Guidelines For Seismic Design of Flexible Buswork Between Substation Equipment PDF

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn.
2007; 36:191208 Published online 30 August 2006 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/eqe.619
Guidelines for seismic design of exible buswork between substation equipment

Jean-Bernard Dastous,
Hydro-Qu ebec, Institut de recherche, Expertise M ecanique, M etallurgie et Civil, 1800 Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Que., Canada J3X 1S1
SUMMARY During an earthquake, exible buswork between interconnected equipment is stretched and compressed dynamically. This causes additional forces to be transmitted to the equipment. Design guidelines for exible buswork have been determined through non-linear nite element simulations on models of typical installations. For a proper design, the required amount of slack in the buswork is established using an estimation of the maximum horizontal relative displacement between equipment in a pair, with an additional length function of the buswork shape and its corresponding stiffness. To avoid multi-connected equipment effects, all pairs of equipment within a given electrical phase must be designed in such way. Of utmost importance, equipment must be designed with an additional static load at its attachment point, to take account of the unavoidable forces transmitted by the buswork. From the previous criteria, a methodology for the design of universal exible buswork has been established for use within Hydro-Quebec and shown to be a simple way to cover most pairs of equipment within a given voltage level and for a given seismic demand. This methodology resulted in design tables specifying the required conductor length of possible shapes, for different distances between equipment. The guidelines described in this paper are proposed for possible adoption by other utilities. Copyright q 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Received 3 November 2005; Revised 25 May 2006; Accepted 5 July 2006 KEY WORDS:
earthquakes; exible buswork; interaction; interconnection; stranded conductor; substation design
INTRODUCTION During an earthquake, interconnected substation equipment experiences relative displacement which stretch and compress dynamically the exible buswork between them. This buswork is usually made of one or more stranded all aluminium conductors of relatively short span, usually
Correspondence
to: Jean-Bernard Dastous, Hydro-Qu ebec, Institut de recherche, Expertise M ecanique, M etallurgie et Civil, 1800 Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Que., Canada J3X 1S1. E-mail: dastous.jean-bernard@ireq.ca
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2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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between 2 and 7 m. During its motion, the buswork transmits dynamic forces to the equipment, which adds to the loads generated by the equipment response itself during the earthquake. It has been suspected that such additional forces have been responsible to contribute to the failure of equipment during earthquakes [1]. It is only in the last 15 years or so that this subject started to receive more attention from utilities and researchers. Therefore, the seismic design guidelines of exible buswork have been until recently limited to stating that enough slack should be provided to accommodate the relative displacement between equipment without impact; the slack being dened as the difference between the free conductor length and the straight line distance between its attachment points. In order to establish the slack in such guidelines, equations based only on geometrical considerations have been proposed. They use estimations of the maximum relative displacement, based on a combination of the maximum expected individual displacements of equipment in a pair, without considering the effect of the exible buswork itself. Since the buswork generates additional forces, it is important that such effect be considered. It is indeed fundamental that the level of expected forces transmitted by properly designed buswork be known, in order to specify it in design of the equipment itself. Up to now, this effect has not been quantied precisely. In the last decade or so, we performed different research projects that eventually led to a design methodology taking account of all important parameters. The purpose of this paper is to present the corresponding seismic guidelines that have been established within Hydro-Quebec for exible buswork, along with some of our main ndings. It is our opinion that such guidelines are transferable to other utilities as well, and many of them have indeed been accepted in an IEEE Recommended Practice on the seismic design of exible buswork [2].
