tili FILE COPY

NSWC TR 87-96
4

AD-A180 901
NOTES ON A PARACHUTE OPENING FORCE

ANALYSIS APPLIED TO A VERTICAL TOWARD-THE-EARTH TRAJECTORY

BY WILLIAM P. LUDTKE

UNDERWATER SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT

28 MAY 1987

ELEC i JUN 0 9 1987

Approved for pubhrC release, distributson is unli 'imted.

!~ j CENTER NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS 6

Dahigren, Virginia 22448-5000 9 Silver Spring, Maryland 20903-5000

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

Is. REPORT SECURITY' CLASSIFICATION 1b. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS

IIN rL.T.Aqq FT RD 'a, SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY

2b.

3. DISTRIBUTION/ AVAILABILITY OF REPORT

DECLASSIFICATION I DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE

Approved for public releasedistribution is unlimited.

5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)

4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S)

NSWC TR 87-96
6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL (If applicable) 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

Naval Surface Weapons Center

6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)

(U13)
7b. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code)

10901 New Hampshire Ave. Silver Spring, MD 20903-5000

Sa. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING ORGANIZATION Sc. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL (If applicable) 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFPCATION NUMBER

10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. PROJECT NO. TASK NO. WORK UNIT ACCESSION NO.

N/A
11. TITLE (Include Security Classification)

4U8IVA

N/A

NI A

NOT.ES ON A PARACAtUTE OPEihING FORCE A:iALYSIS APPLIED TO A V7,TTICAL 7OUA,,D-IThE-EA'1T1 TRAJECTORY 1,. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) WILLIAM P. LUDTKE .3a.TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATFJ O REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 15. PAGE COUNT 28 87 TO 1987 FROM 1986 Final
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

.17.

COSATI CODES

18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)
_

FIELD

GROUP

SUB-GROUP

Vertical Deoloyment

Ooenino Shock
,

01

03

Vertical Inflation Time

larachute Technology

Calculation Methods
Limiting Ballistic Mass Ratiof

19. .A4STRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)

."Recovery of payloads from high altitude often requires the deployment of parachutes on trajectories that are essentially vertical and toward the earth. The parachute opening shock force developed by a parachute deployed in this manner exceeds the opening shock force of the same parachute system deployed horizontally at the same altitude and velocity. As the deployment trajectory angle varies from horizontal to vertical; the opening shock force increases to a maximum. dence, the vertical trajectory has special significance. This report develops an analysis to permit the calculation of opening shock forces in vertical deployment. The validity of the rule of thumb that "the vertical deployment opening shock force exceeds the horizontal shock force by one "" is tested, and criteria are developed. Examples are used to demonstrate applications of the approach, and a method of calculatinp the inflation time of Solid Cloth parachutes in vertical fall developed. ,
20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT O'-UNCLASSIFIEDIUNLIMITED I] SAME AS RPT. 21. AOSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION uNCL,\SSIFIED 22b. TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOll

[]DTIC USERS

hZaI NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL WILLIAM P. LIUDTKI-,

DO FORM

202/394-.705
83 APR edition may be used until exhausted. All other editions are obsolete.
i.

U13
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MAR

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S1UIYCA9FCAIMO MSP

NSWC TR 87-96

FOREWORD

Recovery of payloads from high altitude often requires the deployment of parachutes on trajectories that are essentially The parachute opening shock force vertical and toward the earth. developed by a parachute deployed in this manner exceeds the opering shock force of the same parachute system deployed As the deployment horizontally at the same altitude and velocity. trajectory angle varies from horizontal to vertical, the opening Hence, the vertical shock force increases to a maximum. This report develops an trajectory has special significance. analysis to permit the calculation of opening shock forces in The validity of the rule of thumb that "the vertical deployment. vertical deployment opening shock force exceeds the horizontal shock force by one "g" is tested, and criteria are developed. Examples are used to demonstrate applications of the approach and a method of calculating the inflation time of solid cloth parachutes in vertical fall is developed. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Mr. Hensel Brown of the Strategic Systems Department for his valuable Mr. Brown developed the computer programs and assistance. conducted numerous background calculations for this report.
Appr ved by:

DA.E. GOELLER, Head Dr.. Underwater Weapons Division

A, .C7C(
'C,,.., ,lkIA
* -. * . *** . .. \ *

cci

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......

......

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*I

NSWC TR 87-96

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION APPROACH
.......

.
...

.
...

.
....

.
...

.
...

.
...

.
...

.
...

.
.....

.
.

.
.

.
........

.
...

.
...

.
...

.
...

.
...

.
...

.
.

.
.

1 3

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS..........................................23 REFERENCES........................................................25 APPENDIX A--AIAA PAPER NO. 73-477, "A TECHNIQUE FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE OPENING-SHOCK FORCES FOR SEVERAL TYPES OF SOLID CLOTH PARACHUTES'"......................................A-i APPENDIX B--A GUIDE FOR THE USE OF APPENDIX A. o
. . . . . .

B-i

V/v i

NSWC TR 87-96

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figur
1 2 VERTICAL TRAJECTORY POINT MASS FORCE . . . . . SYSTEM . .................. VARIATION OF THE INFLATION REFERENCE TIME AS A FUNCTION OF SYSTEM WEIGHT FOR THE FLAT CIRCULAR SOLID CLOTH PARACHUTE OF EXAMPLE ONE. . . . . . . . . . ......... OPENING SHOCK FORCE IN THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEPLOYMENT MODES AS A FUNCTION OF INFLATION REFERENCE TIME FOR A SYSTEM WEIGHT OF 200 POUNDS. . . . . . . . . . .

18

OPENING SHOCK FORCES AT THE INFLATION REFERENCE TIME t=tO IN THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEPLOYMENT MODES AS A FUNCTION OF INFLATION REFERENCE TIME FOR A SYSTEM WEIGHT OF 2000 POUNDS .....................

20

vii/viii

NSWC TR 87-96

TABLES

NTable
S1

INSTANTANEOUS DRAG AREA, VELOCITY, OPENING SHOCK FORCE, AND DISTANCE OF FALL OF A PARACHUTE DEPLOYED IN VERTICAL . . . . ............... FALL ..........

. .

14

SUMMARY OF THE FLAT CIRCULAR SOLID CLOTH PARACHUTE VERTICAL TRAJECTORY CALCULATIONS FOR .. A VALUE OF TIME INCREMENT dt/t 0/100000 . . ..

16

ixlx

NSWC TR 87-96

INTRODUCTION

Parachutes are used to reduce the impact velocity of many Often the parachute systems are initiated while falling objects. moving in a trajectory which is parallel to the earth's surface. Many methods of calculating parachute opening shock force use the However, in the horizontal attitude as a basis for analysis. recovery of systems which have been allowed to free fall from high altitudes, the trajectory deviates markedly from the horizontal The opening shock force of and approaches the vertical direction. a vertically toward-the-earth deployed system is known to exceed the horizontal deployment shock force for the identical system and operational altitude and velocity. Vertical trajectories are of special interest since the The purpose of this opening shock force is a maximum value. report is to develop a method for calculating the drag area, velocity and shock factor profiles, opening shock force, time of occurrence of the shock forcc during canopy inflation, and the distance of fall for parachutes deployed in a vertical toward-theThis report is an extension of Reference 1, earth trajectory. NSWC TR86-142, "Notes on a Generic Parachute Opening Force Analysis", which describes a technique of calculating the opening shock force of several types of horizontally deployed parachutes. In the interest of clarity readers should familiarize themselves with Reference 1, as it is to be used extensively in this report. A method of calculating the inflation time of solid cloth parachutes in vertical fall is developed and horizontal and vertical inflation times for identical deployment conditions are Criteria required for inflation time analysis of other compared. types of parachutes are presented. SThere The rule states shock force of vertically deployed parachutes. that "the vertical mode opening shock force is equal to the Examples horizontal mode opening shock force, plus one g". demonstrate that the vertical deployment mode inflation reference time is less than the horizontal deployment mode inflation The reference time for the same system, velocity and altitude. theory indicates that the vertical deployment mode opening shock forces exceed the rule of thumb.
is a rule of thumb used in calculating the opening

I..'A,

NSWC TR 87-96

APPROACH The analysis is based upon the application of Newton's second law of motion to particle trajectories of inflating parachutes in Equations for the horizontal and toward-the-earth vertical modes. the horizontal deployment of parachutes with dynamic drag-area signatures of the form CDS/CDSo = (1-7) (t/to)I +T were developed in Reference 1. The same dynamic drag-area signatures are to be The exponent incorporated into the vertical deployment analysis. indicative is j=l of value A parachute. of type j determines the of geometrically porous ribbon and ring slot types of caropies. Solid cloth parachutes have a value of j=6.
Y

12 F=1/ pV C S D

:..
+(S,V~a)

+Y

FIGURE 1. VERTICAL TRAJECTORY POINT MASS FORCE SYSTEM

-dV

IF
12
2 sg

= may W dV dt W V dS g

(1)

3
14,

NSWC TR 87-96

DEVELOPMENT OF THE VELOCITY With reference to Figure 1.

- TIME EQUATIONS

dV= (g

~v~cos) 2W 9
+ (2) + ) dt

i,~~CES

CoS

S\o-r)
g

( 0,vo~ov,(i,)
2

dV =

WCSO x 2W

s ~Vt~o

1o--

) (o

where the quantity 2W/(pg Va t 0 CD S ) has been shown scale 0 factor. mass ratio 1 to be a ballistic Let M =

in

Reference

pg VstoCoSo

(3)

_dV =I

(,

V o
MVtt

(1 -r)
t0

+T

dt

(4)

V=Vs

t--O

DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISTANCE-TIME EQUATION. Application of the variable dynamic drag area and ballistic ratio equations to the velocity distance form of equation yields. s IdS = v 1: VdV
-

mass (1)

(5) + r

S0

v( =1

MV=to

lr)(L)

At any instant during the inflation process the shock factor has been shown to be:
X=

C
VC%

(6)

i
L xP

I!

r|-

NSWC TR 87-96 and the instantaneous shock force is:

Fi =Xi Fs (7)

where F. is the steady-state drag force of the fully open parachute at the line stretch velocity, Vs. F,= 2 ,coSo I pv
(8)

The opening shock performance in the vertical and horizontal deployment modes shall be demonstrated by examples. Example 1: Compare the horizontal and vertical deployment mode opening shock forces for a flat circular solid cloth Deployment parachute of 35 feet Do diameter and 30 gores. conditions are:
a. System weight = 200 lb.

b. c. d. e. f.

Density altitude = 3,000 ft. Line stretch velocity = 340 fps. Drag coefficient = 0.75 Dynamic drag area exponent, Initial drag area, r=0 j=6

HORIZONTAL OPENING SHOCK FORCE a. Parachute surface area

SO
So S S,

= -I

Do

= 4 (35)2
4

962.1

ft

NSWC TR 87-96

b.

Parachute drag area: CDS. = 0.75 x 962.1

CoSo = 721.6 ft
2

C.
d.

Air density, p = 0.0021753 Steady-state drag force F, = LPV CoSo 2 Fs = -

slugs/ft

x 0.0021753 (340)2 721,6

Fs -= 90726.7 lb.

e. In order to determine the ballist.Lc mass ratio, the inflation time to must be known. Two methods for calculation of the horizontal deployment reference time are available. One is via equation (9) from page A-7 of Appendix A and the other via equation (10) from page 5-61 of Reference 2.

gpV 0

CD)SO
AMO -A -Aso k

2W

~
\2

12

19)

to

pgVSCDSo

From Table 2, page A-15 of Appendix A, the following inflated shape data were obtained for a 30-gore solid cloth flat circular parachute. See Figure 24 of Appendix A for shape nomenclature. canopy radius: Steady-state inflated

Do,

0. 668: 0.668 x 35 2

0827. = 0 a

0.6214 a

07806 0.

