Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160 DOI 10.

1617/s11527-009-9573-0

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Long term deformations by creep and shrinkage in recycled aggregate concrete

zaro F. L. Gayarre A. Domingo C. La pez-Colina M. A. Serrano C. Lo

Received: 10 October 2008 / Accepted: 7 December 2009 / Published online: 15 December 2009 RILEM 2009

Abstract The main aim of this work was to determine creep and shrinkage variations experienced in recycled concrete, made by replacing the main fraction of the natural aggregate with a recycled aggregate coming from waste concrete and comparing it to a control concrete. It was possible to state that the evolution of deformation by shrinkage and creep was similar to a conventional concrete, although the results after a period of 180 days showed the inuence of the substitution percentage in the recycled aggregates present in the mixture. In the case when 100% coarse natural aggregate was replaced by recycled aggregate there was an increase in the deformations by creep of 51% and by shrinkage of 70% as compared to those experienced by the control concrete. The substitution percentages of coarse natural aggregate by coarse recycled aggregate were 20, 50 and 100%. Fine natural aggregate was used in all cases and the amount of cement and watercement ratio remained constant in the mixture. Keywords Creep Shrinkage Recycled concrete Recycled aggregate concrete
zaro A. Domingo C. La ETSICCP, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n., 46071 Valencia, Spain pez-Colina F. L. Gayarre M. A. Serrano (&) C. Lo EPS Engineering, Dep. Construction, University of n, Spain Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, 33203 Gijo e-mail: serrano@uniovi.es

1 Introduction Under the National Plan of Construction and Demolition Waste (PNRCD 20012006) carried out in Spain, different studies were made with the purpose of being able to reuse construction waste in concrete production. Currently in Spain several groups of researchers are working jointly in the development of specic rules that regulate the use of these materials in concrete production [1, 2]. Following these objectives, with the support of the Spanish Ministry of Environment and coordinated by the Structures and Materials Head Ofce Laboratory of the Cedex (Training and Experimentation Center for Public Works), the experimental project of regulatory context RECNHOR was developed. Our work team participated in this project together with three Spanish universities and more specically was in charge of evaluating the inuence of recycled aggregate on the deferred properties of the concrete. It was important to determine these parameters in order to confront the design of reinforced concrete elements prepared with recycled aggregates in a safe way. nchez de Juan [3] and The Spanish researchers Sa mez-Sobero n [4], who have worked previously in Go this line of investigation, presented several conclusions. Shrinkage values between 15 and 60% were nchez de Juan et al. [3], higher in obtained by Sa recycled aggregate concretes as compared to those mez-Sobero n [4] containing natural aggregate. Go

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concluded that due to a higher absorption of recycled aggregate, the shrinkage and creep of the recycled concrete increased. Similar values to the ones obtained for concretes made with aggregates coming from slag were presented [5]. Other study carried out by Kishore [6] reveal creep and shrinkage strains in the range of 1433, and 330%, respectively. Poon [7] concluded that shrinkage in steam curing recycled concretes diminishes when the percentage o recycled aggregate increases. For concretes prepared with recycled aggregates, Sato [8] obtained values for the autogenous shrinkage 40% lower than those of conventional concrete for a 28 days period, nevertheless the drying shrinkage was the same for both types of concretes for the longer period of 100 days.

2 Experimental program 2.1 Components The cement considered for the preparation of the concretes in this work was: CEM I 42.5 N/SR. The natural aggregates presented a calcareous origin with three different possibilities: coarse aggregate CNA (10/20 mm), coarse aggregate CNA (4/10 mm) and ne aggregate FNA (0/4 mm). All the recycled coarse aggregates RCA (4/20 mm) considered came from concrete waste. The additive Sikament 500 was used as superplastifying. The coarse recycled aggregate, whose rocky matrix is also calcareous, is similar in appearance to the natural crushed aggregates although its texture is rougher due to adhered mortar waste [9, 10], presenting a greater absorption than natural aggregates (Table 1). Another important factor is the lower density of recycled aggregates due to the presence of mortar adhered to the aggregates [9, 10].