DESIGN APPROACH RETAINED In a substation, many different types of equipment are interconnected by exible buswork. Most equipment is one of two types. The rst is the candle-like type, with a column (the equipment) resting on either a tubular or a lattice-type of support. Examples are instrument transformers (CT, CVT), live-tank circuit-breakers and lightning arresters. The second is the frame type, which usually consists of one or more frames superposed. Examples are disconnects switches and capacitor racks. Both types are relatively simple structures and share the common characteristic that the displacement at the attachment point of the exible buswork is mostly function of their fundamental frequency and corresponding cantilever-type mode shape [3]. While it is possible to design a unique exible buswork according to each possible pair of interconnected equipment, it is not always desirable in practice, particularly in the context of a utility where the costs and work related to such individual design might be prohibitive. Indeed in practice, there are almost an innite number of possible combinations of equipment to interconnect, due to the different types, manufacturers and supports among others. Nevertheless, one common characteristic is that only equipment of the same voltage level is interconnected. Since equipment of the same voltage level shares similar characteristics such as natural frequencies within a given range, similar heights and similar required insulation distances, this makes it desirable to design universal congurations that would apply to all possible pairs of equipment within a given voltage level, under a given seismic demand. While this would involve sometimes large degree of conservatism to cover most cases, such design is much welcome in the context of a utility where simplicity of use is often an inherent design criterion. Therefore, the design approach we retained was to aim at
Copyright q 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn. 2007; 36:191208 DOI: 10.1002/eqe
GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE BUSWORK
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universal congurations that would be suitable for most pairs of equipment for each of our high voltage levels: 145, 230, 330 and 735 kV. For reasons of interchangeability of equipment after an earthquake, exible buswork was designed within Hydro-Quebec for two levels of zero period acceleration (ZPA): 0.5g and 1g . These levels cover most of our sites in accordance with the seismic criteria in the new edition of the National Building Code of Canada (referred next as NBCC 2005), as described in Reference [4]. Therefore universal exible buswork congurations were designed for the four voltage levels above, for these two levels of acceleration, resulting in a total of eight sets of universal congurations.
REQUIRED SLACK Basic requirements The primary question to answer in order to design a exible buswork for a given pair of equipment is the amount of slack needed. As a minimum, it is straightforward to propose that it should at least permit the maximum relative displacement that can occur between interconnected equipment. Otherwise, impact forces may be transmitted between equipment due to all slack being used up. Indeed, as demonstrated qualitatively by analytical and numerical studies on simple models of equipment and conductors, damageable interaction effects can be generated when not enough slack is provided, causing an amplication of the equipments response, especially for the equipment of higher frequency in a pair [5, 6]. This need translates as a minimum length, L min , given by L min = c0 + e0 (1)
where c0 is the straight line distance between the attachment points of both equipment within a pair and e0 is the maximum expected elongation of the exible buswork, function of the maximum expected relative displacement between equipment and the geometry: span and difference of heights between attachment points. Equation (1) does not however take into account that, depending on the rigidity of the conductor(s), there is a rapid increase of stiffness and therefore of transmitted force, when a conguration is close to being stretched completely. Also, it does not take into account the fact that dynamic forces are generated even when sufcient slack is present [7] and therefore, that additional slack might be needed in order that the transmitted forces are within a specied level. Furthermore, the effect of multiple-connected equipment as in real installation (more than one pair) is also not taken into consideration. Numerical studies performed to establish the required amount of slack In order to establish the required amount of slack, we performed numerical simulations using the non-linear nite element method with representative models of installations comprising multiconnected models of existing equipment on their supports. Four representative models of installations were used, each comprising from 5 to 7 multi-connected equipment; their properties are detailed in Table I and include rst standalone fundamental frequencies in the longitudinal (conductor direction) and transverse directions. Typical fundamental standalone frequencies of existing equipment from a survey are presented in Table II for comparison; it is observed that our models are representative.
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Table I. Characteristics of models used in numerical study.