11.69 ft

pUEAAK'

1Ad t

NSWC TR 87-96 Steady-state mouth area:

N/a - b/a. 2

Amo = r(011.69)21-

/ 0,827 - 0.6214'\
0.7806)

2 AMo = 399.53 ft

Steady-state canopy volume of air to be collected,

o
=2

V geometric.

i 3 [b +bW

--

= -7

(11.69)3

10L'~.

.6214 + 0.7807

3 Vo = 4690.83 ft

The MIL-C-7020,

Pe

and the average pressure coefficient then:

o
K

type III canopy cloth airflow constant

is

k= 1.46

is taken to be C.P.
K1

1.7

14 x 200 0.0021753 x 32.2 x 340 x 721 58 32.2 x 0.0021753 x 46-90. 2 x200

721.58 39953 - 9621 (1.46)(

to = 0.773 sec.

Knacke,

Reference 2,
tf

presents the inflation time as

r.Do

8x35

,-4where
f =O0.824 s~c.

n=8 for solid cloth

parachutes

02
-%...

NSWC TR 87-96 While equation (10) is more convenient than (9) to use, equation (9) gives the effects of altitude, mass, and cloth rate of airflow; both values are estimates of the inflation time. Equation (10) was Equation (9) was theoretically derived. empirically developed by other experimenters from numerous field The parachute system of Example 1 for standard air test data. density at an altitude of 1000 feet yields values of to=0.839 seconds and tf=0. 8 24 seconds. The closeness of the theoretical to and the empirLcal tf values indicates that the application of the criterion listed below is a reasonable approach to the inflation time calculation. a. b. Average pressure coefficient Cloth permeability taken as the canopy inflow

c. The trajectory velocity is velocity

d. The ratio of the instantaneous mouth area to the steadystate mouth area is equal to the instantaneous drag-area ratio e. The ratio of the instantaneous pressurized canopy area to the canopy surface area, So, is equal to the instantaneous dragarea ratio f. The volume of air to be collected during the inflation process is represented by Vo. As a demonstration of the cloth rate of airflow effects in equation (9), replacement of the canopy cloth of example 1 with a high rate of airflow, three momme silk cloth (K=7.43) yields an inflation reference time of to=99.76 sec. under the example 1 This time exceeds the time of fall from operational conditions. 3,000 feet and the system would appear to an observer as a partial inflation. The same system deployed horizontally at 20,000 feet, at constant dynamic pressure, has an inflation reference time of to=l.5 sec. When the area term

2 Amu - Asokih!_ )

= 0

equals zero, the inflation reference tinme is infinite, (eq. 9). It As the area term approaches zero, t 0 increases exponentially. is possible for the inflation time to be extended to the point that the parachute system is not practical even though the area Parachute canopies without cloth airflow, K=0, ratio is not zero. always inflate.

-..

NSWC TR 87-96

N 0

r, M 0

90)

'

")

Lfl -

Uz

00

v0 cq

m.

00

u.r-LL

cc0.

o n Lo

co
(/

0o

o ~)

OcJU00f , M0

w
Ij

I.000000000

0
00

0
4n 0

0
104U

X~
U jc

01

0 cc

cc

W1~

iu

NSWC TR 87-96

it When using generalized expressions such as equation (10), is important to know the mode of operation for which the formula was determined. The identical parachute used in finite mass, intermediate mass, or infinite mass systems experiences a variation in inflation time due to its mode of use. At the time to all inflations have collected the same volume of air. Finite velocity reduction during experience a significant mass inflations the rate of airflow into the process which limits the inflation mass deployments, time. Infinite canopy and extends the inflation on the other hand, can be nearly constant velocity which maintains a higher rate of mass flow into the canopy and decreases the mass operation Actual constant velocity infinite time. inflation reference The inflation time. produces the minimum inflation times, for the parachute of Example 1, are plotted in Figure 2 as The for equation (9). a function of weight-to-drag-area ratio for mass ratios mass limiting ballistic mass and infinite finite solid cloth parachutes are referenced on the graph. of The trends of Figure 2 show that the principal variation mass mode of reference time occurs in the finite the inflation mass to low intermediate from finite By the transition operation. This reference time is reached. mass a near minimum inflation constant value for the high quickly converges to an essentially Similar mass regimes. end of the intermediate mass and infinite trends for other types of parachutes are a reasonable extension of a is based on variable rates ot flow filling the premise since it constant volure. Ballistic Mass Ratio for to = 0.773 sec.

2W pgVstoCDSo 2 x 200 0.0021753 x 32.2 x 340 x 0.773 x 721.58 M 0.0301

than the limiting is less mass ratio Since the ballistic mass performance is in the finite value of 0.1907, the inflation The follow:ing formulae were tf. range of operation and t obtained from Table 12 o? Reference 1 for values of j=6 and yr= 0.

~---

------------

AAA

--

p97!

NSWC TR 87-96
The time of occurrence of the maximum shock force during canopy inflation.
t atX. To. = a 21M)'` 4 '21 x 0.0301

j.-atX
t 7 at Xi

max=

17

- 0.7685

The maximum shock factor:

I.
6 7 (21M400) ' Xi...-- 4916

6 (21_x 1j

0.0301 U67

X,

S"

0.0672

Maximum shock force in the horizontal mode of deployment.

Fmax =Ximax FS
Fmax ' 0.0672 x 90,726.7

Fmax , 61

The magnitude of the opening shock force varies with the inflation reference time of the parachute in the finite mass In the field there i' often a variation in regime of operation. the measured inflation tine from the nominal calculated value, A survey of which results in a variation in opening shock force. foregoing the via made was forces shock horizontal opening The s of to from 0.5 through 1.0. technique for assigned ve mode deployment horizontal the for 3 Figure in plotted are results The particular values of forces and the "lg added" rule of thumb. to and tf for example (1) mark the ranqe of the nominal expected performance.

I]s

NSWC TP 87-96 A method of calculating "to" in the vertical mode of deployment is required so that the horizontal and vertical inflation reference times can be compared for identical systems deployed at the same altitude and velocity. The inflation' reference time "t 0 " in the vertical deployment mode can be determined from the basioc mass flow equation used to calculate the horizontal deployment "t Following the method of Section TV of Appendix A for solid clo~h parachutes.
dm =m gnflow
-

M 0 utfg0w

dXL

Instantaneous canopy mouth area.

Am Amo(". FOR

0O

Instantaneous pressuri~erl canopy cloth area.

As= Aoto/

FOR

Instantaneous cloth rate of airflow.

P=k \2/
vnC.F.S.JFT
2

Where the instantaneous velocity i-s detetmilneci by equation (4) for r=0.

!dv

_L

(I(4

V=V&

M= WO t

pe-

NSWC TR 87-96 The calculated canopy volume, YO calc, (3.1). is determined from equation

calc

V=o

.dV =

t=o

[VAmo t--

0.

- Aso('

k(

dt

(11)

A program for calculating to for solid cloth parachutes and the opening shock force profile during the inflation of several (11), and Equations (4), parachute types is provided in Table 1. (12) are programmed together with the vertical deployment opening The shock equations (2) through (8) in FORTRAN IV language. included examples were calculated via the program using a VAX 780 Mode 1, for solid The program, operates in two modes. computer. cloth parachutes, calculates the vertical deployment reference time to for the parachute system parameters and operational deployment data, and then calculates the opening shock profile A typical data print out is shown in Table 2. during inflation. The program It is necessary to estimate an initial value of "to". compares and time estimated the for volume canopy the calculates the Yo calc to the volume derived from the canopy geometry. If the calculated volume is not within specified limits, the program adjusts "to" by equation (12) and reiterates the program until the calculated volume is within the specified limits. =t o geome,,ri
t to oZ o..
c

(12)

Mode 2 of the program calculates opening shock profiles for input Mode 2 analysis of other types of parachutes is values of to. possible by the selection of the proper values of "j" (1/2, 1, 2, The opening shock force variation for 3, 4, 5, or 6) and "r". The nominal examples (1) and (2) are plotted in Figures 3 and 4. to for n=0.632 was calculated by the program in mode 1 and the force-time survey was calculated in mode 2. Figure 3 illustrates that parachutes deployed in a vertical toward-the-earth trajectory inflate faster than the same system deployed horizontally at the same altiLude and velocity. Inflation reference times for parachute types other than solid cloth canopies can be developed from the mass flow equation. This requires that the flow through the canopy be expressed in a form similar to the solid cloth canopy cloth permeability, P, where the rate of flow per unit area is a function of the pressure differential across the cloth or grid.

J%1

NSWC TR 87-96
TABLE 1. INSTANTANEOUS DRAG AREA, VELOCITY, OPENING SHOCK FORCE, AND DISTANCE OF FALL OF A PARACHUTE DEPLOYED IN VERTICAL FALL.

THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES THE INSTANTANEOUS DRAG AREA, VELOCITY, OPENING SHOCK FORCE, AND DISTANCE OF FALL OF A PARACHUTE DEPLOYED IN VERTICAL FALL.
THE PROGRAM OPERATES IN TWO MODES: MODE 1 CALCULATES THE INFLATION TIME AND PERFORMANCE PROFILES FOR SOLID CLOTH PARACHUTES (TO INPUT AS INITIAL ESTIMATE) (IOPT = 1) CALCULATES THE PERFORMANCE PROFILES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF PARACHUTES (J). MODE 2 INFLATION TIME INPUT IS REOUIRED (IOPT = 2)

INPUT.

IOPT

1 2

(FOR (FOR

MODE 1) MODE 2)

INPUT NEEDED FOR BOTH MODES RHO VS CDSO TO

W
*

AT GIVEN ALTITUDE (SLUGS/FT3) AIR DENSITY (FT/SEC) VELOCITY AT SUSPENSION LINE STRETCH (FT2) DESIGN DRAG AREA (SEC) IOPT=1 INITIAL GUESS FOR INFLATION REF. TIME (SEC) IOPT=2 ACTUAL INFLATION REFERENCE TIME
WEIGHT (L14S) =6 FOR FLAT CIRCULAR

=1 FOR RIBBON TYPE OF PARACHUTE IOPT = 1 ONLY

PARACHUTE

INPUT NEEDED FOR AMO ASO K CP N VO -

(FT2) STEADY-STATE MOUTH AREA (FT2) CANOPY DESIGN SURFACE AREA. CLOTH PERMEABILITY CONSTANT PRESSURE COEFFICIENT. CLOTH PERMEABILITY EXPONENT GEOMETRIC VOLUME (FT3)

REAL*4 N TODEN=-100000 5 PRINT *, 'INPUT IOPT' READ(5,*,END-100) IOPT PRINT *, 'INPUT RHO, VS, CDSO, TO,WJ' READ(5, *)RHO, VS, CDSO, TO, W,J IF(IOPT. EQ 2) GO TO 3 PRINT *, INPUT AMOASO. XK,CPN,VO' READ(5,*)AMO, ASO, XK, CP, t.,V0 3 DT=TO/TODEN TAU-O G=32 2 5=0. X-TAU CDS=TAU*CDSO
FS=. 5*RHO*VS**2*CDSO

F-TAU*FS
VOL-0

IPASS=O

NSWC TR 87-96 TABLE 1. (CONT.)

