06-361 Unit Operations Spring, 2001

Key to Homework #1
1a.)
Countercurrent Flow Co-Current Flow
Eor countercurrent Ilow, a energy balance over the portion oI the heat exchanger Irom
x0 to xx and either one oI the Iluids yields (2) Irom Lecture #3:
q m c T T
m c T T
c pc c ca
h ph h hb
=
=

where q is the rate oI heat transIer over this portion oI the exchanger. Eor co-current
Ilow, the analogous result is
q m c T T
m c T T
c pc c ca
h ph ha h
=
=

Solving Ior T
h
and T
c
, we still have a linear
relationship with q:
T T
m c
q
c ca
c pc
= +

T T
m c
q
h ha
h ph
=

although the relationship Ior T

h
is diIIerent
Ior co-current Ilow than Ior countercurrent.
Thus T vs q is still linear, so that
d T
dq
T T
q
T
A A A
= =

const
2 1
0
where AT T T
ha ca 1
=
and AT T T
hb cb 2
=
06-361 page 2 on HWK #1 Spring, 2001
The remainder oI the derivation is identical to that in Lecture #2. Eventually, we obtain
q UA T

= A
where
A
A A
A
A
T
T T
T
T
L
=

2 1
2
1
ln
(1)
The only diIIerence in the Iinal Iormula are the values oI the T`s:
A
A
T T T
T T T
ha ca
hb cb
1
2
=
=

Ior co-current Ilow

whereas
A
A
T T T
T T T
hb ca
ha cb
1
2
=
=

Ior countercurrent Ilow

1b.) II hot stream is condensing steam, then its
temperature remains constant as long as
liquid and vapor co-exist:
T
h
(x) const T
bp
Ior all 0xL. Once again, T
h
, T
c
and T are
all linear Iunctions oI q, so that the slope is a
constant:
d T
dq
T T
q
T
A A A
= =

const
2 1
0
Again we eventually obtain the same design equation given by (1) except that the values
oI T`s are
A
A
T T T
T T T
bp ca
bp cb
1
2
=
=

Ior condensing steam

2a.) Geankoplis Prob. 4.3-8
The design equation Ior heat exchangers is given by (4.3-13):
o o i i
q U A T U A T = A = A (2)
where the overall heat transIer coeIIicient U
o
is computed Irom the sum-oI-resistances
Iormula (4.3-18):
1 1 1
o w o
o i i w o
L
D x D
U h D k h D
= + + (3)
06-361 page 3 on HWK #1 Spring, 2001
Geankoplis deIines 'resistance as the driving Iorce divided by the heat duty:
1 1
o o i i
T
R
q U A U A
A
= =

(4)
This represents the total resistance to heat transIer. The individual contributions can be
determined by dividing (3) by A
o
D
o
L:
1 1 1
w
o o i i o o w
L
x
U A h A h A k A
= + + (5)
We could also use (4.3-17), but we choose (somewhat arbitrarily) to use U
o
instead. The
problem statement gives us values Ior the two Iilm coeIIicients:
h
i
500 btu/(hr-It
2
-E)
h
o
1500 btu/(hr-It
2
-E)
Knowing the pipe size (2, schedule 40), we can look up its dimensions using Table A.5-
1. Using L 1 It, we can also compute the areas:
D
i
2.067 in and A
i
D
i
L 0.541 It
2
D
o
2.375 in and A
o
D
o
L 0.622 It
2
x
w
0.154 in
Erom this, we can compute D
L
Irom (4.3-6):
0
2.217 in
ln
o i
L
i
D D
D
D
D

= = and A
L
D
L
L 0.581 It
2
To calculate the overall transIer coeIIicient Irom (3), we will need the thermal
conductivity oI the pipe wall, which can be Iound in Table A.3-16. The value Ior 1
carbon steel does not seem to be very sensitive to temperature, so we will pick the value
at 100C:
k
w
45 W/(m K)
Armed with these values, we can calculate each oI the resistances in (5):
1 K hr- E
7.01 0.00370
kW btu
i
i i
R
h A