Models Characteristic Conductor (kcmil) Equipment 1 Span to next (m) f longitudinal (Hz) f transversal (Hz) Equipment 2 Span to next (m) f longitudinal (Hz) f transversal (Hz) Equipment 3 Span to next (m) f longitudinal (Hz) f transversal (Hz) Equipment 4 Span to next (m) f longitudinal (Hz) f transversal (Hz) Equipment 5 Span to next (m) f longitudinal (Hz) f transversal (Hz) Equipment 6 Span to next (m) f longitudinal (Hz) f transversal (Hz) Equipment 7 f longitudinal (Hz) f transversal (Hz) 145 kV 1 1796 Rigid bus 3.8 5.31 4.61 Disconnect switch 4.3 3.42 5.37 Circuit breaker 3.2 2.90 2.90 Current transformer 3.0 1.67 1.67 Rigid bus 3.8 5.07 4.35 Disconnect switch 3.8 3.42 5.37 Rigid bus 5.31 4.61 230 kV 2 1796 Rigid bus 3.0 4.99 4.37 Disconnect switch 3.0 4.62 2.18 Circuit breaker 2.5 1.25 1.25 Current transformer 3.0 2.25 2.25 Rigid bus 3.0 4.83 4.14 Disconnect switch 3.0 4.62 2.18 Rigid bus 4.99 4.37 330 kV 1 4000 Rigid bus 4.1 4.52 3.76 Disconnect switch 3.4 4.02 1.89 Rigid bus 4.0 4.33 3.49 Circuit breaker 4.3 0.80 0.80 Current transformer 3.6 0.96 0.96 Disconnect switch 4.1 4.02 1.89 Rigid bus 4.52 3.76 735 kV 2 4000 Disconnect switch 3.6 1.32 0.97 Rigid bus 6.2 1.38 1.18 Circuit breaker 5.2 0.56 0.62 Current transformer 4.1 0.69 0.69 Disconnect switch 1.32 0.97
Table II. Summary of survey on fundamental frequencies of equipment (cantilever mode shape).
Voltage (kV) 145 230 330 735 Minimum (Hz) 1.24 1.21 0.60 0.40 Maximum (Hz) 10.0 8.9 4.3 2.8 Average (Hz) 4.6 3.4 2.0 1.1 Retained for design (Hz) 1.25 1.25 0.60 0.40
An example of one model is presented in Figure 1 for the 735 kV installation. The models were subjected to different synthetic and historical earthquakes time histories as detailed in Table III, corresponding to eastern Canadian earthquakes, apart from synthetic inputs matching the IEEE-693
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Figure 1. Example of nite element model used in numerical simulations for the 735 kV installation.
response spectrum [8, 9]. The latter was used in order to check the application of our ndings to west coast earthquakes as well, since this spectrum was designed to cover earthquakes anywhere in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The eastern Canadian synthetic inputs [10] Montreal and La Malbaie were longitudinal only and were applied in horizontal directions at 0, 45 and 90 respective to the longitudinal direction of the installation (conductor direction). A non-linear conductor model accounting for the dynamic variation of bending stiffness in the conductor when layers of strands interact with each other was used. Its description and validation are described in Reference [11]. This model was shown to reproduce experimental results with good agreement, thus proving to be a reliable tool for representative simulations within the range of forces expected for short spans between substation equipment during earthquakes; for higher level of forces, such as for long spans of transmission lines, the validity of such model remains to be demonstrated. We summarize next the main ndings supporting our design methodology. Results from numerical study The parameter denoted by [12] has been used to determine the required amount of slack. It provides the ratio between the demand e0 : the maximum expected elongation of the exible buswork and the availability d0 : the slack present in a conguration. It is given by = with d0 given by d0 = s0 c0 (3) e0 d0 (2)
where s0 is the free conductor length. The availability e0 was established using the displacement of equipment in its standalone conguration (without the effect of buswork) since from a design perspective, this quantity is easy to obtain from seismic qualication reports (standalone qualication) or to predict using simple
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Table III. Inputs used in our study.

Earthquake and site Montreal Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Montreal Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic A B C D 7.0 E F G H 7.0 20 0.75 Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal 5.7 52 2.9 124 214 Vertical 360 270 Vertical 360 270 Vertical x y Vertical x y Vertical 1.28 1.27 1.45 1.22 0.38 0.31 0.30 0.37 0.30 0.68 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.50 0.49 0.40 1.00 0.99 0.80 70 0.90 Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal 0.27 0.26 0.31 0.26 Magnitude 6.0 Epicenter distance R (km) 30 Scaling factor 0.85 Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal 0.37 0.44 0.40 0.37 Component PGA (g)
La Malbaie Synthetic A Synthetic B Synthetic C Synthetic D Saguenay 1988 Chicoutimi-North site 16 Saguenay 1988 Les Eboulements site 20 Nahanni 1985 Battlement creek site 3 IEEE 693 Synthetic IEEE 693 Synthetic
5.7
52
2.9
6.5
24
2.0
0.5
1.0
analytical methods [3]. In our study, simulations on non-connected equipment were performed rst in order to obtain e0 under each input. Equation (2) is interpreted as follows: a value smaller than 1 indicates that more slack than required to account for the expected relative displacement between standalone equipment is present and vice versa. However, dynamic and other effects might inuence the actual value of required in practice so that even values smaller than 1 do not ensure an adequate design and vice versa. In our simulations, the availability d0 was varied signicantly in order to obtain large variations of . To do so, we imposed the same amount of slackness s to all pairs within a model, with s dened as s=
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d0 c0
(4)
Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn. 2007; 36:191208 DOI: 10.1002/eqe
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Figure 2. MAFi for the 145 kV model under synthetic inputs for Montreal and La Malbaie, for slackness values from 2 to 10% (values for >4 not shown).
