P Q O S
The value of x is: A 32 B 64 C 116 D 148

O x 32

100 65 x
The values of the pronumerals in the gure are:

10 cm
A x = 50, y = 10 B x = 50, y = 6 C x = 65, y = 10 D x = 65, y = 6
6 cm x O 50 10 cm y cm
8 4 The length of the chord AB is: A 4 cm B 6 cm C 8 cm D 10 cm

O 3 cm 2 cm A
AOB is a diameter. AB = 17 cm and BC = 15 cm. The length of AC is: A 15 cm B 17 cm C 2 cm D 8 cm

A 17 cm O 15 cm B
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The values of x and y are: A x = 84, y = 116

y
14
B x = 42, y = 58
x 116
The two circles touch externally at Q. C and O are the centres of the circles. The size of PQR is: A 80 B 90 C 100 D 190
C 40 P R 60 Q O
C x = 168, y = 232 D x = 96, y = 64
84
10
x= A 35 B 55 C 70 D 110
2x 110
15
PQ and RS are chords that intersect at T. The length of the interval TQ is: A 8 cm B 7 cm C 4.5 cm D 2 cm
R Q 6 cm P 3 cm T S 4 cm
11
PT is a tangent to the circle with centre O. The value of x is: A 10 B 40 C 50 D 70

T 40 O x P
16
PT is a tangent. The value of x is: A 3 B 4 C 6

R 5 cm S 4 cm x T P
12
PQ and PR are the tangents drawn to the circle from P. O is the centre. The size of PQR is: A 40 B 50 C 65 D 90
O R Q
D 20
17
50 P

S T x cm R 6 cm Q 6 cm 4 cm P
13
TP is a tangent. The value of x is: A 20 B 40 C 60 D 80

60 40 T P x
If you have any difculty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections listed in the table. Question Section 1, 2 A 35 C 610 D 1117 E
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A. CIRCLE TERMINOLOGY
Exercise 16A
1 a Draw diagrams and identify the following parts of a circle: centre radius diameter circumference arc minor arc major arc semicircle sector minor sector major sector chord segment minor segment major segment tangent secant b Share your diagrams with others in a group and make a summary in your exercise book.
P
Given interval AB and point P, join A to P and B to P to form APB. Then APB is the angle subtended by the interval AB at the point P.
P
B A B A
In a circle: 1 2 draw a chord AB and mark a point P on the circumference join A to P and B to P to form APB.
Then APB is the angle subtended by the chord AB at the point P. Since P is also on the circumference we say that APB is an angle subtended by the chord AB at the circumference. 2 Name two angles subtended by: a chord AB at the circumference b chord XY at the circumference c chord AY at the circumference d chord BX at the circumference
X A Y
Copy the diagram into your exercise book. O is the centre of the circle. Draw and name the angle subtended at the centre by the chord: a AB b CD c EF
A
C E
F D O B A
4
O E
B C D F
Name the chord that subtends the angle: a EOD b CAB c ABC d EFA e EDC
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O A Q
Name the angle subtended by the chord AB at the circumference in: a the major segment b the minor segment
P X O
Q Y
Name two angles subtended by the chord XY at the circumference: a in the major segment b in the minor segment
S P O A B
1 2
Draw a circle, mark an arc AB, the centre O and a point P on the circumference. Draw APB and AOB.
APB is the angle at P standing on the arc AB. (This is the same as the angle subtended by the chord AB at P.) AOB is the angle at the centre O standing on the arc AB. (Again this is the same as the angle subtended by chord AB at O.) 7 a Name the angle at the centre standing on the arc PS. b Name an angle at the circumference standing on the arc PS. c Name two angles standing on the arc QR.
Q P O S
a Name two angles subtended at the circumference by the minor arc AB. b Name two angles standing on the major arc AB. c Name two angles in the same segment as AQB, standing on the arc AB. d Name an angle in the same segment as ATB, standing on the arc AB.
Q R P O A T S B
Identify the minor or major arc on which each of the following angles stands: a BEC A b EDC c ABE d ECB B O e EDA
E D C
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B. CHORD PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

