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This document will summarize many of the features of Mathcad 11 and how these features are used to solve physical chemistry problems. It is not a replacement for the Mathcad Reference Guide by Mathsoft. You need to enable Print Layout View in Word (View, Print Layout). You can CTRL-click any topic to go to any section or you can scroll down.
Contents
The Mathcad Window......................................................................................................... 2 Entering Text ...................................................................................................................... 3 Equations and Variables ..................................................................................................... 3 Important Warning about Typical Scientific Symbols ....................................................... 6 Selecting and Editing .......................................................................................................... 7 Variable Names................................................................................................................... 7 Units.................................................................................................................................... 8 Defining Your Own Units................................................................................................... 9 Easy Graphs ...................................................................................................................... 10 Range Variables and Graphs............................................................................................. 12 Zoom and Trace Functions in a Graph ......................................................................... 14 Data and Data Files: Excel Data ....................................................................................... 15 Entering Data into Mathcad .......................................................................................... 16 Copying Data from EXCEL.......................................................................................... 17 Numerical Calculations..................................................................................................... 17 Numerical Roots of Equations ...................................................................................... 18 Symbolic Calculation........................................................................................................ 19 Symbolic Integration..................................................................................................... 20 The Assume Keyword................................................................................................... 21 Partial Derivatives......................................................................................................... 22 Solving Equations ......................................................................................................... 22
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Style box
Insertion point
Math toolbar
Page boundary
If you do not see all the items in the graphic, go to View, Toolbars, and select the toolbars that you wish to see. Your first assignment is to check the various menu items to see what they contain. The page boundary shows you what will fit on a normal page when the document is printed. Material to the right of the boundary will print on the next page.
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The toolbar under the menu is the Standard toolbar and contains icons for: New document, Open document, Save, Print, Print Preview, and so on. These icons have tooltips (little tags that inform you of their functions). If you forget what an icon does, hold the mouse pointer over it for a second and the tooltip will appear. Note the red crosshair in the document window. This is the insertion point in Mathcad and any typed information will appear at this point. Clicking the mouse in a new location moves the insertion point (try it!).
Entering Text
In Mathcad, text is different from mathematics. Text information and math information have their separate fonts, colors, and styles. The formatting toolbar (the one right above the actual document) has a style box that informs you of the type of information that is being typed or selected in the document. The default style is variables so when you type, Mathcad assumes you are typing mathematics. If you wish to type text, first type a quotation mark, . The quote opens a text region in Mathcad and you can type any text that you wish. Click anywhere outside the text region to stop. Any good Mathcad document should contain text to annotate and explain the calculations. You can, and should, change the appearance of text to distinguish it from math. You can do this by typing Format, Style. This brings up the format dialog box. To change the text font, choose Normal and click modify. Click the font box and you may change the font style, size, and color. A good choice is to make text font a different color than the black font used for variables.
Forgetting the multiplication symbol (*) is the most common source of headaches for Mathcad beginners.
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A convenient way to see multiplication is to go to Tools, Worksheet options, Display. If you make the multiplication symbol a dot, large dot, or , it will be hard to miss.
You must first define a variable before you use it in a calculation. In the example below, x is not defined at the beginning and is highlighted by Mathcad in red (an error):
x 5 x = x := 14 x 5 x = 126
2 2
result of function
To define a variable, use the := operator. You enter this by typing a colon. The := is an assignment operator in Mathcad; it states that the variable on the left is assigned the value or expression on the right. You cannot define an expression on the right side of this operator; 14 := sin(x) will produce an error. Some typical uses: Try the assignment operator by typing x:12.5 and observe the result. Common mathematical functions can be found by using the function icon, f(x) on the toolbar. Try defining a new variable to be the cosine of y and set y equal to 15.
x := 12.5 Sine := sin ( x) Sine = 0.066 we assign x a value We define Sine as sin(x) We print Sine
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To evaluate an expression, use the normal equals sign just as you would in normal mathematics.
y ( x) := 27 x + x := 12.5 y ( x) = 4222.286 x := 195 y ( x) = 1.027 10
6 2
a faster and easier approach; the function is already defined as y(x) so we can place any value of x into the expression y ( 12.5) = 4222.286 y ( 195) = 1.027 10
6
Notice that the function is always on the left side of the assignment operator. An expression such as 12 := x makes no sense to Mathcad.
Exercise: Define a variable to represent the distance as a function of time. The distance follows this expression: initial_position + 11.5*time + 1.2*time2. Set the initial position to 255 and calculate the position at time = 2, 12, 25.
Exercise: Harmonic motion follows a sinusoidal pattern: position = amplitude*sin(time) + phase. Define a variable to represent the position as a function of time when the amplitude is 1.5 and the phase is zero. Calculate the position at time = 0, 12, 24, 44. What change to position occurs if the phase changes?
