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  • Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

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     Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lowerconcentration, thus, going down a concentration gradient until a dynamic equilibrium isreached • Osmosis: Diffusion of water  Movement of water molecules from a dilute solution (water concentration high) to aconcentrated solution (water concentration low) through semi-permeable membrane • Facilitated diffusion  Movement of substances across plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins andpores following the concentration gradient  Example: ions, nucleic acids, amino acids and glucose  Carrier protein are specific (only can bind with certain molecules)  Pore proteins form pore/channel Active transport • Movement of solute/ion across plasma membrane against concentration gradient • Requires energy and carrier protein • Energy comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) generated during respiration inmitochondria • Carrier protein has an active site to bind with molecule and another active site tobind with ATP. The carrier protein changes shape when phosphate group from ATPbinds to it. Then, the solute is moved across the membrane. • Ex. Absorption of water and intake of ions in plants Passive TransportDifferencesActive TransportFollows concentrationgradientConcentration gradientOpposes concentrationgradientDoes not need energyCellular energyConsumes energyCan take place in livingcells or non-livingphysical conditionsConditionCan only take place inliving cells 3.2 Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane in Daily Life • Hypotonic- A solution with higher water potential than another solution • Hypertonic- A solution with lower water potential than another solution • Isotonic- A solution with same water potential with another solution • Haemolysis- The bursting of red blood cells • Crenation- The shrinking of red blood cells • Plasmolysis- A shrinking of cytoplasm due to osmosis • Deplasmolysis- A process of a cell gaining its turgidity back • Animal and Plant Cells in an Isotonic Solution Water diffuses into and out of cell at equal rate. Hence, the cell retains its normalshape.Likewise with the plant cell. • Animal and Plant Cells in a Hypotonic Solution In animal cell, water enters the cell and causes it to swell up and eventually to burst(red blood cell). This is because the plasma membrane is too thin towithstand thepressure. The bursting of red blood cells is known as haemolysis. In plant cell, waterenters the large central vacuole of the cell, causing the vacuole to expand and swellup and the plasma membrane pushes against the cell wall. In this condition, the cellis said to be turgid. The cell does not burst because the rigid cell wall able towithstand the pressure. This condition creates turgor pressure. Turgidity is importantto support, give shape, and causing the guard cell to swell so that the stomataremains open for photosynthesis. • Animal and Plant Cells in a Hypertonic Solution In animal cell, there is a net movement of water from inside to outside of the cell. This causes the cell to shrink. In red blood cell, the cell shrivel and the plasmamembrane crinkles up. The cell has undergone crenation. In plant cell, water diffusesout of vacuole through osmosis. Both vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and plasmamembrane pulls away from cell wall (plasmolysis). The cell becomes flaccid. Theflaccidity causes the plant to become limp and stem to drop (wilting). The cell candeplasmolysed by immersing it back to a hypotonic solution. • Wilting occurs in plants when too much fertilizers like potassium nitrate isgiven. Too much fertilizers cause the soil to turn hypertonic to the plant cell.As a result, water diffuses from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis and thecell is plasmolysed. Water shortage in soil also causes the plant to wilt. • Food such as mushrooms, fruits and fish can be preserved using naturalpreservatives (salt and sugar). The preservative

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    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 – Cell Structure and Organisation