= =
K hr- E
1.61 0.0085
kW btu
w
w
w
L
x
R
k A

= =
06-361 page 4 on HWK #1 Spring, 2001
1 K hr- E
2.03 0.00107
kW btu
o
o o
R
h A

=
Adding these resistances, we obtain
K hr- E
10.65 0.00562
kW btu
R

= =

Although it`s not asked Ior, the relative contributions to the total resistance are:
inner Iilm pipe wall outer Iilm
0.658 0.151 0.191
Dividing the total resistance into the overall driving Iorce T 220-70 150 E
4
150 E btu
2.67 10 7.82 kW
hr- E
hr
0.00562
btu
q

= = =

2b.) The total resistance can also be expressed in terms oI the U `s by (4). Solving Ior U
i
:
U
i
329 btu/(hr-It
2
-E) 1.868 kW/(m
2
-C)
2c.) Solving (4) Ior U
o
:
U
o
286 btu/(hr-It
2
-E) 1.625 kW/(m
2
-C)
3a.) Geankoplis Prob. 4.5-3
The heat duty and outlet temperature Ior the cold water can calculated Irom (4.5-24):


p o i p i o T
mc T T m c T T q ' ' ' ' = = (6)
where the subscripts i and o denote inlet and outlet, respectively. The Iollowing inIo is
given in the problem statement:
c
p
2.85 kJ/(kg-K) m 7260 kg/hr T
i
377.6K T
o
344.3K
T
i
288.8K m 4536 kg/hr U
o
653 W/(m
2
-K)
The heat capacity oI the cooling water can be read Irom Table A.2-5. Although the table
shows heat capacity depends on temperature (and we don`t know the outlet temperature),
we note that heat capacity is relatively insensitive to temperature. So we just take some
temperature above the inlet temperature and use the corresponding heat capacity:
c
p
4.181 kJ/(kg-K)
Using the available values, we can compute both q and T
o
Irom (6):
06-361 page 5 on HWK #1 Spring, 2001
q 191 kW and

325 K
Eor countercurrent Ilow, the inlet Ior the hot and cold Iluids are on opposite ends oI the
heat exchanger, so the driving Iorce at either end is
T
1
T
i
- T
o
52.5K
T
2
T
o
- T
i
55.5K
Computing the log-mean oI these two values:
2 1
2
1
54.0
ln
lm
T T
T K
T
T
A A
A = =
A
A
Solving our design equation (2) Ior A
o
:
o
o lm
q
A
U T
= =
A
5.43 m
2
3b.) Eor cocurrent Ilow, the inlet Ior the hot and cold Iluids are on the same ends oI the heat
exchanger, so the driving Iorce at either end is
T
1
T
i
- T
i
88.8K
T
2
T
o
- T
o
19.2K
Computing the log-mean oI these two values:
2 1
2
1
45.4
ln
lm
T T
T K
T
T
A A
A = =
A
A
Solving our design equation (2) Ior A
o
:
o
o lm
q
A
U T
= =
A
6.45 m
2
Notice that Ior cocurrent Ilow, the average driving Iorce is smaller and so the area
required is larger than Ior countercurrent Ilow. This is a general result.
4.)
06-361 page 6 on HWK #1 Spring, 2001
5.) Geankoplis Prob. 4.5-7.
Eirst we check to see iI the Ilow is laminar or turbulent. Eor this we will need to calculate
the Reynolds number. At 101.3 kPa and 283.2K (close to the inlet conditions), the
density and viscosity oI air can be read Irom Table A.3-3:
101.3 kPa, 283.2K: 1.246 kg/m
3
(7)
1.7810
-5
Pa-s
Erom the problem statement:
D
i
12.7 mm and v 24.4 m/s
The Reynolds number is calculated as
Re
21, 300
i
vD
N