Slackness values from 2 to 10% were used which led to wide variations of as slackness is not related to the expected elongation e0 . To establish an adequate value of for design, we need to correlate it to the level of forces transmitted to equipment. By our previous dynamic experiments [7], it is indeed clear that those are unavoidable, even with large amount of slack. This has also been demonstrated by other investigations, experimentally as well as numerically [1115]. Therefore, it would not be realistic to expect to design a exible buswork such that corresponds to negligible transmitted forces. The force transmitted by the exible buswork can be interpreted as an additional moment at the base of the equipment insulator, often the most stressed and critical point, which often governs the design of the insulator itself and consequently, the equipments structural resistance to earthquakes. For this reason, we compared rst the moment transmitted at the base of equipment without the buswork: Mi 0 (t ), to the moment with it: Mi (t ), in order to asses the buswork effect. To do so, we used the parameter MAFi (moment amplication factor for equipment i ), given by MAFi = max| Mi (t )| max| Mi 0 (t )| (5)
A value of MAFi over 1 therefore indicates that the buswork amplies the moment transmitted. In our study, the values of max| Mi 0 (t )| were obtained along with e0 by simulations on non-connected models. As rst step, we analysed our results by studying the variation of MAFi versus , as well as according to the frequency of the equipment. We present in Figures 2 and 3 representative results for the 145 and 230 kV congurations. It is rst observed that the amplication from the buswork can sometimes be severe, with values up to 12 but in counterpart, it is also observed that sometimes it causes de-amplication with MAFi values smaller than 1. It is also observed that even for smaller than 1, there is signicant amplication in many cases as well as on average and therefore, the effect of buswork cannot be neglected. In Figure 2 for the 145 kV, a trend is observed with the frequency of equipment as larger amplications occur for the equipment at higher frequencies and to some extent, with larger values of at the same time. Inversely, it is also observed that de-amplication may happen on all range of (including over 1) and that this
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Figure 3. MAFi for the 230-kV model under synthetic inputs for Montreal and La Malbaie, for slackness values from 2%.
Table IV. MAFi statistics under the Montreal and La Malbaie synthetics inputs, for slackness values from 2 to 10%.
Statistic Minimum Maximum Average 145 kV 0.63 11.9 1.89 230 kV 0.37 2.72 1.16 330 kV 0.43 3.29 1.03 735 kV 0.49 2.92 1.09
happens most often for the lower frequency equipment. This has also been pointed out in previous studies where it was demonstrated that the equipment of higher frequency in a pair is the one experiencing the most amplication of its response, with also higher amplication on average for values over 1, while the equipment of lower frequency usually experiences less amplication and even de-amplication of its response [5, 6, 12]. The same trends are also observed from Figure 3 for the 230 kV but to a milder extent. The more severe amplications for the 145 kV might be explained as in this conguration, the differences between the frequencies of successive connected equipment items are more pronounced that for the other congurations (Table I). Therefore, the difference of frequency between equipment in a pair has a denite inuence on their responses. Also we suspect that since most equipment in our models are connected on both sides (that is part of two pairs at the same time), this may complicate their response as opposed to independent pairs of equipment so that the clearer trend observed in References [5, 6, 12] with may not always apply. We present in Table IV statistics on MAFi for the different congurations under the eastern Canadian inputs applied in the longitudinal direction. It is observed that there are signicantly higher amplications for the lower voltage level (145 kV) which as explained earlier, is related to the fact that there are larger differences between successive equipment frequencies. Probably to a lesser extent, another contributing factor to this observation is related to the equipment weight that is lighter on average at that level, so that the effect of the forces transmitted by the buswork is relatively more signicant to the contribution from the equipment weight only ( Mi 0 (t )).