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     Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lowerconcentration, thus, going down a concentration gradient until a dynamic equilibrium isreached • Osmosis: Diffusion of water  Movement of water molecules from a dilute solution (water concentration high) to aconcentrated solution (water concentration low) through semi-permeable membrane • Facilitated diffusion  Movement of substances across plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins andpores following the concentration gradient  Example: ions, nucleic acids, amino acids and glucose  Carrier protein are specific (only can bind with certain molecules)  Pore proteins form pore/channel Active transport • Movement of solute/ion across plasma membrane against concentration gradient • Requires energy and carrier protein • Energy comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) generated during respiration inmitochondria • Carrier protein has an active site to bind with molecule and another active site tobind with ATP. The carrier protein changes shape when phosphate group from ATPbinds to it. Then, the solute is moved across the membrane. • Ex. Absorption of water and intake of ions in plants Passive TransportDifferencesActive TransportFollows concentrationgradientConcentration gradientOpposes concentrationgradientDoes not need energyCellular energyConsumes energyCan take place in livingcells or non-livingphysical conditionsConditionCan only take place inliving cells 3.2 Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane in Daily Life • Hypotonic- A solution with higher water potential than another solution • Hypertonic- A solution with lower water potential than another solution • Isotonic- A solution with same water potential with another solution • Haemolysis- The bursting of red blood cells • Crenation- The shrinking of red blood cells • Plasmolysis- A shrinking of cytoplasm due to osmosis • Deplasmolysis- A process of a cell gaining its turgidity back • Animal and Plant Cells in an Isotonic Solution Water diffuses into and out of cell at equal rate. Hence, the cell retains its normalshape.Likewise with the plant cell. • Animal and Plant Cells in a Hypotonic Solution In animal cell, water enters the cell and causes it to swell up and eventually to burst(red blood cell). This is because the plasma membrane is too thin towithstand thepressure. The bursting of red blood cells is known as haemolysis. In plant cell, waterenters the large central vacuole of the cell, causing the vacuole to expand and swellup and the plasma membrane pushes against the cell wall. In this condition, the cellis said to be turgid. The cell does not burst because the rigid cell wall able towithstand the pressure. This condition creates turgor pressure. Turgidity is importantto support, give shape, and causing the guard cell to swell so that the stomataremains open for photosynthesis. • Animal and Plant Cells in a Hypertonic Solution In animal cell, there is a net movement of water from inside to outside of the cell. This causes the cell to shrink. In red blood cell, the cell shrivel and the plasmamembrane crinkles up. The cell has undergone crenation. In plant cell, water diffusesout of vacuole through osmosis. Both vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and plasmamembrane pulls away from cell wall (plasmolysis). The cell becomes flaccid. Theflaccidity causes the plant to become limp and stem to drop (wilting). The cell candeplasmolysed by immersing it back to a hypotonic solution. • Wilting occurs in plants when too much fertilizers like potassium nitrate isgiven. Too much fertilizers cause the soil to turn hypertonic to the plant cell.As a result, water diffuses from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis and thecell is plasmolysed. Water shortage in soil also causes the plant to wilt. • Food such as mushrooms, fruits and fish can be preserved using naturalpreservatives (salt and sugar). The preservative

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    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

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    Sumaiyah Hanan
     Movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lowerconcentration, thus, going down a concentration gradient until a dynamic equilibrium isreached • Osmosis: Diffusion of water  Movement of water molecules from a dilute solution (water concentration high) to aconcentrated solution (water concentration low) through semi-permeable membrane • Facilitated diffusion  Movement of substances across plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins andpores following the concentration gradient  Example: ions, nucleic acids, amino acids and glucose  Carrier protein are specific (only can bind with certain molecules)  Pore proteins form pore/channel Active transport • Movement of solute/ion across plasma membrane against concentration gradient • Requires energy and carrier protein • Energy comes from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) generated during respiration inmitochondria • Carrier protein has an active site to bind with molecule and another active site tobind with ATP. The carrier protein changes shape when phosphate group from ATPbinds to it. Then, the solute is moved across the membrane. • Ex. Absorption of water and intake of ions in plants Passive TransportDifferencesActive TransportFollows concentrationgradientConcentration gradientOpposes concentrationgradientDoes not need energyCellular energyConsumes energyCan take place in livingcells or non-livingphysical conditionsConditionCan only take place inliving cells 3.2 Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane in Daily Life • Hypotonic- A solution with higher water potential than another solution • Hypertonic- A solution with lower water potential than another solution • Isotonic- A solution with same water potential with another solution • Haemolysis- The bursting of red blood cells • Crenation- The shrinking of red blood cells • Plasmolysis- A shrinking of cytoplasm due to osmosis • Deplasmolysis- A process of a cell gaining its turgidity back • Animal and Plant Cells in an Isotonic Solution Water diffuses into and out of cell at equal rate. Hence, the cell retains its normalshape.Likewise with the plant cell. • Animal and Plant Cells in a Hypotonic Solution In animal cell, water enters the cell and causes it to swell up and eventually to burst(red blood cell). This is because the plasma membrane is too thin towithstand thepressure. The bursting of red blood cells is known as haemolysis. In plant cell, waterenters the large central vacuole of the cell, causing the vacuole to expand and swellup and the plasma membrane pushes against the cell wall. In this condition, the cellis said to be turgid. The cell does not burst because the rigid cell wall able towithstand the pressure. This condition creates turgor pressure. Turgidity is importantto support, give shape, and causing the guard cell to swell so that the stomataremains open for photosynthesis. • Animal and Plant Cells in a Hypertonic Solution In animal cell, there is a net movement of water from inside to outside of the cell. This causes the cell to shrink. In red blood cell, the cell shrivel and the plasmamembrane crinkles up. The cell has undergone crenation. In plant cell, water diffusesout of vacuole through osmosis. Both vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and plasmamembrane pulls away from cell wall (plasmolysis). The cell becomes flaccid. Theflaccidity causes the plant to become limp and stem to drop (wilting). The cell candeplasmolysed by immersing it back to a hypotonic solution. • Wilting occurs in plants when too much fertilizers like potassium nitrate isgiven. Too much fertilizers cause the soil to turn hypertonic to the plant cell.As a result, water diffuses from the cell sap into the soil by osmosis and thecell is plasmolysed. Water shortage in soil also causes the plant to wilt. • Food such as mushrooms, fruits and fish can be preserved using naturalpreservatives (salt and sugar). The preservative