Exercise 16B
1 a In a circle draw two chords, AB and CD, of the same length. Join the endpoints of each chord to the centre O, as shown in the gure. Measure the size of the angles AOB and COD.
C A O D B
Using a set square, measure the distance of each chord from the centre.
c Compare your results with those of the rest of the class. 2 Complete the following proofs. a Data: Aim: Proof: AB = CD, O is the centre of the circle. To prove AOB = COD. A C In s AOB, COD: O AB = CD (data) AO = __ ( ) BO = __ ( ) AOB COD ( ) D B Hence AOB = __ ( ) Also ABO = ODC (corresponding angles of s). We will need this in part b. AB = CD and OP, OQ are perpendiculars from O to AB, CD respectively. To prove OP = OQ. In s OPB, OQD OPB = OQD ( ) OPB = __ (from part a above) OB = __ ( ) OBP ODQ ( ) OP = OQ ( )
b Data: Aim: Proof:
A O P Q
From parts a and b we can conclude that: Chords of equal length in a circle subtend equal angles at the centre and are equidistant from the centre.
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Draw any chord AB in a circle with centre O. Using a set square, draw the perpendicular AP from O to the chord AB. Measure the lengths of AP and PB. Compare your results with the class.
O B P
a
O B P A
O is the centre of the circle and OP chord AB. i Prove that OAP OBP. ii Hence, deduce that PA = PB, i.e. the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
b Prove the converse of the theorem in part a, i.e. given M is the midpoint of chord AB, prove that OM AB, i.e. the line from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
A
O B M
c From parts a and b above it follows that O (the centre) is on the perpendicular bisector of the chord AB, i.e. the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle. 5 a P is a point on the perpendicular bisector of AB. i Prove APM MPB. ii PA = PB.
P
b Complete the following. A M B Data: A, B, C are three non-collinear points. PQ and MN are the perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC respectively. X is the point of intersection of PQ and MN. Aim: To prove that X is the centre of the circle A P which passes through A, B and C. M Proof: Since X is on the perpendicular bisector X of AB and BC, then XA = and XB = i.e. XA = = . Q C A, B, C are equidistant from so X is the centre of the circle that passes through N B , i.e. given any three non-collinear points, the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of any two sides of the triangle formed by the three points is the centre of a circle through all three points.
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6
a Copy the circle and mark any three points, A, B and C on the circumference. b Construct the perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC. c Mark the position of O, the centre of the circle.
A C B
Copy the following circles and, by construction, nd the centre of each one. a b
Draw any two intersecting circles. Join the centres P and Q. Draw the common chord AB. a Measure the lengths of XA and XB. b Measure the angle AXQ. c Discuss your results with the class.
A X P B Q
Data:
P and Q are the centres of the circles. AB is the common chord. X is the point of intersection of PQ and AB. a i Prove that PAQ PBQ. ii List all the equal angles in these two triangles.
A X P B Q
b i Prove that XAQ XBQ. ii Hence prove that AX = XB and AXQ = BXQ = 90, i.e. when two circles intersect, the line joining their centres bisects their common chord at right angles.
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C. USING CHORD PROPERTIES

Example 1
Find the value of the pronumerals in the gures below. a b c
7 cm 54 O x 7 cm 10 cm 3 cm
O
10 cm
15 cm C
x cm
O x 130
15 cm B
a x = 54 (equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre) b x = 3 (equal chords are equidistant from the centre) c AOC = x (equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre) x + x + 130 = 360 (angles at a point) x = 115
Exercise 16C
1 Find the values of the pronumerals in these circles. O is the centre. a b c
6 cm O 50 6 cm 40 cm x O x 70 40 cm
10 m
110 x O
10 m
d
x 30 m 20 20 O
e
x O 4 cm 5 cm
y z
3 cm 5 cm O x
6 cm 3 cm
15 m 12 m
15 m O
O O
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k
13 cm
O x 14 cm
12 cm O
x 20 cm
m
x O 3 cm 8 cm
n
70 x O
Example 2
P and Q are the centres. PAX = 60, AX = 5 cm and XQ = 12 cm. Find the value of the pronumerals. AXP = 90 (The line joining the centres of intersecting circles bisects the common chord at right angles.) z = 30 (angle sum of = 180) XB = XA = 5 cm y2 = 52 + 122 (Pythagoras) = 169 y = 13
P
A 60 5 cm 12 cm Q z x y cm B
Find the values of the pronumerals. a P and Q are the centres of the circles.
6 cm P x 40
y 8 cm Q
b
5 cm 13 cm Q x P
P and Q are the centres.
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AN = 18 cm and NB = 8 cm. Find the length of PQ.
O N
K L
The gure shows two concentric circles, centre O. OL = 13 cm, OK = 15 cm and LM = 10 cm. Find KN.
O M N
A hemispherical bowl has a diameter of 10 cm. Water is poured into the bowl until its surface is 3 cm below the top of the bowl as shown. Find the diameter of the water surface.
P A Q O B
3 cm
OP is perpendicular to the chord AB. If AB = 14 cm and PQ = 1 cm, nd the radius of the circle.
7 8
If a chord of length 100 mm is 120 mm from the centre of a circle, nd the radius of the circle. A chord 8 cm long is drawn in a circle of radius 6 cm. What is the distance of the chord from the centre?
D. ANGLE PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