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This problem also occurs for T. We like to use T for temperature, but it represents Tesla, the built-in unit for magnetic flux density. You can use T in this manner: T = 325 K, where K is the symbol for kelvin temperature. Another problem exists for the letter e. We typically use e as the charge on an electron but in Mathcad, e represents the base of natural logarithms (e = 2.781828.). Mathcad also writes e as exp as in ex = exp(x).
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Once a part of an expression is selected, you can cut it, delete it, or copy it. You can also edit it by substituting different operators. Text is edited in the same manner. Any selected item can be pasted into another document such as a Word document or an Excel spreadsheet. All of the Mathcad work in this primer was pasted directly from Mathcad into Word.
Variable Names
Mathcad allows almost any name for a variable as long as the name is not a predefined function. Some example variables are:
x y velocity temperature initial_conc
Variable names can be any combination of alphanumeric characters. These names should begin with a letter and should not contain symbols except for the underscore( _ ), percent ( % ), or a prime( ` ). You cannot use unit symbols or built-in functions as names (to see a list of built-in functions, click the f(x) on the toolbar). Some examples of variables are: This_is_a_variable Mass_proton Variable_4 V 1st_value Sin(X) okay okay okay okay invalid; begins with a number. invalid; sin is a built-in function.
A list of predefined functions can be found by clicking the f(x) icon on the toolbar.
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As simple example of variables, we calculate P from the ideal gas law. Define some values and evaluate the pressure.
V := 12 P := n R T V R := 0.0821 P = 3.848 T := 225 n := 2.5
The variables are defined in the first line; P is then defined (as nRT/V) and evaluated. If any variable is left undefined, the undefined quantities will be in red (an error). In this example, we delete the definition for V, therefore P cannot be calculated.
R := 0.08205 P := n R T V P= T := 225 n := 2.5
You can put a subscript as part of a variable name by using the period character on the keyboard. If we type v.initial (thats v period initial), we get vinitial in the document. Subscripted variable names can be quite useful.
Units
By default, Mathcad will use the SI unit system for all calculations. You can change this in the Tools, Worksheet options, Display command. Go to the Units tab and choose a system of units or set it to none. You enter a unit for any quantity by multiplying a numerical value by the unit. If you want a volume of 15 liters, you type V:15*L. The previous gas law example, with units is:
V := 15 L R := 0.08205 L atm mol K T := 225 K n := 2.5 mol
P :=
n R T V
P = 3.118 10 Pa
Mathcad automatically cancels units and produces the result in Pascals (the default SI unit for pressure). If you prefer a different unit for the result, click the expression and a black box will appear after the Pa unit. Double-click this box and a set of possible units will be shown; you can choose the units you want. Here we change the answer to atmospheres.
P := n R T V P = 3.077atm
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An easy way to see the defined units in Mathcad is to click the measuring cup on the toolbar. Choose any type of quantity (length, mass, etc.) and Mathcad will display the possible units.
pm := 10
Note that it is 1012 * m! Dont forget the multiplication operator. Mathcad also has a table of reference data that contains physical constants. These data can be copied and pasted into any Mathcad document. Click the Resource center icon on the toolbar (it looks like a book); click on quicksheets and reference tables; click reference tables and then physical constants. The Resource center is also an excellent source for help, and the quicksheets are quite useful to show you how to do certain calculations in Mathcad. When you use units in calculations, Mathcad checks the units and will not work with incompatible units. You will get an error message.
V := 15 L New_Vol := V + R R := 0.08205 L atm mol K
The bar is the preferred unit of pressure, but Mathcad does not have the bar in its units database. You must define it as we did for picometers earlier. By definition: 1 bar 105 Pa.
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Easy Graphs
Mathcad has a method for developing an xy graph of any simple function. To illustrate the method, lets graph the sine of x. Start a new document and put the cursor where you want the graph. From the menu, choose Insert, Graph, XY Plot. You will see an empty graph with black boxes (placeholders). You can cycle through the placeholders by using the TAB key.
Type x in the placeholder on the x-axis and then type sin(x) in the box on the y-axis. The graph will change to:
1
sin( x)
10
0 x
10
Mathcad makes a guess at the limits, in this case: 10 to +10. Plot the function y = x3 4 x 2 + 15 . From the menu, choose Insert, Graph, XY Plot. You will see an empty graph. Type x in the x-axis box, and type the expression, x3 4 x 2 + 15 , in the y-axis box:
1000 0 x 4 x + 15 1000
3 2
2000
10
0 x
10
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One more graph example. We can define a function and then graph it by placing the f(x) in the y-placeholder:
f ( x) := 7 x + 0.25 x 2
30 20 f ( x) 10 0 10 0 5 10
If the range of values on the x or y axis is not appropriate, you can change them by clicking the graph. Values in placeholders will show for the maximum and minimum x and y ranges. In the example, the maximum y is 22.636.