= =

Since this is well above 2100, we know the Ilow will be turbulent. The Prandtl number
turns out to be 0.7 and L/D Ior the tube is 120. Under these conditions, the heat transIer
coeIIicient h
L
can be calculated Irom (4.5-8). UnIortunately, using (4.5-8) in this trial-
and-error problem requires extensive interpolation oI the physical properties given in
Table A.3-3, which depend on temperature. Eor air at 1 atm pressure, we can instead
approximate the heat transIer coeIIicient h
L
using (4.5-9):
0.8
0.2
3.52
L
v
h
D
= (8)
where v is expressed in m/s and D is expressed in m, then h
L
is obtained in W/m
2
-K.
The heat-exchanger design equation is given by (4.5-26) and (4.5-27):

2 1
2 1
2 2
1 1
ln ln
w w
i i lm i i L i
w
w
T T T T
T T
q U A T U A h D L
T T T
T T T

A A
= A = = t
A
A
(9)
The problem statement suggests that we can treat the inside wall temperature T
w
as a
constant 372.1K. This, in turn, suggests that the outside Iilm resistance and the
resistance oI the pipe wall are negligible. Then (4.3-17) yields U
i
h
i
h
L
, which was
used to obtain the second equality above. The heat duty q is also related to the change in
temperature oI the air stream (4.5-24):

2 1 p
q mc T T = (10)
Equations (9) and (10) constitute two equations in two unknowns: the heat duty q and
outlet temperature T
2
. Eliminating q leaves a trancendental equation in T
2
which will
have to be solved numerically. BeIore proceeding, we need to evaluate some oI the
06-361 page 7 on HWK #1 Spring, 2001
symbols appearing in these two equations. The mass Ilowrate is calculated as vA
c
.
Although the Iluid density and cross-sectional average velocity v inside the tube depend
on temperature, the mass Ilowrate does not. So we can use any temperature to evaluate
m. Since the problem statement provides a value Ior v at the inlet conditions, we will
evaluate at those some conditions. Correcting (7) Ior temperature using the ideal gas
law:
3
kg 283.2 K
1.246
m
T
| | | |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
At T 288.8K, this yields 1.222 kg/m
3
Substituting D
i
12.7 mm and L 1.52 m, the heat exchanger area is
A D
i
L 0.0606 m
3
while the cross-sectional area oI the pipe is
2
4 2
1.267 10 m
4
i
c
D
A

t
= =
Using v 24.4 m/s at the inlet conditions, the mass Ilowrate is
m vA
c
3.7810
-3
kg/s (11)
The heat capacity oI air is virtually insensitive to temperature (see Table A.3-3):
c
p
1.009 kJ/kg-K
Einally, in order to evaluate h
L
Irom (8) we will need to correct the average Iluid velocity
v Ior temperature. In order to obtain the same mass Ilowrate Irom (11) at each
temperature, v must be inversely proportional to or directly proportional to T:
1 2
1
m m
24.4 24.4
s 288.8 K s 2
T T T
v
T
| | +
| || | | |
= =
| | | |

\ .\ . \ .
\ .
(12)
To obtain the average h
L
we should use an average v which we evaluate at the average oI
the inlet and outlet air temperatures:

2 T T + , where T
1
288.8 K is the inlet air
temperature.
06-361 page 8 on HWK #1 Spring, 2001
Now we are in a position to
evaluate the heat duty q Irom either
(9) or (10), assuming diIIerent
values Ior the outlet temperature
T
2
. The inlet temperature remains
Iixed at T
1
288.8 K. The results
are summarized in the graph at
right. The outlet temperature
ranges Irom the inlet value 288.8
K to the wall temperature 372.1
K. The actual outlet temperature
corresponds to the intersection oI
these two curves:
T
2
359.8 K
which corresponds to an average heat transIer coeIIicient oI
h
L
119.1 W-m
-2
-K
-1
300 320 340 360
0
200
400
600
eq. (5)
eq. (4), adjusting v according to (7)
eq. (4) with v 24.4 m/s
Assumed Outlet Temperature (degK)
H
e
a
t

D
u
t
y

(
W
)
359.8