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Figure 4. MAFi ,1000 for the 230-kV conguration under synthetic inputs for Montreal and La Malbaie, for slackness values from 2 to 10%.
In order to identify the level of force that would be suitable as design value, we started our investigation with the value already specied in our own internal seismic qualication standard for substation equipment: 1000 N/by sub-conductor [16]. This value was established before we started to study the interconnection problem as a dead load in the case of very tight (small sags) catenary conguration under icing conditions. Since we had previously observed in our dynamic experiments that a value around or less than 1000 N was expected with sufcient slack and since we do not consider the simultaneous occurrence of earthquakes with extreme icing conditions, it made sense to use such value as a starting point in our investigation. The following amplication factor to asses the required value of was used, similar to Equation (5) but taking into account that the equipment design would be done on a standalone basis, with an additional moment from the force generated by the conductor(s) at the attachment point: MAFi ,1000 = max| Mi (t )| max| Mi 0 (t )| + Mi ,1000 (6)
where Mi ,1000 is the static moment generated at the base of the insulator by the additional load of 1000 N/sub-conductor at the attachment point. A value of MAFi ,1000 smaller than 1 therefore indicates that the value of 1000 N/sub-conductor is enough to cover the amplication effect of the buswork. In practice for most equipment, even values over 1 would be suitable to some extent as max| Mi 0 (t )| is often below the equipments resistance due to the use of margins of safety in design; we suppose here implicitly that equipment is designed exactly for the earthquake input under consideration. We present in Figure 4 the same results from Figure 3 analysed under MAFi ,1000 . It is observed that even though many values of are below 1 as sought, there are still values over 1 including when <1. An important related observation was that there could be at the same time values smaller as well as over 1 for different pairs in a given model, due to the use of a common value of slackness for all pairs. Hence, the buswork could at the same time allow for the expected displacement in
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Figure 5. MAFi ,1000 for the 230-kV conguration for synthetic inputs for Montreal and La Malbaie, with around or smaller than 1 for all pairs of equipment under a given input.
some pairs while limiting it in others. We therefore hypothesized that the effect of multi-connected equipment could sometimes cause impacting forces to be transmitted from some pairs to others. Our analysis was then rened by examining values of MAFi ,1000 only when would be around or smaller than 1 for all pairs under a given input. The corresponding subset of results from Figure 4 is presented in Figure 5, where values of slightly over 1 are also included. It is now observed that all MAFi ,1000 are below 1 and this result was common in most cases to all our other models, which led to the following basic design criterion: Flexible buswork in all pairs of multi-connected equipment within a given installation should have values around or below 1. This criterion was further validated by simulations with values exactly equal to 1 for all pairs of equipment in a model under the different inputs used in our study, which conrmed the adequacy of this criterion. Note that where the additional amount of slack needed may lead to clearances violation, a user may consider to relax this requirement in cases where equipment of similar frequency are connected, since as pointed in References [5, 6, 12], the most severe amplications occur for pairs of equipment with larger differences in frequency. In addition to this criterion, we decided after investigation to specify the following levels of design forces to account for the effect of buswork: For ZPA 0.5g , a force of 1000 N/by sub-conductor should be used. For 0.5g <ZPA 1g , a force of 2000 N/by sub-conductor should be used. These levels were also conrmed after considering 3D effects of earthquakes and were also found valid for both eastern as well as the IEEE-693 inputs using the Hydro-Quebec conductors: 1796 and 4000 KCM conductors; see Reference [7] for properties. Both criteria about slack ( 1) and level of forces are required at the same time for a proper design of exible buswork and equipment. In addition, depending on the geometry of the exible buswork, an additional length L may be required in order that its behaviour remains approximately linear under stretching, without abrupt change of stiffness as discussed. The retained values of L are presented under.