Exercise 16D
O is the centre of the circle in all diagrams. 1 In each of the following diagrams: i state the size of the angle at the circumference standing on the arc AB (i.e. ACB) ii nd the size of the angle at the centre standing on the arc AB (i.e. AOB)
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a
C O 35 A B
b
C 30 O A P B 23
c
A C 65 56 B P
P A
18 C B 26
a Draw a circle and mark the position of the centre O and any three points A, B and P on the circumference, as shown. b Measure the size of the angle subtended at the centre by the arc AB. c Measure the angle subtended at P by the arc AB. d Discuss your results with the class.
O A B
Complete the following general proofs. C a Data: O is the centre of the circle. x Aim: To prove AOB = 2 ACB. y Proof: Let ACO = x and OCB = y. O In AOC, OAC = OCA ( ) A = x P Now, POA = + B (exterior angle of = sum of interior opposite angles) = 2x Similarly POB = 2y AOB = 2x + 2y = 2( ) = 2 ACB, i.e. the angle at the centre of a circle is double the angle at the circumference, standing on the same arc. b Data: O is the centre of the circle. Aim: To prove AOB = 2 ACB. Proof: Let OCA = x and OCB = y. P O Show that POA = 2x and POB = 2y. x y C A Now AOB = POB POA = = 2(y x) B But ACB = AOB = 2 ACB, i.e. the angle at the centre of a circle is double the angle at the circumference, standing on the same arc.
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Example 1
Find x, using the results of question 3. a
35 88 O
b
x
x O 240
a x = 2 35 = 70
88 = 2 x x = 44
c 240 = 2 x x = 120
Find x, using the results of question 3. a b

48 O x x O 23
c
35 O x
d
110 O x
e
86 O x
f
x O 100
g
72 O x
h
256 O x
Find x in each of the following (give reasons). a b

x O 30 52 O x
c
130 O x
O 68 x
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6
a Draw a circle and mark the position of any four points A, B, P and Q, as shown. i Measure the angle subtended at P by the arc AB. ii Measure the angle subtended at Q by the arc AB. iii Discuss your results with the class.
A
b Complete the following proof. Data: O is the centre of the circle. Aim: To prove APB = AQB. -- AOB Proof: APB = 1 ( 2
)
O
-- AQB = 1 ( ) 2 B A APB = AQB, i.e. angles at the circumference of a circle, standing on the same arc, are equal. This result is often stated as: angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Example 2
Find the values of the pronumerals. a
70 y x 60 D
b
A x P 110 40 C B
x y b ADB CPD 110 x
= 70 (s in same segment are equal) = 60 (s in same segment are equal) = 40 (s in same segment are equal) = PAD + ADP (exterior angle of = sum of interior opposite angles) = x + 40 = 70
Find the values of the pronumerals. a b

25 x 35 y 140 x
100 x 60
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d
w z 30 40 35 x y
e
10 50 x
a In a circle draw a diameter AB. Join the endpoints of AB to any point P on the circumference. Measure the size of APB.
P B O A
b i
Name the angle at the centre standing on the arc AB. ii What is the size of this angle? iii Name the angle at the circumference standing on the arc AB. iv Calculate the size of this angle.
B A O
c Complete the following proof. Data: AB is a diameter. O is the centre. Aim: To prove ACB = 90 Proof: AOB = 2 ACB ( But AOB = ( 2 ACB = ACB = 90, i.e. the angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
) )
A O B
d Prove the above theorem using the properties of isosceles triangles. (Let OAC = x and OBC = y.)
C
A O B
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Example 3
x r = 6.5 cm O O 35 x cm 12 cm
a x + 45 + 90 = 180 x = 55
x2 + 122 x2 + 144 x2 x
= 132 = 169 = 25 =5

x 63 y O 28
b
x cm r = 8.5 cm O 15 cm
10
a Draw a circle using a template. b Use a set square to nd the end points of a diameter and draw the diameter. c Repeat part b to nd another diameter and hence the centre of the circle. d Explain why the method is valid.
Se
qu ts
are
11
a Join any four points A, B, C and D, that lie on the circumference of a circle to form a quadrilateral. i Measure the size of all the interior angles of the quadrilateral. ii What do you notice about the sum of angles: BAD and BCD ABC and ADC? iii Discuss your results with the class.
B A
C D
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b Giving reasons, nd the size of: i AOC ii reex AOC iii ABC iv ADC + ABC v DAB + DCB
D 55
Concyclic points are points through which a circle can be drawn. Any three non-collinear points are concyclic (see Exercise 16B, question 5). If the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle then it is known as a cyclic quadrilateral.
a cyclic quadrilateral
not a cyclic quadrilateral
c Complete the following proof. A Data: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. Aim: To prove i ADC + ABC = 180 D ii DAB + DCB = 180 O Proof: i AOC = 2 ADC ( ) reex AOC = 2 ( ) But AOC + reex AOC = ( ) C i.e. 2 ADC + 2 ABC = 360 i.e. 2 (ADC + ABC) = 360 ADC + ABC = ii ABC +BCD + CDA + DAB = 360 ( ) BCD + DAB + 180 = 360 (using the result of i) BCD + DAB = i.e. the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Example 4
Find the values of the pronumerals. x + 80 x y + 108 y = 180 = 100 = 180 = 72
80 108 x y
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12
Find the values of the pronumerals. a y