DT=M0.*DT IF(IOPT.E0.2) GO To e 7 V=VS VOL-0. 1:=0. XM= (2. *W) /(RHOOG*CDSO*VS*TO) 6 DV=(G-V*.2/( XM*VS*TO)*(T/TO)**J)*DT DYOL=(V*AMO*(T/TO)**J-ASO*(T/TO)**J*XK*(CP*RHO/2 )**N 1 *V**(2.*N))*DT VOL-VOL+D VOL V-V+DV T-T+DT IF(T.GE.TO) GO TO 4 GO TO 6 4 IF(VOL. CT. (VU-1O ) AND VOL LT (VO+1O ) GO TO e TO=TO ( VO/VOL) IF(IPASS.CT.50) STOP IPASS=IPASS+1 GO TO 7 8 CONTINUE T=0 V=-vs DT-DT/ 10.

ilWRITE(6. 10)

RHOVSCDSOW,T0.XMJFS 5,2X. 'V(S)z'OPFB. 1..2X, 'CDSO='FB 2,

10 FORMAT(IH1. 'DENSITY='IPE12

WIF(OT.E(6, 37)(,1)AOASKCNV, 17 FORMAT(IHOX1)jP827,AO',PO25,K'OF WRITE(C6. 20) LCOUNT35 IFLCOUNTCLUT+5)1 OTO3

,X

WRITE(6.30) TTT./SCSCS...

TOLD-T, 02 IF(DT.CT.0 02) TOLD=T+DT 40 T-T+DT IF(T.CT.TOLD) T=TOLD TOVTO=(1 -TAU)*(T/TO)**J +TAU CDS-CDSO*TOVTO DVW(G-V**2*TOVTO/(XM*VS.TO) )*DT DS-V*DV/ (G-V.412*TOVTO/ (XM*VSoTO)) V-V+DV S=S.DS X- (V/VS )*2*CDS/CDSO F-X*FS IF(T LT TOLD) GO TO 40 GO TO 35 100 STOP END

'3j

NSWC TR 87-96
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LOe-

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-4

LU

z
400 000 L-1 tI 1 0 L R 0-nI

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00

00

co

-0

:,

NSWC TR 87-96

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' 04 0 0M0000

')u)

000000 44' 11M

zV

0~

NSWC TR 87-96

= 200 LB

Vs
10 Alt.

= 340 f.p.s.
= 3,000 FT T -0

-M

=0.0465

VERTICAL DEPLOYMENT

HORIZONTAL DEPLOYMENT PLUS "1g"

8
L)Q

mZt W6

EQ. 11

0.5

z~ 4 m

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

1.0

INFLATION REFERENCE TIME to

SEC.

FIGURE 3.

OPENING SHOCK FORCE IN THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEPLOYMENT MODES AS

A FUNCTION OF INFLATION REFERENCE TIME FOR SVSTEM WEIGHT OF 200 POUNDS

18

NSWC TR 87-96 The various to and tf times noted on the graph are the particular solutions for the deployment conditions of example 1. are less M, in the calculations mass ratios, All of the ballistic than the limiting value (ML=0. 1 9 0 7 ) for finite mass operation. Also, the calculated opening shock forces are less than the suspension line constructed strength (Fc= 1 6 , 5 0 0 ib) which indicates a practical system for the opening shock requirement.
times for equations (9) and (11) for Examination of the inflation deployment parachute vertical the that n=0.5 demonstrates the system parameters of though even is reduced time inflation The reason for and velocity were identical. deployment altitude In the horizontal is that parachutes are energy dissipators. this deployment mode the additional added potential energy of the is not a short distance during inflation system weight falling mode considerably In the vertical included in the calculations. energy is absorbed into the system resulting in more potential and hence a velocity reduction during inflation trajectory less reference time. shorter inflation reference time often varies from the inflation tests In field of is the variation this of cause One value. calculated the is-manufactured and/or handled. airflow through the cloth as it n) would have to be true average The cloth airflow constants (k, as values for each parachute which requires so many fabric tests of varying n for a constant k are The effects to be unreasonable. As n increases from 0.5 the shown in Figure 3 for equation (11). rate of cloth airflow is augmented, extending the inflation reference time and reducing the opening shock force. reference time, the vertical For any constant inflation deployment mode opening shock force exceeds the "rule of thumb" value. Example 2: lb. Investigate the feasibility of retarding a 20001.

payload using the parachute

system of example

Figure 4 presents a horizontal deployment analysis using the methods of example 1 for assigned values of to from 0.3 to 0.8 deployment analysis, using the program The vertical seconds. The modes of Table 1 was conducted using the same to range. example of conditions the for times reference inflation particular The increased 2 was computed by equation (9) and equation (11). expected values of to as system weight caused a reduction in all time calculated from equation (10) The inflation from Figure 2. is unchanged from Figure 3 since equation weight variation. 10 does not adjust for

.99

-v

'

FF

i
M = 0.7759 70 to EQ. 11 n 0.5 t

NSWC TR 87-96
W V Alt
-

2000 LB
3,000 FT

= 340 f.p.s.
=

to "F0

11

VERTICAL DEPLOYMENT

n = 0.632

.9
-

HORIZONTAL DEPLOYMENT PLUS "'g"

0

SEO.9 60
Wa

0.5

HORIZONTAL DEPLOYMENT D

0 LL

50
0 00 50

50S

NOTE:

tofOPENING SHOCK FORCES 1650 ALL AT t

=

to EXCEED THE

SUSPENSiON

LINE CONSTRUCTED STRENGTH OF

-G10
EQ. 10 40
b.A

M =0.2910

II

.3

.4

.5
to

.6

.7

.8

INFLATION REFERENCE TIME SEC. FIGURE 4. OPENING SHOCK FORCES AT THE INFLAfION REFERENCE TIME t = tO IN THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEPLOYMENT MODES AS A FUNCTION OF INFLATION REFERENCE TIME FOR A SYSTEM WEIGHT OF 2000 POUNDS

20

NSWC TR 87-96

mass exceed the finite mass ratios The analysis bal~istic This indicates that the maximum limiting value (ML=.l907). phase of opening shock force occurs during the over inflation deployment. Calculation of the opening shock force at t=t 0 produces shock magnitudes in excess of the suspension line prior to reaching in system failure constructed strength resulting The parachute of example 1 is not a practical the calculated to. application for the heavier weight of example 2.

"Ii

21

.''

5-.':

".-

',-"

@'."

"-"-"..,

"

.,"

,.'

,"-.

"i

'

..

'

'

'

-;

,''

NSWC TR 87-96

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS A method of calculating the opening shock force of vertically The deployed, toward-the-earth parachutes has been developed. analysis utilizes a dynamic drag-area signature of the form CDS/CD So = (1-T) (t/to)J +T and is applicable to several types of Unlike the closed form analysis of Reference 1, a parachutes. The program furnished computer program is required for solution. canopy cloth solid the for is 1 Mode has two modes of operation. for time reference inflation particular The of parachutes. family the system and deployment condition is computed, and this value is used to calculate the instantaneous drag area, velocity, force Mode profile, and distance of fall during the inflation process. 2 requires inflation reference time as input data, and is used for This mode is convenient for conducting types of parachutes. all surveys to evaluate expected opening shock force variation as a Vertical opening shock forces function of inflation time. A time calculated by this technique exceed the rule of thumb. step of dt=to/100000 in the program gives acceptable results. The inflation reference time of a parachute system in vertical fall is less than the inflation time of the same system deployed horizontally at the identical altitude and velocity. The inflation reference time of a given parachute system, for For constant launch conditions, depends upon the system weight. low weight finite mass assemblies the inflation reference time is extended due to the trajectory velocity reduction during The inflation reference time reduces rapidly as the inflation. mass to intermediate After the finite system weight increases. time decrease has reference inflation the of mass transition most As the system approaches the infinite mass been realized. condition the inflation reference time approaches a constant value. Parachutes of light construction, such as personnel designs, upon the reduction of trajectory velocity during inflation deper As the system weight is increased the for i ccessful operation. y reduction is not realized and the opening shock forces -4. v" ventually exceed the parachute constructed strength, w._ resulting in failure. A closed form inflation reference time equation for This equation demonstrates horizontal. deployment is presented. that the inflation distance (Vsto) is a function of altitude, The canopy cloth permeability, and system mass and area ratios. is in (1) example particular inflation reference time solution for more While close agreement with the empirical approach.
complicated, the theory accounts for more variables and is worthwhile as in the example of the use of the three momme silk

r.

. .

..

~..

.........

-.

--.

--.

.~.-

NSWC TR 87-96 cloth at sea level and 20,000 feet. Usually, the inflation distance is considered only as a velocity-time effect. The closeness of the theoretical and empirical inflation time values at low altitudes indicates that the method of application of the following parameters, in the filling time calculation, are reasonable: a) Use of the trajectory velocity as the canopy inflow velocity b) Use of the cloth permeability, instantaneous cloth airflow rates P, to determine

c) Correlation of the instantaneous mouth inflow area, and instantaneous pressurized canopy surface area with the drag area
ratio variation

d) Canopy volume of air, No, which is inflation process.

to be collected

in

the

As the cloth rate of airflow exponent "n" increases from 0.5, the rate of cloth airflow increases and the canopy inflation time is extended.

')

v Pa rs

,, 9m v

---

"..

-..

'

NSWC TR 87-96

I
1. 2.

REFERENCES
Ludtke, W.P., *Notes On A Generic Parachute Opening Force Analyis.iL"NSWC TR 86-142. Knacke, T., "Notes from the Helmut G. Heinrich Short Course on Decelerator systems.' lecture at the Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M, July 1985.

27)

NSWC TR 87-Ne

Appendix A

AIAA Paper No. 73-411

A TECHNIQUE FOR THE CALCULATION OF THE OPENING-SHOCK FORCES FOR SEVERAL TYPES OF SOLID CLOTH PARACHUTES by W. P. LUDTKE Naval Ordnance Laboratory Silver Spring, Maryland

AIMA 4th Aerodynamic Deceleration Systems Conlerence

PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA / MAY 21-23, 1973
AbstraCts

First publication rights reserved by American Ins5titute Of Aeronautics and Astronautics,

1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N Y 10019.

may be poiblisheo without

permission if credit is given to author and to AiAA (Price AIAA Mepmber Si 50 Nonmember 32 00) Note This paper avuidable at AIAA N' .- York office for six months, thereaftetr, pthotopririt Con~es are avaltible at photocopy prices from AIAA Library. 750 3rd Avenue, New York, New York 10017 A-1

A.-,'

NSWC TR 37.96 'i 'EC .i:: QU , S FOTN T ,. C. ,.tC L ,TIO:: CT TH E CPz :: ;o-3 - OC? . F ORCE Z .C UT : sE:v .* , T..YPP2 C,. SOL=D CLOTF P. ... P. L-d e -r& " c- Labort--ov'jy :::v.. Sil.e. Sprl:g, 1arylv..d

Abstract An analytical method of calntulatirg parachute openirng-shock forces based uPo-: wind-turnel derived drag are- ,i.. sig:-atufts of several solid cloth parachute tpoes in conjuncctIon with a scale factor a.rnd retardation system steady-r-t-F- p-arceters has been developed. lletiods of arialyning the inflation time, geo-etry, cloth airflow properties and m..t-erials elastltcity are included. The efets of mass ratio and altitude or the mg:-itude and time of occurrence of the r.aximr.uF opening shock are consistent with observed field test phenomena. I. Introduction

_l'itud& _r.creanes, effects oc: ilt.i~ude c,. cpe--'.rg-shock forc,', fj . -d 7.ass op.r:tio-, ard inflat'! di.L:u ce. Ii. De-.-elopmern.t of Velocity Ratio -Ltd Fcrce Ratio Equations D.ririg, the Un:folding Phas. of Parachute Deplo:..-r-t