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AMOUNT OF SLACK FOR UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE BUSWORK DESIGN Based on the previous section, the required length for adequate exible buswork design is given by s0 = c0 + e0 +L (7)
where 1. It is easy to demonstrate by geometric considerations that for equipment with attachment points at different heights, a conservative estimate of e0 is given by 0 , the maximum horizontal expected relative displacement between standalone equipment:
0=
max(x0,1 (t ) x0,2 (t ))
(8)
where x0,1 and x0,2 are, respectively, the horizontal displacements of equipment 1 and 2 in a pair in their standalone conguration. It was also demonstrated through our simulations for between 0.2 and 1 that on average as well as in most cases, 0 is a conservative estimate of c , the maximum horizontal displacement between connected equipment. Considering all our simulations using the synthetic inputs for eastern Canada for slackness between 2 and 10%, the average ratio c / 0 observed was 0.84 for values between 0.2 and 1. Therefore, in order to develop universal conguration between equipment regardless of the height of their attachment points, Equation (7) was modied to obtain the following design formula: s0 = c0 +
0
+L
(9)
where it is observed that we used equal to 1 since for universal design purposes, 0 will be established using an upper bound of the expected relative displacement based on the lowest frequency of equipment expected at a given voltage level, thus providing in practice values smaller than 1 for the great majority of pairs as sought. It can be demonstrated by geometrical considerations that 0 is approximated very closely by considering the expected relative displacement in the longitudinal direction only, that it is in the direction along the conductor from one equipment to the other. Indeed, although relative displacement can be as signicant in the horizontal direction transverse to the conductor, its net contribution to the total elongation e0 is in most cases negligible, as it is secondary for most spans and expected displacements, as opposed to the longitudinal contribution which dominates. This is especially true in the context were 0 is already on average a conservative estimate of c and also since maximum relative displacements will rarely happen simultaneously in the transverse and longitudinal direction anyway. In the case of response spectrum design we need to estimate 0 since Equation (8) is related to the use of an earthquake input dened through a time history signal only. To do so, it is natural to use a combination of the maximum standalone expected displacements from each equipment, as those can be evaluated from a response spectrum. Among the combination methods at hand, we can use the methods proposed in IEEE-693-2005 [8]: The absolute sum combination:
0,abs = x max,01
+ xmax,02
(10a)
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Table V. Statistics on absolute error: |

Method Number of samples Mean
0,method
0 |.
Standard deviation 0.0554 0.0366 0.0191 0.0310 0.0213 0.0213
Maximum observed (m) 0.917 0.648 0.214 0.329 0.194 0.194
Pairs of equipment with frequencies within 20% Absolute sum 1068 0.0338 SRSS 1068 0.0146 CQC 1068 0.0107 Pairs of equipment with frequencies outside 20% Absolute sum 2832 0.0284 SRSS 2832 0.0150 CQC 2832 0.0150
The SRSS combination:

0,srss = 2 2 xmax ,01 + x max,02
(10b)
An application of the CQC combination [5]:

0,cqc = 2 xmax ,01 2 12 x max,01 2 xmax,02 + xmax ,02
(10c)
with 12 the correlation coefcient between equipments 1 and 2, function of the frequencies and damping values of interconnected equipment. In order to assess which of the above methods is the most adequate, we used the simulations performed on the non-connected installation models under the 12 synthetic eastern Canada inputs. We then considered all combinations of equipment between all our equipment models, regardless of their voltage level, in order to obtain a large variation in the possible combinations. Using the 26 different units of equipment in our models (Table I), we obtained 325 pairs of units of equipment (including pairs with the same equipment as either the rigid bus and/or the disconnect switch is usually repeated within a given conguration), leading to 3900 possible values of 0 under the 12 synthetic inputs. To compare the methods, we computed the absolute difference between the value predicted by each method and the true value obtained by simulation: | 0,method 0 | (absolute error). To do full justice to the CQC method that should theoretically perform best whenever frequencies of equipment are within 20% of each other, we performed our analysis on two separate groups: one for which frequencies of equipment in a pair are within 20% and the other for the remaining combinations. The statistics on the corresponding results are presented in Table V where we present average and standard deviation obtained for the two groups. Even though not entirely statistically consistent since the number of corresponding samples might be small, we also reported the maximum error observed in order to demonstrate the size of errors that can sometimes happens. We rst observe that for equipment with closely spaced frequencies, the CQC method provides the best performance overall with a signicantly smaller standard deviation and also, much smaller mean and maximum observed error. It is also observed that the absolute method as preferred in IEEE-693-2005 is clearly the poorest choice and that it can also provide very large errors sometimes, with a maximum observed here of almost 1 m! Table V demonstrates that when frequencies are