x 105 54
b
110 O 38 x
13
a Draw a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD and produce DC to E. i Measure angles DAB and BCE. ii Discuss your results with the class. b Find x and y.
B A
D y C E
125
c Complete the following proof. A Data: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. CB is produced D to P. Aim: To prove ABP = ADC. Proof: Let ABP = x x ABC = (CBP a straight line) B ADC = ( ) C ABP = ADC, i.e. an exterior angle at a vertex of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.
Example 5
Find the values of the pronumerals.
y 115
x = 115 y = 95 (external of cyclic quadrilateral equal to interior opposite angle)
95
583
14
Find x. a
b
2x
152
94
15

x 70 O 65 y
30
x 20
d
80 x 55
e
z O 58
120 O 100 w
g
50 110 z
h
50 x 82
i
O y 130
28
106
j
O 50
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16
a Complete the following proof. P Data: O is the centre of the circumcircle of ABC. Let OB = R. Using the usual triangle notation, let the lengths O AB = c, BC = a and CA = b. C Construction: Draw the diameter BOP and join AP. Aim: To nd the radius, R, of the circumcircle. Proof: In ABP, PAB = (angle in a semicircle) sin APB = ------PB c = -----2R 2R sin APB = c c R = -------------------------------2 sin APB But APB = ACB ( ) = C c R = ------------------2 sin C a -. b Use BCP to show that R = ------------------2 sin A b -. c Draw diameter AOQ and show that R = ------------------2 sin B d Use parts a, b and c above to derive the sine rule for any triangle ABC.
Extension The following is an example of what is known as an indirect proof. In an indirect proof we assume the conclusion to be false and show that this assumption leads to a contradiction, hence the original conclusion must be true. 17 a Data: Aim: Construction: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the opposite angles are supplementary. To prove that A, B, C and D lie on a circle (i.e. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral). Since a circle can be drawn through any three non-collinear points, we draw the circle through A, B and C and assume that D does not lie on this circle. Two cases arise:
A P D A D P
B Case 1
C D outside circle
B Case 2
C D inside circle
Read and discuss the following proof for Case 1 and when you understand all the concepts involved complete the proof for Case 2.
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Case 1: Proof:
Let P be the point where the circle cuts AD and let ABC = x. ADC = 180 x APC = 180 x (data) (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)
ADC = APC But APC = ADC + DCP (exterior angle of PDC = sum of interior opposite angles) ADC = ADC + DCP This is impossible and thus the original assumption that D does not lie on the circle is false, i.e. A, B, C and D are concyclic points. Case 2: Let P be the point where the circle cuts AD produced and let ABC = x. Complete the proof. We have proved that: if the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the quadrilateral is cyclic. b Determine whether or not the following quadrilaterals ABCD are cyclic. (Give reasons.) i ii iii iv
A D 135 B A 55 B 65 C D C A 50 130 B D 130 C 130
45
c Which of the special quadrilaterals can always have a circle drawn through their vertices? 18 Use the method of indirect proof to prove: If an interval subtends equal angles at two points on the same side of the interval, then the two points and the two endpoints of the interval are concyclic, i.e. if ADB = ACB then ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
D C A B
E. TANGENTS AND SECANTS

A secant is a straight line that intersects a circle at two distinct points.
For example, AB is a secant.

B A
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A tangent is a straight line that intersects (or touches) a circle at one point only. For example, ABC is a tangent.
B A
The point of intersection (B ) is called the point of contact of the tangent with the circle. Through a given point on a circle only one tangent can be drawn.
Exercise 16E
1 a
O C A B
Draw a circle and a radius OB. At B draw the tangent ABC. Measure the size of OBC.
b
O
P Q R
Draw any tangent PQR to a circle. Join the centre to the point of contact. Measure the size of OQR.
From parts a and b we infer that: A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of contact.
Example 1
Find the values of the pronumerals. PT is a tangent. O is the centre. a
x
O 68 T P
12 cm 15 cm
x cm
O
a x + 68 + 90 = 180 x = 22
x2 + 122 x2 + 144 x2 x
= 152 = 225 = 81 =9
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Find the values of the pronumerals. PT is a tangent to the circle centre O. a b c