The p.rach,;te deployment w:ould take nlace in. a horizontal attitud-e ", accorda:ce with e.ton's second la' of motion. = ma
_

'CS V1 2

= W dV

dt

In 1965, the !Nav.l Ordnance Laboratory (rutL) was engaged in a proetect 1.:hech utilized a 35-foot-diaeter, 10-percent extended-skirt parachute (type 7-10) as the second stage of a retaroation system for a 250-pound payload. Deploynment of the T-10 parachute w-:s to be accomplished at an altitude of l00,COO feet. In this rarefied atmosphere, the problem :as to determine the second stage deployment conditions for zuccessful operation. A search of available field test infornation indicated a lack of data on the use of solid cloth parachutes at altitudes above 30,000 feet. The approach to this problem: w.:as as follow.;s: Utiliz~ng existing wrind-tunnel datta, low.i-altitude field test data, and reasonable assutmptio:ns, a unique engireerir.g approach to the inflation time and opening-shock problem was e-;olved that Basically, provided satisfactory results. the method combines a wind-tunnel derived drag area ratio signature as a function of deployment time with a scale factor and Newton's second law of motion to analyze the velocity and force profiles during deployment. The parachute deployment sequence is divided into two phases. The first phase, called "unfolding phase," where the carnopy is undergoing changes in shape, is considr-red to be inelastic as . :',r hut, i, f!?- z .nitially to its p steady-state aerodynanic size for the first tinge. At this point, the "elastic ph,,.se" Is ernered whhere it Is cot.sidered that the elasticity of the para.chute t problem, ani rcz~lt , p ~ie forc es until the c anopy h 2j r.',-h,. fulL fnfrt on,

It war recognized that other factors, such as included air mrass, appnrent mass, and their derivatives, also contribute forces acti oen The system. Since definition of tese oaraneters was difficult, the analysis .. as conducted in th-' sir.plified form sho.wn above. Comparison- o' calculated results and test results irdicated that the omitted ter.s have a sm-.all effect. t -2W CDSdt = -:! AD V d d' (1) V

..ultiplyinE -Y tier (i)

hr

right-hard side of equa-

Vs toCDS 1 = VstoCDSo

and rearranging t 1 CDS dt

--

to
0

7-

CS

-v

's o D 0

-2W t C

sV

U')

"r,.dvev,]opvd
r :t :I

nqut ions re ir: a-ree.:th the otrr'ed perforr'a-',:e of' lIh 1r ' .r',jt. , ; in th, ',d s m d-.... , t 1','lailo: * 'v . :,

0 of

Ir, ord,'r to iritetrate Ut 2 i.,:'t-hand term ecO.uation (P), thr, drac ar-,aL ratio must. e ti:] ncd for the typ" o' pi.ara-hut.e under

A-2

NeWC TH a7S._..,''s

as
,

runction of' dcplo,,.%m.ent

, ,o .

F 240 IMS)
120 20.

""

---

UNFOLDING PHASE

ELASTIC PHASE

0.10

0.20
TIME (0CI

0.30
0

REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE III FIG. 3 TYPICAL FORCE-TIME CURVE FOR A 10%EXTENUED SKIRT PARACHUTE UNDER INFINITE MASS CONDITIONS.

FMAX.

FS

150F 100, (LB)

0. 0 t to If 0.30 0.20 TIME (SEC) REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE {1) FIG. 4 TYPICAL FORCE-TIME CURVE FOR APERSONNEL GUIDE SURFAC.E PARACHUTE UNDER INFINITE MASS CONDITIONS 0 0.06 0.10

TIME RATIO th 0 OF A FIG. 1 TYPICAL INFINITE MASS FORCE-TIME HISTORY SOLID CLOTH PARACHUTE INA WIND TUNNEL

and maximum shock force occur at the time of full inflation, tf. Howrever, tf is i.t'ppropriate for analysis since it is the applied load, structural dependent The elasticity. and m.aterials stren-.th, upor.
reference tim'e, t 0 9 where the parachute has attained its steady-state aerodynamic size

Figure 1 illustrates a typical solid cloth parachute .;in.d-tunnel infinite mass force-time history after snatch. In ir.finite mass deployment, the maximum size

F fiS)

for the first time, is used as the basis for perfo~rmance calculations.
phase, the force ratio F/Fs can be determin.ed as a function of the time ratio,
t/-C .

At any instant during the unfolding

004

0.08

0.12

0.16

TIME ISEC)
FIG. 5 TYPICAL FORCE-TIME SIGNATURE FOR THE ELLIPTICAL PARACHUTE UNDER INFINITE MASS CONDITIONS

VCD.. -=1D~
F
-s " *s

D' o

Si.nc the wi:-d-tunnel velocity and density a.re constant during infinite mass deployment SCDS
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.0O

",CDS
ISO
F 100

TIME (SEC) FIG. 6 TYPICAL FORCE-TIME SIGNATURE FOR THE RING SLOT PARACHUTE 20% GEOMETRIC POROSITY UNDER MASS CONDITIONS

/INFINITE

(LI so S.... TIME SEC) . .2..

FIG. 2 TYPICAL FORCETIME CURVE FOR A SOLID FLAT PARA.

CHUTE UNDER INFINITE MASS CONOITIONS.

:r.liite r..ass openir.,-shock s'.-'eral types o0 parachutes are preAnalyin o n igures 2 through 6. e-tc" n 00 -.-. essign.atures usirg the force ratio, TIM , - tin-.e r;.tio, t/to, technique r.d c__tCd a sim.ilarity -in the perror.:narle of lhi. v.'arious sclid cloth types of
c.

signatures

A.3

NSWC T" 046 parachutes which were examiined. The geo' \ ,

/

display.e a completely different signaturo, an was expected. These data are Illustrated in Figgure 7. If an initial boundary.
'
-

ettrically porous ring slot parichute

Cos
.....

/W "/
+\

,ft'

(5)

S1

Ijthe
-i

1
1.4 S,

-- EO&
--

1,1"=----0 0 PEAONNE

0-4

I
KT

PRSONELGUIE S~ll%"referen~ce RPAC.

.'at ascerAt the ti::.c that equaticr. () tained, it sufc.ztcrd thELt th gco:metry ot, deployinm parachute w:as independe.nt It was also of density and velocity. -postulated that although this exprossion had been determ.ined for the infinite mass condition, it would also te true for no hno", the finite nass case. T ios has since been independently observed and confirmed by (') Berndt and :e .:eese in
Since the drag area ratio was determined from actual parachute deploy.r.ents, it was that the effects of apparent mass

0 RING SLOT CANOPY

& ELLIPTICAL CANOPY

OSOLIDFLATCANOPY

lET

SIRassumed

1XT
1.0

and included mass on the depioyment force

a history were accommodated. The right-hand term of equation (2)

m 3

contains the expression

'

'

-_0
-

a.- -A

.----

-:'

a
-This 1 A

in

DVtCS

_gs

=toCDSo

= .,.

(6)

,I-Figure
0.2

0.2

term can be visuali:ed as shown in 8 to be a ratio of the retarded mass (including the parachute) to an associated mass of atmosphere contained
a right circular cylinder ;:hich is

0.2

0__ -generated 00
0.4 0.6

0.3

1.0

1.2

1.4

z',ing an inflated parachut6 for a distan.ce ecual to the of area C product of Vsto through an atmnosphere of density, o. "y

FIG. 7 DRAG AREA RATIO VS TIME RATIO CYLINDER

-

VOLUME DENSITYp

condition of CDS/CDSo = O at time t/t 0 approxibe can data is assuimed, then, the mated by fitting a curve of the form CDS t CDS (3)

FACE AREA

CO
Wi

$0

M=

pqVit 0coso

cnSO

to
FIG. 8 VISUALIZATION OFTHEMASSRATIOCONCEPT

A more realistic drag area ratio expression was determined Which includes the effect of initial area at line stretch.
-

r t)? t a +

The mass ratio, 1.1, is the scale factor and m force w:hich controls drr. s the velocity ,,teloitpy Substituting a:d ' CD -/CDSo into equaand solving, for tior. (2), i.te,ratln..,

OS CDSo whrere n is
eq!uationl

1( -

(4)

noith aren at line stretch to the steadyotate projected frontal arert. E>xandirC
(4)

the ratio of the projected

Mt7 I2

A-4

WNSWTRno
The instantaneous shoch factor is defined as Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the vnlocity and force profiles 4encrated from ecu~t!,: (7) and (8) for initial projected arr.%
ratios of n - 0, and 0.. with varioni, mar.nr

_F
re

,,,2c AP
!P'~.S 25 a
0the

ration.

IV. Methods for Calculation of'

Reference Time, t. The ratio concept is an ideal n:.Lthod to analyze the effects of the varioun p-.ra~meters on the velocity and forcc profiles of the opering parachutes; how.rTc.'cr, a m.eans of calculating to is required 1crore the inflating canopy mouth, canopy surface area,

If the altitude variation during deployment is sMal, then, the density may be considered as constant

WDS C i
CD

C S

2
S

specific values can be co.nputed. Nethods for computing the varying mass flc': lr.to
the varyinp and the volume cf

mass flow out through the varyir,

inflated

frm equations (5) and (7) 11 ' |

1 M1
?Ct7 /
-|

+)2q1 q (tV)3

air, V0 , which must be collected during the i7nflation process are requirCe.. Figure 11 represents a solid cloth-

+T-)I 2

+|+

type parachute canopy at some instant

2j

,+
\J

(8)

during inflation.

At any given instant,

the parachute drag area is proportional to the maximum inflated diameter. the maximum diameter in conjunction Also, with

III. Maximum Shock Force and Time of Occurrence During the Unfolding Phase The time of occurrence of the maximum instantaneous shock factor, xi, is difficult to determine for the general case.

the suspension lines determines the inflow mouth area (A-A) and the pressurized This observation c,,nopy area (B-i,-B). provided the basis for the follow.ing assutmptions. The actual canopy shape is of minor importance. a. The ratio of the instantaneous mouth inlet area to the steady-state mouth area is in the same ratio as the
instantaneous drag area. A?.,=
t ;Ao

However, for r = 0, the maximum shock factor and tire of occurrence are readily
calculated. For ? = 0

X'
t/t
0

('t)6 t 7F 2 'fio
0

CDSo

Setting the derivative of x with respect to time equal to zero and solving for
at xi max.

b. The ratio of the instantaneous pressurized cloth surface area to the canopy surface area is in the same ratio as the instantaneous drag area. S
CDS

an h

imx

rpesrie

ra= tecnp

and the maximtm shock factor is

Xi max "

16

6 7

(10)

c. Since the suspension lines in u-.pressurized area of the canopy arethe straight, a pressure differential has not developed, and, therefore, the net airflow in this zone is zero. Based on the foregoing assu',ptions, the mass flow equation can be writte,,
drn
-

Equations (9) and (10) are valid for value.

of U 9 Ai (0.19), since for larger values
of ,., t~e maximum shock force occurs in

m ingleo..

m outflow

d1

the els&tic phase of inflaton.

dt

- pea.

-As

A.4

NSWC TR 9T.9
1.0
M ...... ... .
-

MNMI:-2
0.09"

'

M-1

/
M~
o -

M. M -4 4

M- 04 8 S7 ... .. t" -.

I
I

Mi M-08 M=06
-

o0.7. -...

'tM-0.2
u,.

6j ,

f
T[

0
>.

>
... 3 . ... .. .0

m 0 oP
006

0
z_,M 03 . .. .. --0.2

0..

...