Recycled aggregates generally full adequate granulometric analysis for concrete production [10]. This granulometric analysis was carried out according to the European Code UNE-EN 933-1. Figure 1 shows the granulometric analysis and the granulometric modulus of the aggregates used. The aggregates used in the study show a continuous granulometric curve, and the percentage of declassied material present in the coarse recycled aggregates is lower than 5%, making them suitable for use. The most important property that differentiates natural aggregates from recycled ones is the percentage of adhered mortar, determined according to the test procedure established in [11]. This method involves applying stresses to the adhered mortar in order to cause its detachment from the rocky matrix. The sample is weighed and immersed in water. Next, the sample is heated up in a furnace and, subsequently, a thermal crash is produced by dipping it again into cold water. Finally, the sample is sieved using a 2 mm sieve. The mortar that is still adhered is removed by hitting the sample with a rubber mallet. Once the cleaning has been done, the sample is weighed again. The weight difference represents the adhered mortar. It can be observed (Table 1) how a greater percentage of adhered mortar is concentrated in the nest fractions. 2.2 Mixtures The dosage rate of the tested concretes can be observed in Table 2. A control concrete with 40 MPa of compressive strength was used. The recycled concrete was produced by substituting 20, 50 and 100% of the natural coarse aggregate with the recycled aggregate.

Table 1 Densities, absorption and L.A. wear coefcient of aggregates

Material

Dry density (kg/m3) 2647 2622 2338 2338 2460

Density SSD (kg/m3) 2673 2659 2460 2460 2540

Absorption 24 h (%) 0.98 1.42 6.08 5.19 3.22

L.A. coefcient (%) 27.8 31.96 43.54 40.22

Adhered mortar

CNA (10/20 mm) CNA (4/10 mm) RCA (4/8 mm) RCA (8/20 mm) FNA (0/4 mm)

31.5% 18%

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160 Fig. 1 Aggregates granulometric analysis

100 90 80 70

1149

% PASSING

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Sieve size (mm)

CNA (10/20 mm) CNA (4/10 mm) FNA (0/4 mm) RCA (4/20 mm)

Material Granulometric modulus

CNA (10/20 mm) CNA (4/10 mm) FNA (0/4 mm) RCA (4/20 mm) 7.32 6.32 2.85 6.65

Table 2 Mixture composition

Material

Coarse recycled aggregate substitution 0% 20% 380 190 744.45 665.28 91.69 189.24 0.5 0.7% 50% 380 190 709.54 414.06 57.07 471.12 0.5 0.7% 100% 380 190 714.56 0 0 874.04 0.5 1.4%

Cement (kg) Water (kg) FNA (0/4 mm) (kg) CNA (10/20 mm) (kg) CNA (4/10 mm) (kg) RCA (4/20 mm) (kg) w/c ratio Additive

380 190 713.90 882.20 121.59 0 0.5 0.7%

Two mixtures (A and B) were prepared for each percentage. Each one was cured in a different way in order to study the behaviour of its mechanical properties. The mixture was prepared according to the following procedure: rst, the coarse aggregates and 1/3 of the water were added, giving the mixer a few turns. Later the sand, the cement and another third of the water was added, mixing it for 3 min and leaving the mixture to rest for another 3 min, covering it to avoid evaporation. Finally, the remaining third of the water and the additive were added, mixing it for 2 more minutes, after which the mixture was ready. The consistency of the concrete was measured by the Abrams cone method, according to the code

UNE-EN 12350-2: 2006, obtaining results (Table 3) that show how a greater presence of recycled aggregate decreases the workability of the concrete. That is the reason why it is necessary to use saturated recycled aggregate [12] or a greater amount of superplastifying additives. Following the European Code UNE-EN 12390-2 to carry out the strength tests, samples in cylindrical specimen of 15 9 30 cm unmolded the following day were prepared so as to be cured for 7 days in a chamber at a constant temperature of 20C and a humidity of over 95%. On the 18th day, the specimens of mixture A were left in the humidity chamber until day 28, whereas the specimens of mixture B were taken to a climatic chamber that

1150 Coefcient of variation (%)

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160

0.71

1.42

1.73

1.59

1.83

2.14

2.21

presented a drying atmosphere of 65% RH and a temperature of 23C, where the creep and shrinkage tests were carried out. 2.3 Hardened concrete Tests on three samples were carried out for both mixtures following the codes UNE-EN 12390-3 and UNE-EN 83316 in order to determine the compressive strength and the elastic modulus, respectively. 2.4 Test preparation

Elastic modulus (MPa)

33,308

32,360

33,516

30,337

36,223

1.1

32,360 2.1

Coefcient of variation (%)

1.83

2.04

2.20

2.34

1.90

34,072 2.30

2.51

30,995

Coefcient of variation (%)