T x P O 6 cm T 70 O y cm 8 cm P w O T P 40
e
O z y x 36 T
f
O 80 x y P T P
O 38
x O 50 P T
h
x O y P T 40
i
35 O x P A O T B
The concentric circles with centre O have radii 6 cm and 8 cm. AB is a chord of the larger circle and a tangent to the smaller circle. Calculate the length of AB.
a Draw a circle of radius 30 mm. Mark the centre O and any point T on the circle. Using a straight edge and compasses only, construct the tangent at T.
b
O
Draw a circle of radius 30 mm and mark the centre O. Using a set square, draw all the tangents to the circle from an external point P.
P
c i
Draw a circle of radius 30 mm and mark the centre O. Mark any external point P. Bisect OP at M and draw the circle centre M and radius = MO. Draw PT and explain why it is a tangent. Draw the other tangent from P.
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ii Draw a circle centre O. Use the method of part i to construct the tangents to this circle from any external point. d Draw a circle using a template. Find the centre of the circle using tangents. Explain how your method works. e Draw a circle of radius 25 mm. Construct the smallest square that contains this circle.
Draw any line AB and mark a point O above the line. Construct a circle centre O such that AB is a tangent to this circle.
A
O B
The length of a tangent from an external point P to a circle is dened to be the distance from P to the point of contact of the tangent.
Find the length of the tangent PT. a

15 cm O 6 cm T P
b
O 4 cm T 24 cm P
c Find the length of the tangent to a circle of radius 10 cm from a point P if P is 35 cm from the centre. 5 a Draw the tangents PA and PB to any circle from the point P. Measure the lengths of PA and PB.
A
P B
b PT and PQ are the tangents from P to the circle, centre O. i Prove PTO PQO. ii Hence prove PT = PQ. So, the two tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are equal in length.
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Example 2
Find the values of the pronumerals. PA and PB are tangents. O is the centre.
A
x 2y + 40 2y y
= 12 = 180 = 140 = 70
12 cm 40 P y B x cm
a Find the values of the pronumerals. PA and PB are tangents. A i ii A

x cm 30 y B 21 cm B A 54 cm O x 65 y cm B P P O x y cm 80 15 cm P
iii
b The circle touches the sides of the quadrilateral ABCD at P, Q, R and S as shown. Find the angles of the quadrilateral PQRS.
A 110 S 60 D
B Q 100 C
c PQ, QR and RP are tangents. If PR = 9 cm, RW = 5 cm and RQ = 12 cm, nd PQ.

W
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d I is the incentre of PQR, RQ = 8 cm, PR = 9 cm and PQ = 7 cm. Find RB.

C I R
a Find the values of the pronumerals. PQ is a tangent. i ii

P y O w z 38 x P z O y
iii
P y
x 56 Q
x 78 Q
iv
x O 80
v
y w 150 Q P z x v
vi
P O 126 x Q
b Complete the following proof. A Data: PQ is a tangent to the circle centre O. B Aim: To prove BCQ = CAB. O Proof: Join CO and BO. Let BCQ = x. OCB = (tangent radius) P Q OBC = 90 x ( ) C COB = (angle sum of = 180) = 2x BAC = (angle at centre = 2 angle at circumference) BCQ = CAB, i.e. the angle between a tangent and a chord drawn to the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment. The chord BC divides the circle into two segments. BCQ is in the minor segment while BAC is in the alternate or other (major) segment.
591
Example 3
Find the values of the pronumerals. PQ is a tangent. a
x 130
P P Q
52
a x = 52
b x = 130

55 x x 136
c
y x 130
d
x 70
49 x
75 y
100 x 36
g
O 48 x
h
70 x
i
x 75 85 120
j
48 y O x 25
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A common tangent to two circles is a straight line that touches both circles. Four cases arise: 1 AB and CD are known as direct common tangents.
A B
D C
P S
PQ and RS are indirect common tangents.
PQ is a common tangent to the two circles that touch externally.