. . .. -M

- 0.04

02

- -

--

M01 . . L . . . .0.-

0 02

M -008 M -006
I

M-004 M - 008

0.2 0 1.0 0.8 06 04 0.2 tai, UNFOLDING TIME RATIO THE FIG. g EFFECT OF INITIAL AREA AND MASS RATIO ON SHOCK FACTOR AND VELOCITY RATIO DURiNG THE UNFOLDING .-.4ASE FOR 1/ . C. M -CD M-4
- ,2 M 09 ... .

0.4
a/to

0.6

08

1.0

1.0
QL2

Ml8D
.4

M- 1
0.$ M - 0.8 M - 0.6

M.1

o. .- ..
0.8

. .

. .. 7-02

M-2

O P 06

M- 0.4

"

'I 06f

...

M-0.8

[M-06

I 0-

0 .6-

0 0o3

0 5.

, 1

..

IM-

014

0.2 06
08 1.0 j

04.2
02 04 06 00 10

I/1o UNFOLDING TIME RATIO FIG 10 EFFECT OF INJITIAL AREA AND MASS RAII.' (ON THE RAtY.,TJ( EHE SHOCK FACTOR AND ,' LOIT' ITAY'O 7- 02 UNFOL DING PHASE F.',R

L/

A-6

NSWC TR 87-N

dt

P"A..o
""

CDS

--

pAo "

DSo

-P D

(11)

D0

-Asok 1 (t 1 +

-f

Integrat ing: V tt! tr. t0 1+

FLOW6

-Ask

"0.'

[t.

7M (t

(13)

FIG. 11 PARTIALLY INFLATED PARACHUTE CANOPY

M.'easured values of n indicate a data A range fron 0.574 through 0.771. convenient solution to the reference tim.e eQuation evolves when n is assigned a value of 1/2. Integrating equation (13) and using ?W

From equation (3) CDS --= CDo

From equation (7)

;for

gpC0D

1 LET Kq

CD~o

Aio 7
gpV s Ds] ?-,

Asok

+I
From equation (26) p
=

Equaticr. (14) expresses the ur,fcldigr, of mxtss, referen,-e tine, to, ir.terms altitude, snatch velocity, airflow characteristics of the cloth, and the steadyNote that the state paraThute geometry. term gp'.'./Wv is the ratio of the included air mass to the mass of the retarded Multiplying both sides of hard';are. equation (14) by V. demonstrates that a corstan t whichI t
,o.'

--- 0

I"'.t

Is

a furctlor, of altitude

Figures 12 and 13 indicate th, para-

"dtstar-e ., 2.,.
0 3

I/,- aid l aid tif2:C of u:.fjidi:"g n u;Cfuldij.t "or valu,-s ;lote tLi, varjatIorn ai;d j o:.,.:r'17 ," op- :r '. : altltudr-. Ir,,:, rli '", for':. is strc: l" IL l'l::'-

szc'

A-7

V OLV

'rUM.M*1

Us~' ww-o~

wVU VV.I~M

IRVI

a~ Id

m'RVw

NSWC T1 V7-9

value of to calculated by usin. a realistJc value of r. should be used. in the

lowcr atmosphere.
100

CLOTH MIL C

35FOOT.

D.

20. TYPE III EXTENOEOSKIRT CANOPY

cp

I i5

As an exa.ple of tnis method o op.r":,-F.shock analysis, let us examinrn the eft'ece of altitude on the opeinr-shock furce of a T-10-type parachute retarding a 2QOpourd weight from a snatch velocity of Vs = 400 feet per second at sea level. Conditions of constar.t velocity ar.d constant dynamic pressure &re investigated. The results are presented in Figure 114. At low- altitudes, the opening-shock force
less than the steady-state drag force: however, as altitude rises, the opening is
is Z

EOUATION1131 n r ,063746

60
CONSTANT VELOCITY

shock eventually exceeds the steady-state This trend drag 'orce at some altitude.
in agreement with field test observai-aos. V.
Correction

o
-

40

400FPS AND CONSTANT

DYNAMIC

of to for

Initial Area Effects The unfolding reference tLm~e, to, calculated ,,y the previous methods assum.es
that the parachute inflates fror, zero drag

PRESSURE 2 qz 190LB/FT

20 EOUATION{]4)

area.

In reality, a parachute has a drag

100 200 UNFOLDING DISTANCE 4FEET) 30

VII

r- 70
100

FM.AX

~Fj

S 0o so
z
o60 VELOCITY, 400F.P.S. DYNAMIC PRESSURE 0 /

I .-..
-

Go
so-

/
F MAX

SCONSTANT
3 -40t -q

ONTN
CONSTANT DYNAMIC

~CONSTANT
-190

LB/F T2

u)RSSR 0

.PRESSURE CONSTANT

30-

20VELOCITY

zo.-\o
EO. (13) O. (14) n0.63246 %0%, 0L 100 200

FORCE (THOUSANDS OF POUNDS) FIG 14 VARIATION OF STEADY STATE DRAG. Ft. AND MAXI. MUM OPENING SHOCK WITH ALTITUDE FOR CONSTANT VELOCITY AND CONSTANT DYNAMIC PRESSURE

02

04

06

08

1o

1i "T.% i. e1~~

UNFOLDING TIME (SEC I

of lr-flation.

Or,,:e

to
FIG 1? EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE UNFOLDING TIME CONSTANT VELOCITY AND CONSTANT 0 63296 1/7 ANOn DYNAMIC PHESSuRE FOR n

;a, b,:-r, calculated, a rorrection c-r. . ppli 'd, 6,-isd upon w;ha. Is kro,:r ar.out
rT . . 1

co:. 0Al

ion. .

"AT

A.8

~IpP

-60COAPOOB

NSWC YR 67- N
Cusp

A -

;~Inial projec~eu 1rn-

-na- -e

'raxt~rnwrr exter.ilbility,

c la

0,

-rea Is kn:o-:n

trne

arl.

3
C
-

DavL,'lcp:.-.t of 'he arualyctS 1. the t-o sir-lar -last-c chase of jnflcitio'-e-cnniqucU3sd in the urfCold i: P ph-as,. us'-d, nto ~S seco~cI law; of mo-ort isnI oi7e e r with 'the drag arc:a ratio -s'rj.a-u r - and mrass raito

C D~o

(
=V
V0
c-:d%

cc-rec'ed

r
-

1/3]
calculate.d (1-5)

\?-tch

Is

still
tf

valid, as show-i Ji Figure 7,

to Case B rne: is -ne I, tia?drag area and solvingc for V 2-

knownIntegrating

jn)

(17)

=;.r

st-evlct

ratio of the

S 6 (w1)/ ItOdliuate

troesatim 0

to

correc , sol-ow 'tr-e.

D 0

dclted be -adjusted for velocity a-~d force

asrre-c co, tne prof-cz VI.

~~efore

(8 .s-.a.:-areous shock, factor in, te clzstic p-.ase tecooaes CDS /\2\

-.

Openlijg-S-cck Fcrce, Velocity Ratio, an~d !-Iflatio-. T'~-- During the Elastic Pnase of ?arachute Inflation

m-e mass ratio, !., is an- important parameter i- parachute analysis. For values of m < < 4/21, the rraximuir openingshock force ocrurs -irly In the inflatiorn process, and 'he elastic properties of6 the canopy arte rot sigrificant. As the

I CS

s/

()

f'ec-

_-artd

,gs-c

forcer"1V

1
+ V'YIo
1

()

ircreases, a-d the,1tLre of occurrence, happens later 17 the deployment sequence. For mass r3at'os '*' > 4/21, the maxir-Loccur after *t-he referenrce shock force -..ill
fr &~zgnrz P I r.e, to. rass ratio cpera'o- m'st provlldre a Co, strU(to s'ructure cf 'u-ic<t '-ti '.e-an-tual 01o'-strc.gth, F-. sload Is less ud ;,atiori of -th -i7cm

. 0

ed poir.t o: the 'n 'la-.on price--s err onenas Ipo:. tht,. appliedC "loadda,_,'las I Ci Ire.t o - the c-3. cuy, andthc-sr in A Iii -ar load r-lc-a rharinnhute. 0:

A-9

NSWC TR 87-6
relationship is utilized to determine the The next force in. the series at constant q

maxLnimn drag area.

C

AI
Ma.xF1 X S

c
w'ore F cnax

A1
(20)

C= Fc

(
Ac

2 )

The force, F, is initially the instantaneous force at the end of the unfolding process F=X0 F 5
where XO is the shock factor of the
=

Subscquer.t elonrgations Ir. the system, can be sho-;n. to be

= Co (1 4 CO)2 1C + Eo)2)

(21)

2 = Co (1 + Co (I

unfolding phase at t

to The required canopy constructed strength can be deter.nined for a giver set of The limiting value_ deployment conditions. of the serles (ce,) determi.r.es the end point ti-.e ratio.
.a: CDt So
c,)

=0

11+!

+; 1

2 r~ 7i

+ 7)(1

2
2/

n)

n22

(22)

Since the inflated shape is defined,

the

Dso -. /' :7, [DA-x

= =

drag coefficient is considered to be constant, and the instantaneous force is projected area. The maximum projected

proportional to the dynamic pressure and area would be developed if the dyna-mic pressure remained constant during the Under very high mass elastic phase. ratios, this is nearly the case over this very brief ti=e period; but as the mass ratio decreases, the velocity decay has The simplest a more significant effect. approach for all mass ratios is to determine the maximum drag area of the canopy as if elastic inflation had
occurred at constant dynamic pressure.

(I

t/

Do (214)

Figure 15 illustrates the r.aximum drag area ratio as a function of co.

Then utilizing the time ratio -"etermired as an end point, intermediate shock factors can be calculated from. eqain..... amaxLmum force assessed. (19) and The in~itia~l force, X0 Fs, causes tre The canopy to increase in projected area, new projected area in turn increases the
total

K
.-..
I...

,....

..
.I I

..................... . ......... I. . . .. .. -! . ,

El~

-.

......

t. .
......

T ....

The e a secondary projected area increase. resulting series of events are resisted Tnhe parachute by the parachute materials.
must,

force on the canopy which produces

4
L. .

-. ..
.

t
......
. . . ..
.

tt .t strengtii to pre ver.t t, c -it 1 of the materials from exceeding the

naxir.urn elongation.

therefore,

be constructedi of

ssuffl-

........

.-

......
. . . . . . ... 02

F
.. . 03

-rF

I
0.1

C
0
.0.. 0axC

Fc

r.ax

(2 )

to
F'G. 15 MAXIMUM DRAG AREA RATIO VS. INITIAL ELONGATION

A-10

NSWC TR U/41 Application of Cloth Permeability VI. to the Calculation of the Inflation Tire of Solid Cloth Parachutes
..

Figure 1 used in these calculations. presents the effect ot pressurn coe~fiIcient and altitude on tho urfolding tirme for

"parachute at' any instant is dependent upon

we.

The mass outflow through the preseurwOUC0o%

or a"

constant deployment conditions.

t."

king

solid

0loth

instantaneous drag area ratio, leaving the rate-of-airflow problem to solve. The permeability par&meter of cloth was a natural choice for determining the rate of airflow through the cloth as a function of pressure differential across the cloth.
Heretofore, these data have been more of

the canopy area which is subjected to airflow and the rate of airflow through that area. The variation ofpressurized area as a function of reference time, to, was earlier assumed to be proportional to the

Xt It we1. hnown that the inflation time of solid cloth parachutes decreasec as the operational altitude increases. Thin effect can be explained by conniderIng the ratio of the mass outflow through a unit cloth area to the mass inflow through a unit mouth area.