The test was carried out according to ASTM C512-02 [13]. In order to carry it out, rigid frames with a capacity to withstand a nominal load of up to 500 kN were designed. The frames made it possible to test simultaneously three cylindrical specimens of 150 9 300 mm arranged in series (Fig. 2). The frames with the specimens were introduced in a climatic chamber at a controlled temperature of 23 1C and RH of 65 10%. Since the specimens are not sealed, the deformations measured are

fc 28 days (MPa)

45.25

47.40

54.80

45.85

47.70 2.32 2.34 20 15

1.60

1.54

Table 3 Physical and mechanical properties of the recycled and control concretes

fc 7 days (MPa)

39.5

41.5

2.14

Density 28 days (kg/dm3)

2.36

2.35

40.4

2.32

47.3

1.88

2.34

50.20 2.32 5 50 2.35

Density 7 days (kg/dm3)

2.34

2.31

2.34

Slump (cm)

17

19

17

Percentage recycled

20

50

100

Mixture identication

H40 A

H40 B

100

18

14

2.31

2.36

2.35

2.37

2.29

54.10

47.3

Fig. 2 Frame and test equipment

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160

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shrinkage (autogenous and dried) and creep (basic and dried). The frame designed to conduct the test included a hydraulic manual-action jack, making it possible to test concretes up to 80 MPa with a 0.35 fc load level. This load is maintained over long periods of time by means of a hydro pneumatic accumulator of 1.5 dm3 nominal capacity and nitrogen preload of 110 bar. The measurement system was made up of electronic devices that measure and register the deformation, load, temperature and humidity values. The deformation measurement due to creep and shrinkage was made by means of three strain gauges, arranged in three equidistant generatrix. The load in the creep tests was measured by means of pressure transducers with a capacity up to 400 bar. Inside the chamber an electronic transducer measured the humidity and temperature. All the instruments were connected to data acquisition modules, with eight channels per module, so as to periodically register the measurements in real time. The total extended deformation in a specimen under compression stress r along with the temperature increase DT(t) for a period of time t is determined using the superposition principle in the equation: et esh t; t0 J t; t0 ; t0 r a DT t 1

The creep function that denes the total elastic deformation of the concrete under a uniform compression load after 28 days is expressed by: J t; t0 ; t0 1 /t; t0 ; t0 E0 2

where / is the creep coefcient dened by the relation between the creep deformation and the initial deformation. Since the temperature remained constant during the test, its effects were not taken into consideration.

3 Experimental results The mortar present in recycled aggregate also causes a greater wear rate in the Los Angeles machine (Table 1). Comparing the natural coarse aggregate to the recycled one, a wear increase between 26% for the CNA (4/10 mm) and 44% for the CNA (10/20 mm) was observed.

As it was indicated above, Table 1 shows the results of the tests for adhered mortar in the recycled aggregates. Table 3 shows that the density of the samples decreases when the substitution level of recycled aggregate in the mixture is increased, and that the curing process in the climatic chamber causes a slight decrease in density due to the drying process of the samples. The density of the concrete was obtained by testing three samples following the procedure established in the European Code UNE-EN 12390-7. Table 3 also shows the compressive strength values for the different substitution percentages and curing times. In the case of mixture B only the test after 28 days was carried out. For all substitution levels, it was observed that strength after 7 days exceeded 80% of the compressive strength reached by mixture A on day 28. It was also noted that when the substitution level of recycled aggregate was increased, an increase in the compressive strength was obtained, contrary to what was established in other studies. This was possibly caused by the fact that greater absorption of recycled aggregates produced a smaller effective water cement ratio, although it could also have been caused by the effects of the additive used. On the other hand, the elastic modulus obtained experimentally showed a clear decrease (Table 3) as the substitution percentage of recycled aggregates was increased. These results were in agreement with other studies carried out [14]. The results obtained for the elastic modulus are acceptable, with levels of substitution between 20 and 50% of the coarse aggregate, if they are compared (Fig. 3) with those given by the proposed equation in [14]. Nevertheless, when the substitution level exceeded 50% there was a decrease in the value of the elastic modulus. In these situations the experimental results disagree with those proposed by [14]. From these values the inuence of the recycled aggregates can be observed. Their higher porosity caused an important decrease in the elastic modulus when the replacement level was 100%. In order to verify whether indeed the compressive strength was higher as a result of the greater absorption of recycled aggregates, it was decided to prepare a group of mixtures in which the effective watercement ratio remained constant, that is to say,

1152 Fig. 3 Elastic modulus versus Japanese Architecture Institute estimation

50.000 47.500 45.000 42.500 40.000

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160

E (MPa)