P
Q
PQ is a common tangent to the two circles that touch internally.
Q P
Two circles of radii 2 cm and 7 cm have their centres 13 cm apart. Find the length of the direct common tangent PQ.
Q 2 cm C
7 cm O 13 cm
10
a Draw two circles, centres C and O, that touch externally at the point P. Join CP and OP. Is CPO a straight line?
b Complete the following proof. Data: KPL is the common tangent to two circles with centres O and C that touch externally at P. Aim: To prove C, P and O are collinear. Proof: KPO = (tangent radius at point of contact) KPC = ( ) CPO = CPO is a straight line, i.e. C, P and O are collinear.
K C P O L
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c KPL is a common tangent to the two circles with centres C and O that touch internally at P. Prove that C, O and P are collinear. From parts b and c we conclude: When two circles touch, their centres and the point of contact are collinear. 11 a Draw two chords that intersect at P. Measure the lengths of the intervals AP, PB, CP and PD. Calculate: i AP PB ii CP PD
C A
K C O L P
D P B
b AB and CD are two chords of the circle that intersect at P. a Prove that APD is similar to CPB. b Write down all the equal ratios of sides in these two triangles. c Hence show that AP PB = DP PC i.e. the products of the intercepts of two intersecting chords of a circle are equal.
A P D
Example 4
Find x. x8 =74 8x = 28 x = 3.5
7 cm x cm 4 cm
8 cm
12
a Find x.
6 cm 8 cm x cm 3 cm
b Find x.
x cm 5 cm 8 cm C x A D P B 10 cm
c PQ = 24 cm XQ = 8 cm XL = 10 cm Find KX.
P
d AB = 40 cm PD = 25 cm CD bisects AB. Find x.
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e Find x.
4 cm
3 cm 8 cm x cm T P
13
a Draw the tangent PT and the secant PQR. Measure the lengths of the intervals PT, PR and PQ. Calculate: i PT 2 ii PR PQ
R
P T b Complete the following proof. Data: PT is a tangent to the circle. Aim: To prove PT 2 = TA TB. B Proof: In s PTB and ATP TPB = (angle between chord and tangent A = angle in alternate segment) PTB = ATP ( ) PTB is similar to ATP. ( ) c Let us separate and redraw these triangles. Write down all the equal ratios of sides. P T P T
B A
d Hence show that PT 2 = TA TB, i.e. the square of the length of a tangent from an external point equals the product of the intercepts of any secant from the point.
Example 5
PT = 7 cm and PB = 5 cm. Find AB. 72 = 5(5 + x) 49 = 25 + 5x 24 = 5x x = 4.8
A T P
595
14
a TA = 8 cm TB = 2 cm Find PT.
P B
CA = 12 cm BC = 3 cm Find DC.
A D
B C
c PQ = 10 cm QR = 5 cm Find QS and RS.
KL = 12 cm LN = 16 cm Find LM and MN.
N K M L
R P Q
e Find x.
x cm 4 cm 5 cm
Find x.
12 cm x cm 4 cm
g Find x.
x cm
Find x.
32 cm x cm
4 cm 10 cm
15
A person of height h metres stands on the surface of the earth assumed to be a sphere of radius R. a Show that the distance, d, to the horizon is given by d = h + 2 hR .
2
d R O
b Calculate the distance across level ground to the horizon that can be seen by a person of height 1.8 m. Use R = 6400 km. c The formula in part a is often given as d 2 hR . Use this formula to calculate the distance to the horizon seen by a person of height 1.8 m.
d Explain why this second formula gives the same answer as the rst, for many cases.
596
16
a Draw two secants, PAB and PCD, to a circle from an external point P. Measure the lengths of the intervals PA, PB, PC and PD. Calculate: i PA PB ii PC PD
B A P C D
12 cm B D
PT = 12 cm, TB = 6 cm, TC = 18 cm Find TA and TD. Is TA TB = TC TD?
A C T
c QS = 10 cm, RS = 40 cm, SV = 16 cm Find SW. Is SQ SR = SV SW?

R W
Q V
d Complete the following proof. Data: AB and CD are two secants that meet at T. Aim: To prove TB TA = TD TC. Construction: Draw the tangent TP. Proof: PT 2 = TB TA ( ) 2 also PT = ( ) TB TA = TD TC, i.e.
P B A C D T
the products of the intercepts of two intersecting secants to a circle from an external point are equal.
Example 6
Find x.
x cm
8 (8 + x) 64 + 8x 8x x
= 6(6 + 9) = 90 = 26 = 3.25
9 cm
8 cm 6 cm
597
17
Find x. a
x cm 3 cm 2 cm 5 cm
b
x cm 8 cm 6 cm 4 cm
c Find the values of the pronumerals.
y 9 cm 8 cm
4 cm
6 cm 3 cm
F. PROOFS USING CIRCLE THEOREMS

Exercise 16F
1 Prove that if two chords subtend equal angles at the centre of a circle then they are equal in length. Prove that if two chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle then the chords are equal in length. a Prove that BTD is similar to CTA. b Hence prove that TA TB = TC TD.
A B T
D C
O is the centre of the two concentric circles. ABCD is a straight line. Prove that AB = CD.
PQ and RS are two equal chords of the circle centre O. K and L are the midpoints of PQ and RS respectively. Prove that PKL = KLR.
P O K Q S L
598
6
P and Q are the centres of the circles that intersect at K and L. AKC is parallel to PQ. Prove that AC = 2 PQ.
A P
K Q L
AB and CD are parallel chords of the circle centre O. AP CD and BQ CD. Prove: a CP = QD b AC = BD
O D P Q C
O is the centre of the circle and AB = AC. Prove that COB = 4 OBA.
O C B
PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. PQ has been produced to T such that PTRS is a parallelogram. Prove that QRT is isosceles.
10
AC and BC are equal chords and CD is a tangent. Prove that AB || CD.
11
PQ is a tangent, QTS is a straight line and PQ || RS. Prove QRS = QTR.
Q T
599
12
AB and CD are chords that intersect at P. If AC || DB prove that CPB = 2 BDC.
P A A Q D
13
T
If AT = PT, prove that AP || QB.
P B C P B
14
If AP = AD, prove that CP = CB.
A K L T R A D M
15
S
Prove that KSM = RLM.
16
If BE || AD, prove that CA = CD.