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not closely spaced, the SRSS and CQC methods provide the same results as expected since the correlation coefcient 12 is then almost zero. This group demonstrates furthermore that the absolute sum method still remains the poorest choice. Since in IEEE-693-2005 the use of the absolute sum method is the preferred method, with in addition a 1.5 multiplying factor to account for uncertainties, we recommend revising the use of such method (and the 1.5 factor) as it further leads to increasing difculties in terms of electrical clearances to respect, especially for low voltage equipment with large expected displacements. Based on the previous results, we recommend using rst the CQC method, especially when the use of slack is limited due to clearance requirements and whenever accurate values of frequencies and damping are available. In our general design methodology we retained the SRSS method to estimate 0 in order to cover uncertainties on the available properties of equipment. However, used as such it provides a statistical average only of 0 and may thus underestimate sometimes the true relative displacement. In order to avoid this situation, we used a multiplying factor of 1.25:
0,est|95% = 1.25 2 2 xmax ,01 + x max,02
(11)
where 0,est|95% is the estimator of 0 retained in our design methodology. The 1.25 factor was empirically calibrated to cover over 95% of the cases studied; it was also validated using the results of simulations under the IEEE-693 synthetic inputs. To use Equation (11) for a given voltage level, we need to estimate bound values of x max,01 and xmax,02 . In a previous study [3] we established that a value covering 95% of typical substation equipment (candle-like or frame types) is given by xmax,0i |95% = 1.6 Sd ( f i , i ) (12)
where Sd ( f i , i ) is the spectral displacement of equipment i of frequency f i and damping i . It was observed that the statistical distributions of x max,0i is approximately Normal. For design purpose, we introduce Equation (12) in Equation (11) which results in the following empirical equation to establish the maximum amount of slack using the response spectrum method:
0,max = 2
( Sd ,1 )2 + ( Sd ,2 )2
(13)
where Sd ,i is the spectral displacement of equipment i . Note that we cannot readily predict the amount of cases covered using Equation (13) as its inherent statistical distribution is not Normal, resulting from the product of 2 approximately Normal distributions. To establish the slack required to cover most pairs for a given voltage level, we decided to use Equation (13) with a realistic value of the lowest frequency expected at that voltage level and 2% damping, along with posing f 1 = f 2 , which results in the following design equation for slack:
0,max design = 2.8 Sd max
(14)
where Sd max corresponds to the lowest frequency expected for a given voltage level. Equation (14) is in most cases conservative as: It uses the 1.6 factor in Equation (12). In practice this normalized value of the rst modal participation factor varies between 1 to a maximum observed of 2 [3]. It supposes both equipment at the same frequency which would result theoretically in a null relative displacement using the CQC method if both equipment would be SDOF with the
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same amount of damping. However, since the difference of frequencies of equipment can be over 20% with expected displacement of the same magnitude (e.g. equipment at 1 and 1.2 Hz), it made sense to use this combination in the intent of aiming at a universal design. It uses a 1.25 factor in front of the SRSS estimate for 0 .
APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN WITHIN HYDRO-QUEBEC Design response spectra used and corresponding values of slack In the NBCC 2005, response spectra are specied by site for over 650 Canadian cities for a uniform risk level and for a damping value of 5%. However, in the context of designing buswork and qualifying substation equipment to be interchangeable, we retained as stated two levels of ZPA for design: 0.5g and 1g , which cover most of our sites. For this reason, we used custom made design spectra that were tailored to cover most of our sites, for 2% damping [17]. Furthermore, we used over them site-amplication factors as specied in the NBCC 2005, using the average amplication factor between soils of type D (rm) and E (soft), which also encompasses most of our sites. We present in Figure 6 the corresponding spectral displacements for our 0.5g level,
Figure 6. Spectral displacements from the Hydro-Quebec 0.5g 2% damping spectrum with average soil amplication between sites type D & E and from the IEEE-693 spectra for the moderate performance level 0.5g .
