CHAPTER

DECIMALS, FRACTIONS AND PERCENT

( Textbook Chapters 1, 2 and 3 )

1. Decimals 1.1 Rounding whole numbers. Rule of rounding 1. Identify position to be rounded. Draw a line under that place. 2. If digit to the right of the number to be rounded is 5 or more, increase by 1; if 4 or less, do not change. 3. Change all digits to the right of the number to be rounded to zero. Example i. Round 76 to the nearest ten. Answer: 80 ii. Round 726 to the nearest ten. Answer: 730 iii. Round 241 to the nearest hundred. Answer: 200 iv. Round 1, 498, 586 to the nearest million. Answer: 1, 000, 000 Exercises Round as indicated. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 847 to the nearest ten. 18, 952 to the nearest hundred. 263, 568 to the nearest thousand. RM 5.0384 to the nearest cent. RM 3,528.48 to the nearest dollar.

Answers

1.2 Exercises

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of whole numbers.

1. One week, Aminah earned the following commissions: Monday, RM124; Tuesday, RM88; Wednesday, RM62; Thursday, RM137; Friday, RM195. Find her total commissions for the week. 2. In May, the landlord of an apartment building received RM720 from each of eight tenants. After paying RM2,180 in expenses, how much money did the landlord have left? 3. A rental business buys three airless sprayers at RM1,540 each, five rototillers at RM695 each, and eight 25-foot ladders at RM38 each. Find the total cost of the equipment purchased. 4. At a recent garage sale, the total sales were RM584. If the money were divided equally among Thava, Rosnah, Maria, and Husin, how much did each receive? Answer

1.3 Exercises

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of decimals.

1. Add 9.83, 6.4, 17.592, and 3.087. 2. Siti Rohani earned RM759.27 in commission, RM235.75 as premium, and received RM87.04 for mileage. Find the total amount that she received. 3. Subtract 39.428 and 27.98. 4. Multiply 8.34 with 4.2. 5. Find the gross pay of a Kedai Kopi Mat employee working 28.5 hours at a rate of RM7.15 per hour. 6. Calculate: 27.52 32. Answer

2 Fractions 2.1 Types of fractions. i. Proper fraction: Numerator smaller than denominator. Eg;
2 3 15 1 , , , 3 4 16 8

ii. Improper fraction: Numerator equal or greater than denominator. Eg;

17 19 11 5 7 , , , , 8 12 12 3 7

iii. Mixed fraction: Whole number and proper fraction. Eg; 2 ,3 ,9 2.2
2 3 5 8 5 6

Converting fractions. 2.2.1 Mixed to improper. Eg; 7 =

2 3 23 3 7 + 2 3

2.2.2 Improper to mixed. Eg; 2.3

17 2 3 5 5

Adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fractions. i. ii.

2 1 + 5 5 2 3 3 8

iii. 3 8 iv.
7 1 8 4

3 4

2 3

2.4

Converting decimals to fractions. i. iii. iv. 0.47 = 0.98 0.654 5

47 100

ii. v. vi.

0.30 = 0.55 0.75

3 10

2.5

Converting fractions to decimals.

1 = 0.125 8 2 ii. = 0.667 3

i.

1 4 7 iv. 8

iii.

Percent 3.1 Writing decimals and fractions as percents 3.1.1 Write decimals as percent. To write decimal as a percent, move the decimal point two places to the right and attach a percent sign (%). Example 0.75 = 75% Exercises i. ii. iii. iv. Answer 0.8 2.6 0.1 4 v. vi. vii. 0.625 0.0057 0.0018

3.1.2

Write fraction as percent.

To write a fraction as a percent, multiply the fraction by 100%. Eg;

2 = 0.4 = 40% 5

Exercises i. ii. 3/8 Answer iii. 4/5

3.2

Write a percent as a decimal. To write a percent as a decimal, move the decimal point two places to the left and drop the percent sign. Eg; 50% = 0.5 Exercise i. 35% ii. 50% Answer iii. 325% iv. 37 %

3.3

Write a percent as a fraction. To write a percent as a fraction, first change the percent to a decimal, then write the decimal as a fraction in lowest terms. Eg; 15% = 0.15 = Exercises i. 56% ii. 31% Answer iii. 9% iv. 4%
15 3 = 100 20

3.4

Write a fractional percent as a decimal. To write a fractional percent as a decimal by first changing the fraction to a decimal, leaving the percent sign. For example, first write % as 0.5%. Then write 0.5% as a decimal by moving the decimal point two places to the left and dropping the percent sign. Eg;
1 % = 0.5% = 0.005 2

Exercises
1 % 5 3 % ii. 4 5 iii. % 8

i.

Answer

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3.5

Part, Base and Rate. These are the three components of a percent problem Base: the whole or total. Rate: a number followed by percent (%). Part: result of multiplying the base and the rate. Formula P= Part Example 1 A shop gives a 10% discount on all shoes. Find the discount on a RM175 shoes? 0.1 x RM175 = RM17.50 discount Example 2 If the sales tax rate is 4%, find amount of sales when the sales tax is RM18.
B= 18 = RM 450 sales 0.04

B x Base

R Rate

Example 3 Production rose from 3820 units to 5157 units. Find the percent of increase. 5157 3820 = 1337 change
R= 1337 = 0.35 = 35% 3820

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Exercises a. b. c. d. e. Find the sales tax on an automobile priced at $12,345.00 if the rate of sales tax is 6% of the sales price. A workers gross pay for the week was $500. If 23% was withheld for EPF deduction, how much did the worker take home? At a local university, 10,580 male students (46% of the student body) are enrolled. What is the total number of students? A car dealer sold 125 cars last month to people entering his showroom. How many customers visited the dealership if the 125 who purchased cars represent 2 % of those who visited the showroom? Outdoor Sports purchased 40 boats for the season. If they sold 25 of the boats, what percent of the boats remain in the inventory?

Answer

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3.6

Increase and Decrease Problem. increase problems indicated by phrases such as after an increase of, more than or greater than decrease problems indicated by: after a decrease of, less than or after a reduction of base is ALWAYS the original amount, 100%.

Example 4 This years sales are RM121,000 which is 10% more than last years sales. Find last years sales. Original + increase = New value 100% + 10% = 110%
B= RM 121,000 RM 121,000 = = RM 110,000 110% 1.1

Example 5 After a deduction of 10% from the price, a customer paid RM135. Find the original price. Original Decrease = New value 100% - 10% = 90%
B= 135 = RM 150 0.9

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Exercises a. b. c. d. e. Album sales were up 4% from last years sales to 785.2 million. Find last years sales. If sales are $1,250,000 after a 15% decrease, what were the sales before the decrease? After Fleetfeet deducted 10% from the price of a pair of sneakers, Nancy paid $135. What was the original price of the shoes? If an owner sold her apartment for $86,330, an increment of 11% of the original price, how much had the owner paid originally? Ellin says that her sales have increased exactly 20% per year for the last two years. Her sales this year are $170,035.20. Find her sales two years ago. (Hint: the two 20% cannot be added together, because of 2 separate years, therefore 2 separate bases)

Answer

Recommended further exercises: CUMMULATIVE REVIEW QUESTIONNAIRES ON PAGE 135 OF THE TEXTBOOK.

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