37.500 35.000 32.500 30.000 27.500 25.000 22.500 20.000 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

E28

REPLACEMENT PERCENTAGE

Table 4 Concrete properties, correcting the mix water by effect of aggregate absorption for mixture A Percentage recycled 0 20 50 100 Slump (cone cm) 21 21 21 21 fc (MPa) 42.78 42.70 41.30 41.80 E (MPa) 32,153 31,178 31,204 31,589

It was observed that when the effective water cement ratio was maintained constant, the slump, the compressive strength and elastic modulus values were the same, so the substitution of natural aggregate by recycled aggregate did not have a signicant effect. The recycled aggregate used in the study presented very good quality. 3.1 Shrinkage

adjusting the amount of water in the mixture to take into account absorption. Table 4 shows the obtained values of consistency, compressive strength and elastic modulus for mixture A.
Fig. 4 Shrinkage deformation versus concrete age

Shrinkage began to be measured after 7 days of curing, registering values (Fig. 4) that clearly showed the inuence of the percentage of recycled aggregates. There was greater deformation by shrinkage as
SHRINKAGE STRAIN H40 RECYCLED CONCRETE EXPERIMENTAL

400 375 350 325 300

STRAIN ( m/m)

275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 0% 20% 50% 100%

AGE (Days)

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160

1153

the percentage of recycled aggregate substitution increased. Shrinkage in the recycled concrete with a substitution percentage of 50% was around 20% higher than that of the control concrete, whereas with a substitution percentage of 100% the shrinkage increase reached 70% after a period of 180 days. The evolution of shrinkage with the time for the recycled concretes analysed was similar to that showed by conventional concrete but approximately 50% higher for a period of 120 days. It could also be observed that increases in the chambers relative humidity caused the shrinkage to diminish. In Fig. 4, it can be seen that the shrinkage curves fell after around 77 days, coinciding with the maximum values of relative humidity in the chamber (Fig. 5). The original mechanism of the shrinkage deformations is in the cement paste of concrete. The adhered mortar in the recycled aggregate causes an increase in the volume of cement paste in recycled aggregate concrete. This causes a higher drying shrinkage because the ratio w/c, that has an important inuence in drying shrinkage, was uniform. The volume of pores conned in the cement paste leads to drying shrinkage because, when a humidity gradient between concrete and ambient is present, as porosity increases, the loss of water in the cement paste increases too. On the other hand, when the natural aggregate is substituted by the recycled one, the ratio aggregate/cement in recycled concrete diminishes, since the substitution is done taking into account

volume percentages and the recycled aggregate includes cement paste adhered to its rocky matrix. The increase in cement paste causes a rise in the shrinkage of recycled concrete. Furthermore, due to the adhered cement paste of the recycled aggregates the density of concrete decreases and porosity increases. This growth also contributes to a higher drying shrinkage than in the reference concrete. 3.2 Creep Creep mechanisms in concrete are quite complex and they are still not completely known. Among all the approaches there is a wide agreement on the importance of viscous ow, water leakage from CHS gel and micro-cracking. The original mechanism of creep can be explained in a simple way by the loss of water of cement paste due to the applied loads. Since creep happens in the cement paste, those concretes with a higher volumetric content of aggregates show lower strains caused by creep. When the natural aggregate is substituted by the recycled one, the actual volume of aggregates is reduced due to the old cement paste present in the recycled aggregates. This implies a lower ratio aggregate/cement in recycled concretes than in conventional ones. Also the elastic modulus in recycled aggregates coming from waste concrete is lower than in natural aggregates due to the adhered mortar present in recycled aggregates These effects cause an increase in creep of the recycled concrete. On the

TEMPERATURE (C) -RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)

Fig. 5 Temperature and humidity data in the climatic chamber

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY DATA IN THE CLIMATIC CHAMBER

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 Humidity Temperature

DAYS

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other hand the higher porosity of recycled concrete causes an increase in creep. Figures 6, 7 and 8 show how the deformation in concrete rises when the substitution percentage of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate increases. Creep data (Fig. 6) were obtained by deducting the deformation due to shrinkage and instantaneous deformation caused by the compression load from the total deformation. It can be observed that the creep deformation of recycled concrete with a 20% substitution percentage was found to be 35% higher than that of the control concrete. For a 50%
Fig. 6 Total deformation due to creep effect
700

substitution level, the creep deformation was 42% higher, whereas for the 100% substitution level the increase in the creep deformation was 51%. When the total creep deformations are compared with the elastic deformations under the applied load, the creep coefcients may be obtained (Fig. 7). It is of great importance to know these coefcients as they are very useful when estimating the extended deections in concrete structures. The obtained results made it possible to determine the total deformation, but they did not allow a profound comparison of the creep potential in the different mixtures since the recycled concretes and the control