22.636 30 20 f ( x) 10 0
2 10
0 0
5 x
10 10
Click inside any value and edit it to your liking. Here the maximum y has been changed to 10 and the maximum x to 5.
10 5 f ( x) 0 5
2 x
If you double-click the graph, a dialog box will open that allows you to change any properties of the graph including whether it will be displayed as lines, points, or a combination of both; the color of the lines, labels for the axes, and a graph title. For the title to show, you must be sure to check the show title box (dont ask why).
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What if we did not want to increase the pressure in unit steps, but we want increase it by steps of 0.25 starting at 1? In this case, we need to define another variable. We cannot change the range of i to be 1, 1.25, 1.50because i is the index for P. We can have P1, P2, or P3, but we cant have P1.25. One way around this problem is shown below. We define i and an increment that depends on i.
i := 1 .. 12 P := 1 + incr
i
incr := i 0.25
i
The new range variable (incr) changes the increment values to 0.25 times the index. Suppose you want a range of x-data for a graph that starts at 12.5, increments at 0.01, and ends at 22. You enter this as: x colon 12.5 comma 12.51 semicolon 22.
defining a range
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Note that the second number (12.51) is the next value in the sequence and it is not the increment to be added to the initial value. We can also produce variables that are functional forms. For instance, we can define a range of pressures and then define a variable such as V(P) that depends on the pressure range. This method of using range variables is shown next. In this example, we use the pressure itself as the range variable. We define the compressibility in terms of both pressure and temperature, and that allows us the option of evaluating and plotting multiple functions simultaneously.
Z( p , T) := 1 +
1 R T
p + a 2 b a p 2 R T R T 3 3 R T
a
100
200 p
300
400
500
Note how Z(p,T). The pressure is defined in the range and we plot three different temperatures: 1379, 300, and 500 K. Multiple arguments on the y-axis are entered and separated with a comma. To enter these functions we would type: Z(p, 1379), Z(p, 300), Z(p, 500) into the y placeholder on the graph.
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Zoom: Move the Zoom dialog box to the side. Click and hold at the point in the graph that you wish to begin the Zoom; drag a rectangular box until it encompasses the region you wish. Finish by clicking Zoom or OK in the dialog box. Trace: Move the Trace dialog box to the side. Click anywhere in the graph; the points will show in the Trace box. If the Track Data Points box is checked, Mathcad will skip from one data point to the next. It will not provide data (interpolate) between the points.
The variable PZ is defined as the data set given by the url, C:\..\co2.txt. The variable PZ contains the pressure and compressibility data for the gas. To separate the pressure and
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compressibility data, we extract the columns of the data matrix. P is in the first column (Mathcad labels it as zero) and the compressibility is in the second column (Mathcad labels it as one). To extract each column use the Extract Column command from the matrix palette or use CTRL6. You need to type in the column number that you want to extract. We define P as the first column of our data matrix and z as the second column:
0 P := PZ 1 z := PZ
Now we have two variables of data and we can work with them just as we did for any other range of data. A graph of the data is:
1 z := PZ
0.8 z 0.6
0.4
200 P
400
600
1 5 7 9 12
P =7
3
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Another method of entering data is to define a variable as a matrix. For example, we can define X as a matrix of five elements in this manner: Type X : to produce the assignment operator; then choose Insert, Matrix from the toolbar. In the dialog box, choose 5 rows and 1 column. You should have: X := You can now type values into the matrix.
Numerical Calculations
Mathcad can solve many problems numerically using common algorithms. As you have already seen, numerical computations are trivial:
77 + e = 63.373
4
Integrals are evaluated using a modified Romberg algorithm, a method that is superior to the trapezoidal rule:
5 x dx = 121.5
0 3
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root(f(x),x)
The root function obtains roots by successive approximation and it needs an initial guess for the root. This guess can be supplied after graphing the function and observing where the function crosses the x-axis. As an example, we will find the roots of: f ( x) = x3 31x 2 700 x + 5 .
Roots of the equation
3 2
f ( x) := x 31 x 700 x + 5 Graph the function to estimate roots. You will need to adjust the limits on the x axis to see all the roots. A cubic equation should have three roots (although some roots may be imaginary). In the graph, the three roots are easily seen. The roots are at -15, 0, and 45 (all values are approximate).
2 .10
4
f ( x) 0 2 .10
4
4 .10
20
0 x
20
40
answer := root ( f ( x) , x)
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Warning: Always graph the function or try many initial estimates to be sure you have the correct root.
Exercise: Find the third root of the function. Mathcad can also find the roots by symbolic calculation. In this example, we use the same function, f ( x) = x3 31x 2 700 x + 5 , but we do not write it as a definition (that is, we leave out the f(x) part). Select any x in the expression, and then select Symbolics, Variable, Solve
x 31 x 700 x + 5.