M' = mass flow ratio = where

mass outflow P

mass outflow mass inflow

a qualitative, rather than quantitative, value.. A new method of analysis was developed wherein a generalized curve of the form P = k(aP)n w.Tas fitted to cloth p.rmeability data for a number of different cloths and gives surprisingly good agreement over the pressure differential range of available data. The pressure differential was then related to the trajectory conditions to give a generalized expression which can be used in the finite mass ratio range, as well as the infinite mass case. The permeability properties were transformed into a mass flow ratio, MI, which shows agreement with the effective porosity contcept. MeasUred and calculated permeability pressure data for several standard cloths are illustrated in Figure 16. This method has been applied to various types of cloth between the extremes of a highly permeable 3-monme silk to a relatively impervious parachute pack container cloth with reasonably good results, see Figure 17 The canopy pressure is defined as the ratio differential across the dyviamic pressure of the
C AP
q

ft 2 -sec

slu--- (per. ftcloth aroa)

and mass inflow VJ slugs (per ft2 inflow area) P ft 2 -sec

3000
-

2000"MI*C.7TYPE Y'

1 1000
I 400

800

,MILC-8021. TYPE 11

460.

---

coefficient, C , of the pressure cloth to the free stream.

, Pexternal)
2

t
W6 .

..
.
0 .. - " P -.

200

I.... ,- -~-....

'EXPERIMENTAL-DATA
CALCULATED DATA -

P(interral
1/

2 100
0

- ...
3
2

----

7 2S5(dP) 0

(25) where V is based on equation (7). The permeability expression, P = k(aP)n becomes

c 60 o.....-j,-z 40

59.681311&PP057403-P ._1.o'
- 26.4705W1l04s92-

20-_

2__.

.I.l..I.
so .

.
150 200 250

P CAZ P

(205)

,Oo

.+. 100

300

by Milzig and others on the measurement of' the variation of the pressure coefficient on an actual inflating canopy, this dimension az.d its variation with time are still dark. areac at the time of this writing, At the present time, a constant average value of pre. .:ure coefficient is A.11

Although some progress has been made

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (LB/WT1) REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE 14)

FIG. 16 NOMINAL POROSITY OF PARACHUTE MATERIAL

VS DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE.

NSWC TR 37-06
irire fore, the mrasr
M1=_-p

'lo,; ratio te~co'ms 1.2

AVERAGE C~ANOPY PAIESSURE COEFFICIENT DURING INFLATION INCLUDING THE VENT

W. 1/2
EQ 014)

REALISTIC
ED (13)

S06

Eff~ective pcorosity, C, Is d-fined as the ratio of the velocity throug-. the a fictitious theoresl c~lthuto

Q I

4
020
:

20K-FT

OE
'00 K FT IOOK FT

ielocity, .,, whic- %;ill producc ticularAP= l/'o~-".

-he par-

10
6001 1 1CP ILK LOTHFIG 3t.IMME

2,0

1.0
C,

2.0

18 EFFECT OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENT AND ALTITUDE

ON I ME UNFOLDING TIME.

3000O---

A)ore _

,ously a: b .ished

e'feci-d

porosity

altitude.

-r.e decreaso c-f clo:-. p'qr7e-

10rc-

ar. ir-s~r-trw-

ZP LEI/F.2-

:7.eter.

such as a ?razlier s A "'.o data poir.;_s,

MLC71,TYPE I

0CALCULATED DATA

MLC72,TP

~ ~ ~o ~7715~
0---07191--\--2

.. L.

008-

0.04-~ 0.00

EO(271 FOR CV,1

V.

---

002

MIL C-6021. TYPE 11

20

-40 6~P

60 LB/FT
2

80

100

40

s0

120

160

200
2

240

280

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE ILBiFT 1 EEEC ERDCD(-O I IG. 19 THE EFFECTIVE PO-I0SITY OF PARACHUTE

FIG

17 COMPARISON OF MEASUMED AND CALCUIATEO PERMEABILITY FOR RELATIVELY PER4MEABLE AND

IPA'ERMEABI E CLOTHS

MATERIALS VS. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

A-12

NBWC TA 87-6 "B," are selected ir. such a manner that point "A" is in a lo'.:-pressure zone belo'.w the knee of the curve, and point "B" is located In the upper end of the highpressuro =one, as sho:.., in Figure 22.
The two standard .easurements of 1/2 inch of i:'ater and 20 inches of water

FT3
FT SEC
2

appear to be good data points if both are

POINT

CLOTH, MIL-C-7020. TYPE III k = 1.46042; n - 0.63246; Cp. 1.15 80 W - MASS FLOW RATIO MASS OUTFLOW I MASSINFLOW

Ap AL3B 2 FT FIG. 22 LOCATION OF DATA POINTS FOR DETERMINATION OF "k' AND -n"

61.

8available Z

on the same sample. Sbsi tuting the data from poir.ts 'A." arnd "13" into P
k= p~

4np)
1140,
WW

=)29 *n
4n4 0L01 0.02 MASS FLOW RATIO

(PA(29

20-

0.03

0L04

__

A (&AP)n

Pl3 (Azp.)r

(30)

FIG. 20 EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON MASS FLOW RATIO AT CONSTANT VELOCITY

VIII.

Determination of the Parachute Included Volume

anid Associated Air Mass

0.14
CLOTH. MIt. C.7020. TYPE III k - 1.46042; n- 0.63246 0.12

CP.

SEA LEVEL

2.10

1.15Figure 20K FEET

Before the reference time, to, and inflation time, tf, can be calculated, the volume of atmosphere, Vo, which is to be collected during thedinflation process must be accurately known. This requirement dictates that a realistic inflated canopy shape and associated volume of atmosphere be-determined. 23 was reproduced from reference (5). The technique of using lampblack
coated plates to determine the airflow

SOKFEET 0.04
0.02
O0,
r_________________

K FEET 00 200 400 0.0

around metal models of inflated patterns canopy shapes was used Ay the investigator 0.fo reference (5) to study th,-stability clcter Io sof Contemporary parachutes, i.e., i9 43 . A by-product of this study is that it is clearly shown that the volume of air within the canopy bulges out of the canopy mouth (indicated by
arrows) and extends ahead of the can~opy

VELOCITY (F.P.S.?

FIG. 21 EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON MASS FLOW RATIO AT CONSTANT DENSITY

but significant, source ofr canopy volume exists in the billowed portion of the [,Oro

e. This voluee must be collected during the inflation process. Another neglected,

panels.

A-13

NSWC TR 87.BILOEGORE

-7%

Yt

CONTOUR

- 7z .

o--

Ni
IVALENT BILLOW VOLUME EXENDED AIR VOLUME REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE 16)

,--bP-.-b'

S........ ''/ "

'
-

FIG. 24 PARACHUTE CROSS SECTION NOMENCLATURE MISPHIRI ...

r...results

Tables I and II are summaries of test reproduced from references (6) and (7), respectively, for the convenience of the reader. IX. 1. 2. References

"A M.ethod to Reduce Parachute Inflation Time with a Minor Increase in Opening

Force," WADD Report TR 60-761

Berndt, R. J., and DeWesse, J. H., "Filling Time Prediction Approach for

"j
3.

Solid Cloth Type Parachute Canopies," AIMAAerodynamic Deceleration Systems Conference, Houston, Texas, 7-9 Sep 1966 "Theoretical Parachute Investigations,"
Progress Report No. 4, Project No. 5,

WADC Contract AF33 (616)-3955,

VENT PARACHUTE

4.

"University of !.innesota "Performance of and Design Criteria

for Deployable Aerodynamic Deceler-

FIG. 23 AIRFLOW PATTERNS SHOWING AIR VOLUME

AHEAD OF CANOPY HEM

ators,' TR ASK-TR-61-579, APFDL, AIRFORCESYSCOM, Dec 1963 5. "Investigation of Stability of Parachutes and Development of Stable Parachutes from Fabric of Normal

The steady-state canopy shape has been observed in wind-tunnel and field tests to
be elliptical in profile. Studies of the inflated shape and included volume of

6.

several parachute types (flat circular,

10 percent extended skirt, elliptical,

Ludtke, W. P., "A New Approach to the Determination of the Steady-State

Porosity," Count Zeppelin Research Institute Report No. 300, 23 Mar 1943 Inflated Shape and Included Volume of 11 Sep 1969
Several Parachute Types," NOLTR 69-159,

hemispherical, ring slot, ribbon, and

cross) are documented in references (6) These studies demonstrated that and (7). the steady-state profile shape of inflated canopies of the various types can be approximated to be two ellipses of common

7.

major diameter, 2%, and dissimilar minor

Ludtke, W.-P., "A New Approach to the Determination of the Steady-State Inflated Shape and Included Volume of Several Parachute Types in 24-Gore and 30-Gore Configurations," NOLTR 70-178,

3 Sep 1970

diameters, b and bl, as shown in Figure 24. It was also shown that the volume of the ellipsoid of revolution formed by revolving thc profile shape about the canopy axis was a good approximation of the volume of atmosphere to be collected during canopy
inflation and included the air volume extended ahead of the parachute skirt hem together with the billowed gore volume.

Vo

0o

Te

+r (31)

A-14

NSWC TR 87-96

TABLE I SUMMARY OF PARACHUTE SHAPE TEST RESULTS FOR 12-GORE AMD 16-GORE CONFIGURATIONS
Ppbchul. Type No of Goici So'ps.nso. Le* Lenglth Vs.Iocy Scale Fact., K N 2; 8.6 820
_

As,, Flat,
7

VOolme n

2i
s0 5 73 73 645 63 63__ 6.63 6S4

a~
6SO 669 652 640

2.

V
8811 9039
__

.
156 165 1 73 1 53

ft., C.,nol.,
____ ___

12

34 1 4 1 12 34 4 3 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 3A 34 34 34 34 34 34 47 47 47

bills 5 IS
_

1 4932 1 4597

4476 4450 3928 4051 _

4481 4100 4400 3920 3322

6980 7325 6783 6127 5,010`

--12 147 100 1 2S 8I's T1 17 125 75 2n 100 200 ;15 100 200 2S M0 200 2S 100 200 18 100 200 26 100 200 2S 183 110 37 147 293 37 147 292 37 147 293 37 1 47 293 '31 14 293 37 147 293 1

-8860 8502 9687 8163 9080 9380 8738 8738 8735 8890 8890 8690 8768 8768 8768 8578 88198 8878 1 5284 1 4082 15S283 1 43 32 I 9085 1 8509 18530 1 530 1 530 1 4894 14894 1 4894 1 53? 5832F6 I 8326 14148 1 4148 I 41148 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 380 3800 300 3900 3800 19: 1929 192 12 1928 1928

10% E~tended

881 785 1 81 8751 996 994 80 I 254 11 85 853 922 918 827 1864 844

6424 5580 5626 6169 00 9129

16 Nqn,,sphte,.c* A~ngot 18%Q.oeilmo 12 16 12 12 12 16 16 16 R-bbont 4 21G Polot.Iv -ic 12 12 12 16 16 16

2726 4405 6224 5921 3650 4198 4624 3763 3988 4430 8606A 8370 5903 6166 6826 S685 6030 6891 188s 1 62 1 90 1850 1 59 182 10 16 1 76 1 41 18S7 I 78 3061 296 307 356 309 379

607 616 637 611 617 645 806 618 632 603 26 648 1010 707 76 7819 729 778

654 663 686 658 664 698 632 663 881 680 674 698

I I I
I

6866 65,66 6566 6004 6004 6004

889 I 658: 6888 837 877 I 6888 77 55870 91 55880 781 18870 S43 840 84 7 580 8557 892 1 24; 1270 1 285 1113 1 208 I1113 13867 8867 86 894 8494 8494

380 3323 838 374 66 4280 6683 8388 A3 380.4 8983 4164 6656 3768 3810 422 082 3973 4292 5798 8112 5921 6868 597', 730,3

~'!L264

C losC .1

1 277;6 2164.-3 1 2776 214 I27716 2 14,3 I 52206 I 2512 2 1006 I 2812 2 1(106

REPRODUCED FROM REFERENCE 16

TABLE 11 SUMMARY OF PARACHUTE SHAPE TEST RESULTS FOR 24-GORE AND 30-GORE CONFIGURATIONS
l
2

T-p.