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    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

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    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    Animal Cell

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    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    Plant Cell

    Amir Fuhaira 200820XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.

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    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    Cell Components
    1. The Nucleus Cell Prime Minister and Info Storage a. Large, dense, spherical organelle b. Enclosed by double membrane (nuclear membrane) c. Has nucleoplasm, dark sphere (nucleolus) d. Chromatin (uncondensed chromosome) in nucleoplasm e. Chromosomes carry genetic information that determine cell characteristic + function f. Controls all cell activities 2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Highway + Ribosomes Factory Workers a. RER Network of folded membrane forming interconnected sacs b. Physically continuous with nuclear membrane c. Has ribosomes attached to surface d. Transports Made in Ribosome Proteins and encloses them in vesicles when exiting e. Ribosome Compact spherical organelles attached to RER or free in cytoplasm f. Consists of 2 subunits (small+large) made of RNA+Protein g. Synthesises proteins based on chromosome info 3. Nuclear Membrane Checkpoint a. Made of proteins + phospholipids b. Boundary separates cell from environment c. Semipermeable, selective barrier d. Regulates substance movement in and out of cytoplasm 4. MitoChondria Power Plant a. Spherical or cylindrical organelles b. Involved in cellular respiration c. Releases energy when food (eg glucose) is broken down with mitochondrion enzymes d. Energy stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate try saying that 10 times) 5. Golgi Apparatus Factory a. Stack of flattened membranous sacs b. Processes, packages and transports carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids and glycoproteins c. Vesicles fuse with GA, stuff goes into GA, modified, sorted, packaged into vesicles
    Synthesis Making Vesicles containers

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    c. Vesicles fuse with GA, stuff goes into GA, modified, sorted, packaged into vesicles d. Vesicles bud off and travel to other organelles or plasma membrane 6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Fat and Poison Center a. Continuous with nuclear membrane b. Detoxifies toxins and produces lipids such as steroids

    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    Amir Fuhaira 200820XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.

    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    7. Centrioles North and South (Animal Only) a. Small cylindrical structures outside nucleus, composed of microtubules b. Form spindle fibres in animal cell division ONLY 8. Lysosomes Stuff Smasher a. Membrane bound sacs with hydrolytic enzymes b. Enzymes break down complex organic molecules c. Eliminate old organelles for cell renewal d. Certain lysosomes break down food in vacuoles and digest bacteria (break down cell wall) 9. Chloroplasts Solar Panels (Plant Only) a. Lensshaped, contain membranous structures with green pigment chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll traps sunlight and turns light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis 10. Vacuoles The Refrigerator (Major in Plants/Minor in Animals) a. Fluid filled sac surrounded by tonoplast (semipermeable membrane) b. Fluid in vacuole is cell sap (water + dissolved substances) c. Typical plant cell has 1 large vacuole, young plant cell has many small vacuoles d. Freshwater microorganisms have contractile vacuoles + food vacuoles (Paramecium sp.) e. Contractile vacuoles regulate water balance 11. Cell Walls Big Friggin Walls (Plant Only) a. Rigid outer layer, surrounds plant cell plasma membranes b. Composed of cellulose, tough and fibrous carbohydrate c. Permeable to all fluids, has tiny pores d. Gives shape and mechanical support for cell e. Protects cell from exploding for too much water

    Now rest your brain for a while after reading all this OK~ More to read after the break from This Guy
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    More to read after the break from This Guy

    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    Amir Fuhaira 200820XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.