3 2
Note the decimal point after the 5 in the expression. Without a decimal number, Mathcad will solve analytically without substituting numbers into the expression. For numerical problems, this can be cumbersome. Exercise: Remove the decimal point after the 5 and solve to see the result. Also, note that Mathcad provides all three roots by this method.
Symbolic Calculation
A powerful feature of Mathcad is the ability to do symbolic algebra and calculus. The commands are located in the Symbolics menu on the toolbar and also on the Symbolics palette (the graduation hat icon). Symbolic calculations can either be static or live. A live symbolic calculation is automatically updated when a change is made to the document; a static calculation is not updated. Static symbolic work is accomplished by using the commands on the symbolics menu; live symbolic calculation is accomplished using the symbolics equal sign, . As an example, lets find the derivative of sin(5x) using the static method. Type sin(5x) into a worksheet (dont forget the * for multiplication), select the x, and then click Symbolics, Variable, Differentiate. The result, 5cos(5x) will appear below your expression. Another option can be set to improve readability. Click Symbolics, Evaluation Style, and check the box that says Show Comments. Repeat the sin(5x) example and note the difference.
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If we use live symbolics to perform the same derivative, we would first enter the derivative symbols from the calculus palette (the one with the integral). Fill in the placeholders with sin(5x) and x. Type CTRL . (Control period) and you should see the live symbolics arrow (this is equivalent to an equals sign). Click anywhere and the result, 5cos(5x) should appear. The difference in live symbolics is that any change is immediately reflected in the result. Change the 5 to 17 and observe.
d sin ( 17 x) 17 cos ( 17 x) dx
Symbolic calculations from the menu do not update in this manner as you can show for yourself.
Symbolic Integration
Symbolic integration works in the same manner as differentiation. We can evaluate both definite and indefinite integrals. Use the integral symbol from the calculus palette.
sin ( x) dx cos ( x) sin ( x) dx cos ( 5) + cos ( 1)
1 5
5.0
sin ( x) dx .256
1.0
and
( r , , ) := e
7 r
cos ( )
( r , , ) r sin ( ) dr d d
2 2
1 1029
Notice that in the second example, the function was defined and then substituted into the integral.
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ax 2
dx
exp a x dx
This is Mathcads way of telling you it cannot evaluate the expression; the result is the same as the original. We must inform Mathcad that a > 0, and we use the assume keyword for this. Write the integral and then press CTRL SHIFT. (Control shift, period, pressed simultaneously) to produce the symbolics equal sign and a placeholder. You can also use the from the symbolics palette if you prefer. In the placeholder, type assume, a>0, then click outside the integral to see the result.
a x
dx assume , a > 0
1 2 1 2 a
Mathcad sometimes has problems with the assume command and multiple integrals.
Z r
R( Z , r) := 2
Z r
e ao
ao
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Partial Derivatives
Mathcad easily evaluates partial derivatives. In fact, Mathcad always assumes it is taking the partial derivative.
x
x y y
Partial derivatives:
define a function of x,y,z f ( x, y , z) := 5 x y + 6 z
3 2 3
z y
f ( x, y , z) 18 z
f ( x, y , z) 10 x y
f ( x, y , z) 15 x y
2 2
Solving Equations
Mathcad can symbolically solve a single equation for an unknown or it can solve a set of equations for multiple unknowns. These calculations are done in solve blocks, a construct that is defined in Mathcad by the words given and find. A solve block always begins with the word given. This is followed by the equation or equations to be solved. The result is evaluated in the find command. Solve block use only the symbolics equal sign typed as CTRL =. It appears as a bold equal in the document. A typical example is:
find the maximum in a function
Z r
R( Z , r) := 2
Z r
e ao
ao
define a function
Given d R( Z , r) dr 0 ao Z
Begin the solve block this is a symbolic equals sign typed by CTRL =
Find( r) 3
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Mathcad can solve multiple equations in multiple unknowns. Remember to use the symbolics equal sign here (CTRL=).
Given R r2 r1 m2 r2
m1 r1
You can also solve for limits in integrals. The following example shows how to find the radius, d, where the probability of finding the electron is 90% (or 0.9).
FInding Limits to make integral value
d := 3 Given
( 2. 2) 4
1 d
sin ( ) d
d r 2 2 ( 2 r) e r dr 0.9 2
Find( d ) = 9.125
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( x) = cf ( x) where O is an operator. A An eigenvalue is a constant in the equation, Of ( x) Of . simple method for finding an eigenvalue is to rearrange the equation: c = f ( x) 2 x sin and eigenfunction of the derivative a a operator? If so, what is the eigenvalue? Example: is the function ( x) =
( x) := 2 a sin
x a
1 2
2 1 d x ( x) 2 a cos a a dx
2
2
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