Go,., Pd. of

1.0.

1.0416

-ph

00Atw cl

.l'K

L
796
827 8188 6214 8949 6255

aI.."' -R

-1:38840 4362
1 4020 1 4120 1 4127 4342 4138 4172

oV
7273
7027 6930 626', 6031 5810 6924 6403 6588 7012 8968 60)97 6389 8666 6022 6256 LI

FIssC-.cl-r
10% E.l.od.d' Shotl Rangq slot 18% Gio',,et-cjly Po'clas

24

30
303 34 34 3.1 34 34 34 34 3.4

so
6 1.)10 17 25 100 200 28 0O 7200 5 10.) 20() 141 25 37 101

{67 I
679
668 668 650 663 680 694 677 6U4 69 6187 676 681 655 669 671 669 648 6 665 682 696 678 688 I 691)

8126
7806 8771 1961 9053 9053 9083 9083 90,53 9083 8187 8187 e181 8463 846.. 8463

4198

4626 4446 407A 3878 4079 4210 3826 4023 4260 3891

16
16 I67 'In1 168 1 81 I 93 1 79 184 1 96 1 66 1 70 1 79 1 88 618 I7

4 30 24 24 24 30 30 30

j834
4825

2931
31 147 293 7 147 293 37 "14 293J

24 j5800 819 8800 809 8800 7138 1,600 S803 07 :00 8800 7 :13 80.0 980) 8980 980 60,1 6021 60011

1 48531 3592 3591 149853 1 4883 3591 1 4883 3,82 3882 148853 1 4883 I3882 1 4161 14167 14167 14484 1 14414 1 4484 3891 3891 3891 3582 J582

Goon,.tri,(jol

p0,001

A-bn2% 4 3 24 34 24 3.4 30 10 30 341 34 34

678 649 687 610 679 1

3927
4061 1396 3622 4002

25 70 2J )~

J823

782 784

j3882
''1-

Ih. test -th..I,,.ps,achuI.bm.t,n;4un loast h %atai. ,eolon.blv ,ooe.,.dl in tep'elea'l IS qoIh .

1,.lph-aorbotl

-,'

ta ken Al -ach --

f.' Ph,

ilij

aciD

-dedu#

the oh-a,log,at

"h,rh most

RF PAODuCE DF ROMAF FF.RENCE i71

A- 15

NSWC TR 87-96

X.
A C
-

List of Symbols ft2

Cloth permeability - rat, of airflow through a rloth at a". arbitrary differential trezsurc, 3

Steady-state projected area of the

inflated parachute,

f- /ft

/sec

A., Ao a
25

- Instantaneous canopy mouth area, ft? inflated routh area, - Steady-state ft 0 - Acceleration, ft/sec 2 ft

q S S =A sot to

Dqric pressure,

1:/ft

instantaneous irnrated canopy surface area, fL'Canopy surface area, ft?

- 14aximum inflated parachute diaeter

of gore mainsetam, b

Instantaneous

time,

sec

- Minor axis of the ellipse bounded by the major axis (21) and the vent of the canopy, ft bi - mnraxis of the ellipse which includes the skirt hem of the canopy, ft

- Reference time when the parachute has reached the desilr, drag area for the first time, sec
-

tf
U

Canopy inflation tl.e w.nen the inflated canopy has reached its naxinum physical size, sec effcctive porosity, ft/sec

Effective porosity

- A-ir velocity through cloth in

CD C

Parachute coefficient of drag Par&Lchute pressure coefficient, relates internal and external 4P) on canopy surface to press'ar the dyniic pressure of the free stream

v V V V V ni-o W xi
X
2

ictitious theoreticv l velocity used in effective porosity, ft/sec - Instantaneous systez' ielocity, ft/sec
-

Zystem velocity at the time t = t ft/sec System velocity at the end of suspension line stretch, ft/sec olne of air which must be collected during the inflaticr. process, ft 3 Hardware weight, lb

,DO

- Nominal di&aeter of the aerodynamic 4So/r. ft decelerator = force, lbs F -Instantaneous - Steady-state drag force that would be produced by a fully open parachute at velocity VS, lbs - Constructed strength of the parachute, lbs
force,

F5

Fc

- Instantaneous shock factor

- Shock factor at the ti:.e t = 0

.Fmx - Maximum opening-shock

Ibs ft/sec

g k
m

- Gravitational acceleration,
-

P %-

- A'r density, slugs/ft

Permeability consta,,t o- canopy cloth

Mass, slugs

Ratio of parachute projected mouth area at line stretch to the steadystate projected are%
-

C C max co S.F.

Instantaneous elongation

Mass ratio - ratio of the mass of the retaerded hardware (including parachute) to a mass of atmosphere
contained in a right circular

:!aximum elongation
Initial elongatio- at the beginning

cylinder of length (Vsto), (CDSO), and density (o)

Mt
-

face area
-

of the elastic phase of inflation Para.-hute safety factcr = Fc/FnaX

Mass flow ratio - ratio

of atmo-

sphere flowing through a unit cloth area to the atmosphere flowing through a unit inlet area at arbitrarj pressure
n -Permeability cloth constant of canopy

A-16

NSWC TR 87-96

Appendix

A GUIDE FOR THE USE OF APPENDIX A

reading, Appendix A may appear to be a complicated sysAt first Actually, tem of analysis because of the many formulae presented. once understood, the technique is straightforward and uncomplicated. The author has attempted to simplify the algebra wherever possible. This appendix presents, in semi-outline form, a guide to the sequence of calculations because the analysis does require use of formulae from the text, not necessarily in the order in which they Also, the user can be referred to graphs of perwere presented. effects. formance to illustrate to, other parameters must be obtained from to compute In order various sources. I. Determine System Parameters I. 2. 3. CDSO, Vs, drag area, ft
2

obtained from design requirement.

fps,

velocity of system at suspension line stretch.

3

0, slugs/ft

, air density at deployment altitude. (including weight of the parachute)

W, lb, system weight 4. from design requirements.

yo, ft 3 , this volume of air, which is to be collected 5. during inflation, is calculated from the steady-state inflated The nomenclature shape geometry of the particular parachute type. is described in Figure 24,p.A-14. When Do or DF is known, a can be p. A-15, for various calculated from data in Table I and Table II, Then the geometric volume Vo parachute types and number of gores. p. A-14, with appropriate can be calculated by Equation (31), tables. from the values of b/a and b'/a
6. AMO, ft
2

, steady-state canopy mouth area

AM -o

2 [1"