P
B C E
17
If QS bisects PQR and PSR, prove that QRS = QPS = 90.

R
18
The two circles intersect at B and D. AB is a diameter and ABC and ADE are straight lines. Prove ACE = 90.
A
C B O E
600
19
O is the centre of the larger circle and OX is a diameter of the inner circle that touches the larger circle at X. XY is a chord that cuts the inner circle at P. Prove XP = PY.
O P
20
O Q
O is the centre of the circle. If OPQ = PRQ, prove that POQ = 90.
21
ABC and ADE are chords of a circle centre O and are also tangents at B and D to a concentric circle as shown. Prove AB = BC.
B O C
E D
22
O B C
O is the centre of the circle. AOC = 90 and CD is a tangent. Prove CD = CB.
23
PQR is inscribed in a circle. The tangents at R and Q meet at T. Prove RT = QT.
24
A
P B
PQ is a tangent to the circle centre O. If PB bisects QBA, prove that PQB = 90.
O
25
The two circles touch externally at X. If P is any point on the common tangent, prove that the tangents PQ and PT are equal in length.
Q X
601
26
PQ = PR and VW || QR. Prove that VWRQ is a cyclic quadrilateral.
W V Q R
27
T P B A
TP is a tangent. If PA = 3 PT, prove that AB = 8 PB.
Language in Mathematics
Name an angle: a subtended at the circumference by the chord PQ b subtended by the chord QR at the centre c standing on the arc SR d subtended at the circumference by the chord QS in the major segment e subtended at the circumference by the chord QS in the minor segment f in the same segment as STR
S T O P R
Draw a circle and mark any four points A, B, C and D on the circumference. On your diagram draw an angle: a subtended at the circumference by the chord AB b subtended by the chord BC at the centre c standing on the arc AC d subtended at the circumference by the chord BC in the major segment e subtended at the circumference by the chord AC in the minor segment f in the same segment as ADB Explain in your own words the meaning of: a collinear points b concyclic points
c a cyclic quadrilateral
602
4
Explain the difference in meaning between: a sector and segment b supplementary angles and complementary angles c alternate and alternative Draw diagrams to illustrate: a the point of contact of a tangent c a point equidistant from two lines
b the perpendicular bisector of an interval d an exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
Three of the words in the following list are spelt incorrectly. Find these words and write the correct spelling: vertex, diametre, tangent, interior, circumfrence, intersept
Glossary
alternate chord common diameter intercept minor radius semicircle vertex arc circle concyclic distinct interior non-collinear secant subtend vertices bisector circumference contact equidistant intersect perpendicular sector supplementary
CHECK YOUR SKILLS

1 Which of the following statements is not correct? A A is a tangent A B B is a sector B C C is a segment D D is a chord
C D
The angle at the circumference standing on the arc BC is: A BDC B B BCD A C BEC D BCE C E
centre collinear cyclic exterior major quadrilateral segment tangent
603
The values of the pronumerals are: A x = 35, y = 9 B x = 35, y = 4 C x = 55, y = 9 D x = 55, y = 4
9 cm
55 4 cm O x 9 cm y cm
The length of the chord PQ is: A B C D

Q
O 4 cm P 1 cm
5 cm 6 cm 8 cm 10 cm
C and O are the centres of the circles. PR = 6 cm, RO = 8 cm and PCR = 35. The values of x and y are: A x = 55, y = 6 P 6 cm B x = 35, y = 10 x 8 cm 35 R C x = 55, y = 10 C O D x = 35, y = 6 y cm
Q
The value of x is: A B C D 40 50 100 160
O 100 x
x 50
30
AOB is a diameter and CD AB. The value of x is: A 25 C B 40 x C 50 O 50 D 90 A B

D
604
9
The values of x and y are: A x = 110, y = 80 B x = 55, y = 40 C x = 70, y = 100 D x = 90, y = 120 x=
124
110 80 x y
10
A B C D
2x
28 56 62 124
11
PT is a tangent and O is the centre. The value of x is: A 25 T B 40 x C 50 40 D 80 O

P
12
AB and AC are tangents and O is the centre. The size of ACB is: A 20 B B 55 C 70 70 A O D 90
C
13
PQ is a tangent. The value of x is: A 10 B 50 C 80 x D 100

80 P
14
The two circles touch externally at B. C and O are the centres of the two circles. The size of ABD is: A A 80 D B 90 C 100 50 30 O C B D 140
605
15
AB and CD are chords that intersect at P. The value of x is: A 3 A B 8 D 6 cm C 12 2 cm P D 24

x cm C 4 cm B
16
PT is a tangent. The length of PT is: A 4 cm B 8 cm C 16 cm D 48 cm