CREEP DEFORMATIONS H40 RECYCLED EXPERIMENTAL

600

DEFORMATION ( m/m)

500

400

300

0% 20%

200

50% 100%

100

0 0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196

LOAD TIME (Days)

Fig. 7 Creep coefcients

1,4 1,2 1 0,8

CREEP COEFFICIENT H40 RECYCLED CONCRETE

0,6
0%

0,4 0,2 0
0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168

20% 50% 100%

182

196

LOAD TIME (Days)

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160 Fig. 8 Specic creep deformation versus load time
ESPECIFIC CREEP DEFORMATION H40 RECYCLED CONCRETE
40 35 30

1155

EXPERIMENTAL

( m/m) / MPa

25 20 15
50% 0% 20%

10
100%

5 0
0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182

LOAD TIME (Days)

concrete showed different compressive deformation values. In addition, the load applied to each one was different in order to maintain the 35% compressive strength level. For that reason it is better to carry out the comparison with the specic creep (Fig. 8). The substitution percentage of recycled aggregate also affected the creep deformations. The specic creep of recycled concrete with a 20% substitution percentage was found to be 25% higher than that of the control concrete. In recycled concrete with a 50% substitution level, the creep deformation was 29% higher and for concrete with a 100% substitution level the increase in the creep deformation was 32%. This behaviour considerably exceeds the estimations nchez de that could have been made according to Sa Juan [3], who concluded that the increase in creep deformation was already taken into account in the decrease of the elastic modulus.

4 Result analysis and contrast with prediction models 4.1 Control concretes

model are those recommended by their authors, since there were no specic deformation values for the aggregates used. Figure 9 shows the total deformations anticipated by different models and by the control concrete. It can be observed that after 7 days the drying process subsequent to the curing process started and, as a consequence, deformations by shrinkage appeared. At 28 days a uniform compressive load was applied to the specimen, causing an instantaneous elastic deformation and later creep deformations appeared as the concrete got older. The values of the shrinkage and creep deformations for the control concrete can be observed in Figs. 10 and 11, respectively, for comparison with the results from their prediction models. As can be seen in the previous gures, the values obtained experimentally for both types of deformations are overestimated by the prediction models. This trend suggests that the control concrete in fact presents less extended deformations than predicted and that estimations based on these models would be conservative. 4.2 Concrete with recycled aggregates

The experimental results were compared with the values obtained analytically by using prediction models such as the ACI [14], the CEB-FIP [15], the one recommended by Rilem [16] and a model developed by Gardner and Lockman [17]. The variables used in the models are those related to the control mixture, and the parameters of each

A comparison of the experimental results was also carried out for the recycled concrete in order to evaluate whether use of the prediction models was possible and thus to be able to predict the extended deformations of this concrete. If the comparison is not appropriate, an adjustment of the parameters is

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EXTENDED DEFORMATIONS H40 -0% PREDICTION MODELS (DRYING AFTER 7 DAYS AND LOAD SET UP TO 28 DAYS)
1500 1400 1300 1200

DEFORMATION ( m/m)

1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203

ACI 209

CEB-FIP

B3

GL2001

AGE (days)

Fig. 9 Extended deformations predicted by models

SHRINKAGE H40 -0% PREDICTION MODELS -EXPERIMENTAL DEFORMATION

500 450 400

( m/m) DEFORMATION

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203 210 217 224 231 238 245 252 259

ACI 209

GL2001

B3

CEB-FIP

0% Experimental

AGE (days)

Fig. 10 Experimental shrinkage versus prediction models for H40 control

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160

CREEP H40 -0% FORECAST MODELS -EXPERIMENTAL DEFORMATION

1157

50 45

SPECIFIC DEFORMATION ( m/m) / MPa

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175
ACI 209 CEB-FIP B3 GL2001 0% Experimental

LOAD TIME (Days)

Fig. 11 Specic experimental creep versus prediction models for H40 control

1800 1600 1400

EXTENDED DEFORMATIONS H40 -20% FORECAST MODELS -EXPERIMENTAL DEFORMATIONS

DEFORMATION (m/m)

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196

GL2001 B3 ACI 209 CEB-FIT 20% EXPERIMENTAL

AGE (Days)

Fig. 12 Extended deformations of H40-20% concrete compared with prediction models

needed so as to know their inuence on creep and shrinkage when aggregates with special characteristics are included.