fi-b/1\2

IN

..

~~~

B-1

V/1rp

NSWC TR 87-96

where N/i, b,.'Z, and b'/7 are available from Tables I and II particular type of parachute and number of gores. 7. Aso ft
2

for the

, canopy surface area

8. C , pressure coefficient, see Figure 18, p. A-12. A constant 8p = 1.7 for all altitudes seems to yield acceptable results. 9. Constants k and n are derived from measurements of the air flow through the cloth. Only k is needed for Equation (14), but n is also required for Equation (13). These parameters can be determined for any cloth using the technique described beginning on p. A-12. The two-point method is adequate if the AP across the cloth is in the range of _P for actual operation. Check-points of cloth permeability can be measured and compared to calculated If the data are to be extrapolated to values to verify agreement. operational IP's greater than measured, a better method of determining k and n from the test data would be a least squares fit through many data points. This way errors due to reading either of the two points are minimized. II. Step 1

%i

Calculate the reference time to by use of Equations (13) or (14), p. A-7. If the deployment altitude is 50,000 feet or higher, Equation (14) is preferred due to its simplicity. For altitudes from sea level to 50,000 feet, Equation (13) is preferred. Figure 12, p. A-8, shows the effect of altitude on to and can be taken as a guide for the user to decide whether to use Equation (13) or (14). One should keep in mind that the opening shock force can be a strong function of inflation time, so be as realistic as possible. If Equation (13) is elected, the method in use at the NSWC/WO is to program Equation (13) to compute the parachute volume, Vo, for an assumed value of to. Equation (14), because of its simplicity, can be used for a first estimate of to at all altitudes. The computi canopy volume is then comparei to the canopy volume calculated from the geometry of the parachute as per Equation (31), p. A-14. If the vol.me computed from the mass flow is within the volume computed from the geometry within plus or minus a specified delta volume, the time to is printed out. If not within the specified limits, to is adjusted, and a new volume calculated. For a 35-foot Do, T-10 type canopy, I use plus or minus 10 cubic feet in the volume comparison. The limit would be reduced for a parachute of smaller Do. If If Vo calculated V. geometry 10, then print answer.

Vo calcuated

V.ogeometry t 10, ~V. geometry

"
0t

then correct

to as follows:

V, calculated

(8-2)

W2

NSWCTR

87-96

The new value of to is substituted in the 'do loop" and the volume recomputed. This calculation continues until the required volume is within the specified limits. III. Calculate to corrected for initial area. The to of Section II assumes that the parachute inflated from a zero initial area. If this is a reasonable assumption for the particular system under study, then the mass ratio can be determined from Equation (6), p. A-4. For n = 0 if the value of M t 0.19, then a finite state of deployment exists, and the time ratio of occurrence and the maximum shock factor can be determined from Equations (9) and (10), respectively, on p. A-5. If n : 0, then the limiting mass ratio for finite operations will rise slightly as described in Appendix C. Figures C-i and C-2 illustrate the effects of initial area on limiting mass ratios and shock factors respectively. If the mass ratio is greater th a n the limiting mass ratio (ML), then the maximum shock force occurs at a time greater than to and the elasticity of the materials must be considered (see Section VI). If n # 0, then the reference time, t_, will be reduced, and the mass ratio will rise due to partial inflation at the line stretch. Figures 9 and 10, p. A-6, illustrate the effects of initial area on the velocities and shock factor during the "unfolding" inflation. Equation (15) , p. A-9, can be used to If the initial calculated for the cases where n = Ai/Ac. correct t be used to can A-9, p. (16), Equation Known, is area Srag of value correct t and rechecked for limiting mass ratios versus n in Appendix 8. IV. Opening shock calculations in the elastic phase of inflation. It has been considered that from time t = 0 to t = to the parachute has been inelastic. At the time t = to the applied aeroaynamic load causes the materials to stretch and the parachute canopy increases in size. The increased size results in an increase in load, which causes further growth, etc. This sequence of events continues until the applied forces have been balanced by the strength of materials. The designer must insure that the constructed strength of the materials is sufficient to resist the applied loads for the material elongation expected. Use of materials of lcw elongation should result in lower opening shock forces as CDSmax is reduced. When the mass ratio of the system is greater than the limiting mass ratio, the elasticity of the materials and material strength determine the maximum opening shock force. The maximum elongation (max and the ultimate strength of the materials are known from tests or specifications. The technique begins on p. A-9. At the time t = to, calculate particular values of M and n. a. Vo,IVs from Equation (18), the following quantities for the p. A-9.

B-3

- ------

NSWC TR 87-6

b.
C.

Xo from Equation

(22),

p. A-10. p. A-10. p. A-10. from Equation (19),

%o from Equation (23),

d. (24), p.

Determine CDSmax/CDSO from Figure 15,

e. Calculate the inflation time ratio tf/to p. A-10.

f. A-9. g.

Calculate the maximum shock factor from Equation Calculate the opening shock force F.-cF

where

h.

Calculate filling

time,

tf(sec)

V. In order to simplify the required effort, the work sheets of Table B-i are included on pages B-5 through B-9 to aid the engineer in systematizing the analysis. The work sheets should be reproduced to provide additional copies.

B-4

NSWC TR 896

Table B-i.

Opening Shock Force 40

CALCULATION WORK( SHEETSIP

1.
2.

Parachute typeSystem parameters a. b. c. d. e. f. System weight. Gravity, W (ib) W g (tt) (slugs/f3) V. (fps) P Vs lb. ft10c 2 ft. slugs/ft 3 fps.

g (ft/sec 2)

Deployment altitude

Deployment air density,

Velocity at line stretch, Steady state canopy data (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Diameter, Do (ft)

Dot 2a (ft); 2 2! DO 2V A5 o $o 0'2 CDSo ft. ft,2

Inflated diameter, Surtace area, Drag area,

o (ttT);

CDSo ([t2); (ft

CD x So

Mouth area, AM*0

) A f

2 [1 _I/Nra- b/I 21 .M0 ~b'Ii~jAOf. '~~ AMO

(6)

Volume,

V_ * (ft
3

-V.2

[.+I.

V0

ft.3

g.

Cloth data (1) (2) k n Calculate using p. A-12. technique beginning on Note: Permeability is usually measured as ft3/fL2/min. For these calculations permeability must he expressed as ft3/ft 2 /sec k n

Data for these calculations are listed in Tables 1 and 2, p. A-15. B-5

,..,. .%

,..

.,-

.,

..,.,,..,

u_

,v p

_.l :___

-. ,_._

p _.

NSWC TR 67.96 Tal -.

~'7~ Opening Shock Force (cont'd)

(3) Emax; determine maximum elongations from pull test data of joints, seams, lines, etc. Use minimum emax determined from tests. (4) h. Cp; pressure coefficient (lb),
Fs , 1PVCO$

Cp
F, lb.

Steady state drag, F.

Parachute constructed strength, Fc (lb); deteri. mined from data on efficiency of seams, joints, lines. Constructed strength is the minimum load required to fail a member times the number of members. 3. Force calculations a. Calculate to for n" 0; eq. 14, p. A-7.

Fe

lb.

a.

14,t s. Calcuvl

[ Amo - Ago k 2 ; eq

o
2-'

e "

Check Figure 13, p. A-8, 13, p. A-7. eq. using If

for advisability of

If n - 0, proceed with steps c through e. b. 0 # 0, go to step f.

c. Mass ratio, M; eq. M-. 6, p. A-4

2W
pgVstoC 0 So

If M < 4/21 for d. deployment is indicated.

n = 0, then finite mass

9, p. A-5

(1) Time ratio at xI max; eq.

I

t Xl

41' ( ) --'

to OXimaX

(2)

Max shock factor, xi; eq.,

0max 49 4 --

10, p.

A-5
Imax

8-6

NSWC TR 87-96

Table
(3)

B-i.

Opening
Fmax (ib)

Shock Force (Cont'd)

4
Fmx lb.

Max shock force, F. =X, FS

maK.aU

e. If M > 4/21; then intermediate mass or infinite of mass deployment is indicated and the elasticity Calculate the trajectory conmaterials is involved. at time t = to. ditions

(1)

Velocity ratio V

@ t

= to for rn= 0 V

Vs

1 +_
7M

'vo

(2)

Shock factor

Xo 0 @ t = to for

f,

Xo

'

/VO\

X[

(3)

Initial

elongation, Xo FSo F,

Eo;

eq.

23,

p.

A-10

(4)

Determine

CDSmax CDSo inflation

from Figure 15,

p.

A-10

CoSmax CDSo

(5)

Calculate

time ratio, -

tf

eo.

24,

p. A-I1
t o

to
to to

(6)

Calculate

maximum &hock factor,

xi max;

eq.

19,

p.

A-9

(ti)6

Max

V0

]]3 ,L) r,[(

force I "

Irl

maxt

(7)

Calculate maximum shock

Fs S="

max

Ib.

B-7

NSWC TR 87-96
Table B-1. Opening Shock Force

'
(cont' d)

(8)

Inflation

time,

see =

tf=t

(--

Sec.

f. If q $ 0, correct to for initial area effects; eq . 16 , p . A-9 t, Oc \[I

g. Mass Ratio, M, eq. 6, p. A-4
L\Cs.

to

Sec.

MA

;- 2W pgVst 0 COSo

h.

Calculate

limiting

mass ratio,

ML

ML= 3(1 - 7) -

ML

If

M < ML

Uinite mass deployment

is

indicated

and xi max

can be determined of t/t 0 and plotting Appendix C.

by eq. 8, p. A-3 by assuming values the data using the methods of

i. If M > ML, then intermediate mass or infinite mass deployment is indicated and the elasticity of materials is involved. Calculate the trajectory conditioas at time t = to. (1) p. A-9 Velocity ratio @ t = to for n # 0; eq. 18,

V 0 ____
VS +1M + 170+ )22

_ ___

___ ___V

___

7 +172]v

22,

p.

(2) A-10

Shock factor Xo @ t

to for

# 0;

eq.

(3)

Initial

elongation,

c-o

eq.

23,

p. A-I1

SF
C

max

60

(4)

Determine

CDS ax CDSo

from Figure

15,

p.

A-10

CDSmUx C D So

B-8

NSWC TR 87-96

Table B-1.
(5) p. A-10 Calculate inflation

Opening time ratio,

Shock
f ,

Foc
f:q.
-/,

(Con

tf

(CDSmax
xi max;
v_', +. L

_ic

eq.

19,

(6) CalculaLe maximum shock fa'-tor, p. A-9 tf 6

To ) T' -[ 1
'imax

( "

(7)

Calculate maximum shock force,

Fro~x " i max FS

Fmax(lb)
Fmax

(8)

Calculate inflation time, tf to

tf(sec)
If

()

See.

B-9

NSWC TR 87-96

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL SURFACE WEAPON$ CENTER

OAH LOREN, VIRINIA 22448-400

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IN REPLY REFER TO-

E22 1-MEM
Change I To all holders of -NTitle: NSWC TR 87-96 Notes on a Parachute Opening Force Analysis Applied to a Vertical Toward-the-Earth Trajectory 17 Jul 87 3.6) 3 page (s)

This publication is chanted as follows: Remove the following pages and replace with new pages supplied: 13/14 Insert the following new pages supplied:
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Dispose of the removed pages in accordance with applicable security regulations.

4
I,

c-,

L-Z

Insert this change shoot between the cover and the DD Form 1473 in your copy. Write on the cover "Change 1 inserted" Approved by:

DR. I.E.GOLLR

,HeW

Underwater Weapons Division

87
iSl

10

1 366

NSWC TR 87-96 The calculated canopy volume,

calc,

is

determined

from equation

""Ocalc

vA'o' .-

\i/, I=

V2

dt

(11)

', *

A program for calculating

fo r solid cloth parachutes and

,,".

the opening shock force profile during the inflation of several parachute types is provided in Table 1. Equations (4), (11), and (12) are programmed together with the vertical deployment opening shock equations (2) through (8) in FORTRAN IV language. The included examples were calculated via the program using a VAX 780 computer. The program operates in two modes. Mode 1, for solid

cloth parachutes, calculates the vertical deployment reference

time to for the parachute system parameters and operational deployment data, and then calculates the opening shock profile during inflation. A typical data print out is shown in Table 2. calculateso clthe canopy volume an for the estimatedcaoptineemet compares yand The program initial value of "to". It is necessary to estimate geometry. If the to the volume derived from the the calculated volume is not within specified limits, the program adjusts "to" by equation (12) and reiterates the program until the calculated volume is within the specified limits.
o

A; ,i 1A

gaometric.

(121

Mode 2 of the program calculates opening shock profiles for input values of to. Mode 2 analysis of other types of parachutes is

possible by the selection of the proper values of "j" (1/2,

3, 4, 5, or 6) and
",".

The opening shock force variation for

1, 2,

"examples (1) and (2)

are plotted in Figures 3 and 4. The nominal to for n-0.632 was calculated by the program in mode 1 and the force-time survey was calculated in mode 2. Figure 3 illustrates that r ichutes deployed in a vertical toward-the-earth trajectory inflate faster than the same system deployed horizontally at the same altitude and velocity. Inflation reference times for parachute types other than solid cloth canopies can be developed from the mass flow equation. "This requires that the flow through the canopy be expressed in a form similar to the solid cloth canopy cloth permeability, P, where the rate of flow per unit area is a function of the pressure differential across the cloth or grid.

4'
W, 13 Change 1

-.d&

AL__

NSWC TR 87-96 TABLE 1. INSTANTANEOUS DRAG AREA, VELOCITY. OPENING SHOCK FORCE, AND DISTANCE OF FALL OF A PARACHUTE DEPLOYED IN VERTICAL FALL.

THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES THE INSTANTANEOUS DRAG AREA, VELOCITY. OPENING SHOCK FORCE, AND DISTANCE OF FALL OF A PARACHUTE DEPLOYED VERTICAL FALL.

IN

THE PROGRAM OPERATES IN TWO MODES: MODE I CALCULATES THE INFLATION TIME AND PERFORMANCE PROFILES FOR SOLID CLOTH PARACHUTES (TO INPUT AS INITIAL ESTIMATE) (IOPT 1) MODE 2 CALCULATES THE PERFORMANCE PROFILES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF PARACHUTES (U). INFLATION TIME INPUT IS REQUIRED (IOPT = 2) INPUT. IOPT
-

1 (FOR 2 (FOR

MODE

1)

MODE 2)

INPUT NEEDED FOR BOTH MODES RHO V5 CDSO TO

W

AIR DENSITY AT GIVEN ALTITUDE (SLUCS/FT3) VELOCITY AT SUSPENSION LINE STRETCH (FT/SEC) DESIGN DRAG AREA (FT2) IOPT-1 INITIAL GUESS FOR INFLATION REF TIME (SEC) IOPT=2 ACTUAL INFLATION REFERENCE TIME. (SEC)
- WEIGHT. (LIPS)

-6 -1

FOR FLAT CIRCULAR PARACHUTE FOR RIBBON TYPE OF PARACHUTE.

INPUT NEEDED FOR AMO ASO K CP N VO -

IOPT = 1 ONLY. STEADY-STATE MOUTH AREA. (F12) CANOPY DESIGN SURFACE AREA, (FT2) CLOTH PERMEABILITY CONSTANT. PRESSURE COEFFICIENT. CLOTH PERMEABILITY EXPONENT. GEOMETRIC VOLUME. (FT3)

REAL*4 N TODEN-100000. 5 PRINT *, 'INPUT [OPT' READ(Z,* ,END-10 ) IOPT PRINT *, 'INPUT RHO, VS, CDSO, TOW.J' READ(5, *)RHO, VS, CDSO, TO. W,J IF(IOPT.EG 2) GO TO 3 PRINT *, 'INPUT-AMO, ASO, XK, CP, N, VO' READ(5, e)AMO, ASO, XK, CP, N, VO 3 DT-TO/TODEN TAU-O. X=TAU CDS-TAU*CDSO FSw 5*RHO*VS**2*CDSO F-TAU*FS VOL-O IPASS-0

" ''

14