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    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation


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    sumaiyah_hanan Eerul Mubin2 days ago Reply Minta izin copy.. thank you =) Darren Go9 months ago Reply may I? :D Darren Go9 months ago Reply may I? :D

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    4/29/13 Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation may I? :D Dayang Zakiah10 months ago Reply minta izin copy =) tq Dayang Zakiah10 months ago Reply minta izin copy =) tq Nur Alysha9 months ago Reply minta izi nak copy? :) Tengku Adilla10 months ago Reply minta izin copy yee ;) Thank you Tengku Adilla10 months ago Reply minta izin copy yee ;) Thank you Hafizul Radzi10 months ago Reply copy k thanks Hafizul Radzi10 months ago Reply copy k thanks Vimashinie Ramachandran10 months ago Reply may i copy tiz....tq Nur Alysha9 months ago Reply minta izi nak copy? :) Vimashinie Ramachandran10 months ago Reply may i copy tiz....tq Rachael Rach9 months ago Reply can I copy? :) thnks! Natasya Azmi11 months ago Reply mohon copy :) Rachael Rach9 months ago Reply can I copy? :) thnks! Natasya Azmi11 months ago Reply mohon copy :) Rachael Rach9 months ago Reply can I copy? :) thnks! Momotaro Nogami11 months ago Reply minta izin copy.. Aini Syahadah Fatimah Zahra8 months ago Reply minta copy yea Momotaro Nogami11 months ago Reply minta izin copy.. Aini Syahadah Fatimah Zahra8 months ago Reply minta copy yea szhare11 months ago Reply nk copy..! mnx izin ye...thnx cyberkitts8 months ago Reply thanks for this. can i copy? szhare11 months ago Reply nk copy..! mnx izin ye...thnx Nur Diyana7 months ago Reply minta izin membaca.. deleted_fbuser_1351286589_211 months ago Reply senang, ringkas n mdh paham. nak minta izin nak copy. mekaceh ye! (^_^)v Nuraina7 months ago

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    4/29/13 mohon copy FahmieyzXii Heartned7 months ago Reply can i copy?? Arina Nawawi11 months ago Reply mohon copy niminho7 months ago Reply Minta izin copy ye :) thanks ;)) Wish Hope 11 months ago Reply mntak izin Sabree Sitkrumat7 months ago Reply minta copy thankss Wish Hope 11 months ago Reply mntak izin amierah_aisyah6 months ago Reply nak copy leh x? Mohd Zailani Mohd Nor11 months ago Reply sy copy ni Jeaa Najihah6 months ago Reply mintak izin copy . oke thanks !!! Mohd Zailani Mohd Nor11 months ago Reply sy copy ni abe_hariz4 months ago Reply nak copy..terima kasih.. Norazlina Lyn11 months ago Reply saye amik... ^_^ mintak izin Azri Shud4 months ago Reply minta copy teerima kasih Norazlina Lyn11 months ago Reply

    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    saye amik... ^_^ mintak izin Kent Teoh4 months ago Reply That isn't Nuclear Membrane. It is Cell membrane. Viishnnu Varrathan11 months ago Reply cc Lynn de Purpleholic3 months ago Reply nak copy plz plz Viishnnu Varrathan11 months ago Reply cc Liza Bariwa3 months ago Reply nak copy...tq..:) Kevin Lim11 months ago Reply can it be copied????need it for exam Azizul Hafiz3 months ago Reply mintak copy ye ^_^ ... terime kasih :) Kevin Lim11 months ago Reply can it be copied????need it for exam Fizie C Fudax Faexsk3 months ago Reply wait??? nuclear membrane?? mksod anda cell membrane kan???? Tharenya Tharaa year ago Reply menarik.dan senang untuk faham..... Azlina Ariffin3 months ago Reply nk copy k.. Tharenya Tharaa year ago Reply menarik.dan senang untuk faham..... Zainur Afizah Ibrahim3 months ago Reply nak copy..terima kasih.. Jamilah Hanuma year ago Reply

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    4/29/13 Reply nk copy . mntk izin . nurfarhana_103 months ago Reply nak copy...terima kasih bebanyak...... Jamilah Hanuma year ago Reply nk copy . mntk izin . Syikin Ikin3 months ago Reply nk copy....

    Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation

    Fayizah Asrafa year ago Reply boleh x copy kak....saye nak guna untuk belajar Musafir Muslimah3 months ago Reply minta izin copy.. thks Fayizah Asrafa year ago Reply boleh x copy kak....saye nak guna untuk belajar Aiai Natalia2 months ago Reply nak copy tq . AyeshahFadzila year ago Reply salam. saya copy ye :) *minta izin* Tortillo Hidayah2 months ago Reply mintak copy ye? AyeshahFadzila year ago Reply salam. saya copy ye :) *minta izin* Tortillo Hidayah2 months ago Reply mintak copy yekk??? thanks. :) Mohammad_Azhar_3967a year ago Reply minta copy sent to email stormbullet@live.com.my thanks :) hqi_22 months ago Reply may i copy?? tq Mohammad_Azhar_3967a year ago Reply minta copy sent to email stormbullet@live.com.my thanks :) Myza Cyberjaya2 months ago Reply nak copy ye...tq Nurulnajiha G-Haa year ago Reply asalamualaikum nak minta c0py bleh??dah nak exam ni..email:nurulnajiha96@yahoo.com klau bleh cpat sket..tkot x smpt nak bce..exam dah dkat..thankz..=D 2 months ago Reply can i copy ? Nurulnajiha G-Haa year ago Reply asalamualaikum nak minta c0py bleh??dah nak exam ni..email:nurulnajiha96@yahoo.com klau bleh cpat sket..tkot x smpt nak bce..exam dah dkat..thankz..=D Cheryl 2 months ago Reply Thanks for the notes. myra_mja year ago Reply assalamualaikum....sya nk save boleh....??? Muhd Akmal2 months ago Reply copy bro myra_mja year ago Reply assalamualaikum....sya nk save boleh....??? Muhd Akmal2 months ago Reply hmm Aisya Ameeraa year ago Reply asalamualaikum nak minta copy boleh? ada test lah esok huhu notes ni sngt bgus, email : pajaklah_96@yahoo.com thankyou Nabil Ikmal Ab Hakimeea month ago Reply nak copy :D Aisya Ameeraa year ago Reply asalamualaikum nak minta copy boleh? ada test lah esok huhu notes ni sngt bgus, email : pajaklah_96@yahoo.com thankyou

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    4/29/13 Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Organisation pajaklah_96@yahoo.com thankyou Lisa RasHida month ago Reply thank you so much . its really help me. :) umairas_1a year ago Reply salam,,, nak copy, fantaghiro_m@yahoo.com.. moga Allag pnjgkn pahala awak =) Wanurshasha Zainalabidin18 days ago Reply nak copy.... umairas_1a year ago Reply salam,,, nak copy, fantaghiro_m@yahoo.com.. moga Allag pnjgkn pahala awak =) Miraa Chan17 days ago Reply it is a good notes. i'll take this as a short note to guide me. thank you :) deleted_fbuser_1339113290a year ago Reply Nak minta tlg send copy to my email, munaja.962gmail.com. Tqsm,. May Allah bless :) Izzah Azlan15 days ago Reply nk copy... :) deleted_fbuser_1339113290a year ago Reply Nak minta tlg send copy to my email, munaja.962gmail.com. Tqsm,. May Allah bless :) Rose Shazilah Abdullah13 days ago Reply mohon copy. thanks. deleted_fbuser_1339113290a year ago Reply Minta copy ye. Thank you so much. May Allah bless Zubair Zainuddin9 days ago

    Reply minta izin nak copy? thankyou deleted_fbuser_1339113290a year ago Reply Minta copy ye. Thank you so much. May Allah bless Aishah Naharudin8 days ago Reply Minta izin copy. Thankyou :) Abdullah Azhara year ago Reply boleh mintak copy tak..izinkan saya Dayang Zakiah10 months ago Reply minta izin copy =) tq About About Scribd Blog Join our team! Contact Us Premium Premium Reader Scribd Store Advertise with us Get started AdChoices Support Help FAQ Press Partners Developers / API Legal Terms Privacy Copyright Copyright 2013 Scribd Inc. Language: English

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