It was observed that extended deformations measured for recycled concrete with a 20% substitution level (Fig. 12), although higher than those

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Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160

EXTENDED DEFORMATIONS H40 -50%
1800 1600 1400

PREDICTIONS MODELS -EXPERIMENTAL DEFORMATIONS

DEFORMATION (m/m)

1200 1000
GL2001

800
B3

600 400 200 0 0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140

ACI 209 CEB-FIT 50% EXPERIMENTAL

154

168

AGE (Days)

Fig. 13 Extended deformations of H40-50% concrete compared with prediction models

EXTENDED DEFORMATIONS H40 -100%

2000 1800 1600

FORECAST MODELS -EXPERIMENTAL DEFORMATIONS

DEFORMATION (m/m)

1400
GL2001

1200 1000 800 600

CEB-FIT B3

ACI 209

400
100% EXPERIMENTAL

200 0 0 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182

196

AGE (Days)

Fig. 14 Extended deformations of H40-100% concrete compared with prediction models

predicted for the control concrete, were overestimated by the prediction models used. Nevertheless, when the substitution level of the recycled aggregate was 50% (Fig. 13), the extended deformations

basically matched the values predicted by the CEB-FIP model. Finally, for 100% substitution levels, the models used in the comparison usually reect the behaviour

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160

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of the concrete tested better than in previous comparisons (Fig. 14). It is, however, interesting to point out that in some cases (after 150 days), the deformations actually reached were slightly underestimated, which could be detrimental when applied to the global behaviour of the structure. The authors did not aim in this work to propose a modied model. However, this is one of their main objectives in the next research by increasing the number of tests, since the codes do not include the type of aggregate used in the concrete as a parameter.

5 Conclusions Based on the experimental tests carried out, it is possible to conclude that the recycled aggregate used in this study presents a high quality, without significant differences of behaviour when compared to equivalent mixtures with natural aggregates. The texture and greater absorption characteristics of recycled aggregates result in an increase in their consistency. In order to maintain their workability, the content in superplastifying additives should be increased just in case the substitution percentage is 100%. The effective water/cement ratio diminishes, when completely dried recycled aggregates are used, due to their higher absorption rate, and the compressive strength of the recycled concrete increases. Besides the superplastifying additive used contributes to increasing the compressive strength of the recycled concrete. These two factors cause the compressive strength of the elaborated recycled concretes to increase slightly as the substitution percentage of recycled aggregates rises. Due to the greater porosity of the recycled aggregate the elastic modulus of the elaborated recycled concretes diminishes as the substitution percentage increases. The shrinkage in the recycled concretes increased after 28 days. The recycled concretes elaborated with a substitution level of 20% showed a similar shrinkage to the conventional concretes in the early stages. For a period of 6 months, the shrinkage in these recycled concretes was 4% higher. In the case of a substitution level of 50%, the shrinkage increase was 12% greater than that of the conventional concrete after 6 months.

Those concretes elaborated with a substitution level of 100% showed a shrinkage and a creep which were considerably higher than those of conventional concretes, being, respectively, 70 and 51% higher for a period of 180 days. The shrinkage trend in the recycled concretes elaborated with substitution levels of the coarse aggregate lower than 50% is similar to that shown by the conventional concrete. Derived from the experimental results it can be concluded that the prediction models used in this research to determine the deferred deformations in the recycled concrete can be considered conservative with the exception of the CEB-FIP model for substitution levels higher than 20%.

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1160 13. ASTM C512-02 (2002) Standard test method for creep of concrete in compression. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia 14. Kakizaki M, Harada M, Soshiroda T, Kubota S, Ikeda T, Kasai Y (1988) Strength and elastic modulus of recycled aggregate concrete. In: Proceedings of the second international RILEM symposium on demolition and reuse of concrete and masonry, vol 2. Reuse of Demolition Waste, pp 565574

Materials and Structures (2010) 43:11471160 Euro-International 15. CEB-FIP (1990) Model code. Comite tonFe de ration Internationale de la Pre contrainte du Be 16. RILEM Model B3 (1995) Creep and shrinkage model for analysis and design of concrete structures 17. Gardner NJ, Lockman MJ (2001) Design provisions for drying shrinkage and creep of normal strength concrete. ACI Mater J 98(2):159167