R 12 cm
T Q P 4 cm
17
The value of x is: A 2 1 B 5 -3 C 6 D 10
4 cm C 8 cm x cm E B D
6 cm
If you have any difculty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections listed in the table. Question Section 1, 2 A 35 C 610 D 1117 E
REVIEW SET 16A

1 Copy the following diagrams and label as many parts as possible. a b
606
Name an angle: a subtended by the chord AB at the circumference b subtended at the centre by the chord AB c standing on the arc BC d subtended by the chord CE at the circumference in the minor segment Find the values of the pronumerals. O is the centre. a b
5 cm 40 x O
C O B
c
r
5 cm
15 cm
24 cm
5 cmO
Find the values of the pronumerals. P and Q are the centres of the circles.
P y 50
3 cm 4 cm Q x cm
Find the values of the pronumerals. O is the centre of each circle. a b c

y O 40 30 x x O 35 O 20 x
d
O
e
x 40
120 O
f
80 O x
y 100
Find the values of the pronumerals. O is the centre of each circle. T a b c

P O x T U 35 O x 56 P T x 75
PT is a tangent.
PT and PU are tangents.
PT is a tangent.
607
d
44 x 38
e
x cm O 4 cm 5 cm 7 cm
T x P 5 cm 4 cm
C and O are the centres. P is the point of contact of the circles. g

x cm 4 cm 5 cm 6 cm
PT is a tangent.
REVIEW SET 16B

1 Draw diagrams and identify the following parts of a circle: centre, radius, minor sector, major sector, tangent, secant, chord, arc, diameter, semicircle, segment Name an angle: a subtended by the chord BA at the circumference b subtended at the centre by the chord AB c standing on the arc ED d subtended by the chord DB at the circumference, in the minor segment Find the values of the pronumerals. O is the centre. a b
O x 100 x cm 4 cm 3 cm O 3 cm x D C B E O
c
40
Find the values of the pronumerals. P and Q are the centres of the circles.
y P 35 6 cm x cm Q
608
Find the values of the pronumerals. O is the centre. a b

84 O x
5 cm
70
100 x
8 cm O x cm
e
x x O 115
y 80
f
2x
O 70
94
Find the values of the pronumerals. O is the centre of each circle. a b

T 6 cm O 10 cm x cm P x 116 P R
PT is a tangent. c
x
PQ and PR are tangents. d

x
C 100 P
110 O
70 T
PT is a tangent. e
8 cm x cm 9 cm 6 cm
C and O are the centres. P is the point of contact of the circles. g

6 cm x cm 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm x cm T P 3 cm
PT is a tangent.

Chapter 16 - Year 9 Maths

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Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4 WM: S5.3.1S5.3.5

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

The value of x is: A 32 B 64 C 116 D 148

The value of x is: A 35 B 50 C 65 D 100

The values of the pronumerals in the gure are:

A x = 50, y = 10 B x = 50, y = 6 C x = 65, y = 10 D x = 65, y = 6

8 4 The length of the chord AB is: A 4 cm B 6 cm C 8 cm D 10 cm

AOB is a diameter. AB = 17 cm and BC = 15 cm. The length of AC is: A 15 cm B 17 cm C 2 cm D 8 cm

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

The values of x and y are: A x = 84, y = 116

C x = 168, y = 232 D x = 96, y = 64

PT is a tangent to the circle with centre O. The value of x is: A 10 B 40 C 50 D 70

PT is a tangent. The value of x is: A 3 B 4 C 6

The value of x is: A 5 B 9 C 14 D 18

TP is a tangent. The value of x is: A 20 B 40 C 60 D 80

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

B. CHORD PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

b Data: Aim: Proof:

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

C. USING CHORD PROPERTIES

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

P and Q are the centres.

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

AN = 18 cm and NB = 8 cm. Find the length of PQ.

D. ANGLE PROPERTIES OF A CIRCLE

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Find x, using the results of question 3. a b

Find x in each of the following (give reasons). a b

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

x y b ADB CPD 110 x

Find the values of the pronumerals. a b

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Find the values of the pronumerals. a

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

not a cyclic quadrilateral

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Find the values of the pronumerals. a y

x = 115 y = 95 (external of cyclic quadrilateral equal to interior opposite angle)

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Find the values of the pronumerals. a b

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

E. TANGENTS AND SECANTS

For example, AB is a secant.

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Find the values of the pronumerals. PT is a tangent to the circle centre O. a b c

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

Find the length of the tangent PT. a

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

a Find the values of the pronumerals. PA and PB are tangents. A i ii A

c PQ, QR and RP are tangents. If PR = 9 cm, RW = 5 cm and RQ = 12 cm, nd PQ.

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4

d I is the incentre of PQR, RQ = 8 cm, PR = 9 cm and PQ = 7 cm. Find RB.

a Find the values of the pronumerals. PQ is a tangent. i ii

Circle Geometry (Chapter 16) Syllabus reference SGS5.3.4