Table VI. Design values of slack.

ZPA = 0.5g Voltage (kV) 145 230 330 735
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ZPA = 1g (cm) 25 25 32 38 Sd max (cm) 15.8 15.8 24.0 26.9

0,max design
Sd max (cm) 9.0 9.0 11.4 13.2
0,max design
(cm) 45 45 68 76
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with a comparison with the IEEE-693 spectra for the moderate performance level (0.5g ), for a damping ratio of 2%. It exemplies the differences for eastern Canadian sites where signicantly less energy is expected in the low frequency range. We present in Table VI the value of spectral displacement Sd max as well as the design value of slack retained for each voltage level and ZPA using Equation (14) with our design response spectra.
ADDITIONAL VALUE OF SLACK TO ACCOUNT FOR CONDUCTOR STIFFNESS The value of L in Equation (9) need to be determined according to the shape of conguration used. Four basic shapes were retained for design and are illustrated in Figure 7. Those were identied in an earlier study as suitable through testing [18] and are also now recommended in Reference [2]. Depending on the amount of slack needed and the required electrical insulation clearances, one or more of such shapes can be applied for a given span and height difference between the attachment points. To determine L for each of these shapes, we used the non-linear static nite element method to study the variation of forces during stretching, with the horizontal displacements from Table VI. The required value of L was identied as the one needed so that the behaviour remains approximately linear. This was established somehow qualitatively by studying the plots of force versus stretching and retaining the range without abrupt change of stiffness which usually happens sharply when a conguration is close to being stretched completely. In this determination, we used the lowest and highest values of span for each voltage level, with also a variation of a height difference between the attachment points up to 1 m. The main observations from this study on all shapes were: When an adequate value of L is used, the catenary, double and triple-curvature shapes have similar stiffness and behaviours. The parabola shape does not need any additional L and is much more exible than the three other shapes.
Figure 7. Basic shapes of exible buswork.

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J.-B. DASTOUS
Table VII. Recommended values of L and other requirements.

Shape Catenary Parabola L (cm) 0 0 Span (m) All 1.54.5 without ice 1.53 with 45 mm of ice 2 m and above 3.5 m and above Attachment angles at ends () 0 90 0 90 Number of conductors 1 or 2 Always 2 with a spacer 1 or 2 1 or 2
Double curvature Triple curvature
5 10
45 45
0 45
The additional values of L retained for each shape are presented in Table VII, along with the angles at the attachment points and recommendations on the span range and number of conductors. The span range and number of conductors recommended were established from our testing experience and calculations, such that the congurations can maintain their intended shape without collapsing. It is observed that L for the catenary shape was specied to 0 cm although a value of 1 cm was identied through our simulations. The reason is that since this value is small, since there is already a high degree of conservatism in the value of 0,max design and since this shapes makes it sometimes difcult to respect electrical clearances, a null value would be acceptable in most cases.
Universal exible buswork tables Our design guidelines for exible buswork took the form of tables for each ZPA levels, specifying a value of s0 (Equation (9)) for different shapes, for tabulated distances between attachment points (c0 ). The mandatory electrical clearance requirements were met for attachment points that are equal or higher to normalized bus bar heights for each voltage level. Those clearances were checked using the non-linear static nite element method which proved to be reliable for such verications [11]. Note that in general we used whenever possible, more slack than required as permitted by the clearances since from an economical standpoint, the net additional cost of added conductor length is negligible while providing additional conservatism; slacker conductors are also easier to install. A subset from our design tables for the 145 kV is presented in Table VIII. It is observed that not all values of c0 can be covered for each shape, due to either the amount of required slack that caused a violation of clearance requirements and/or the span allowed for a given shape. Linear interpolation is to be used for intermediate values of c0 . The use of such tables has proven to be simple enough within Hydro-Quebec as to be of practical use; many of our substations have now been constructed or upgraded with them. Nevertheless, several cases have arisen that required a custom made design. Also, when equipment attachment points in a pair are not at the same height, several cases have been covered by the catenary shape that then could be used with enough slack to meet the elongation requirement while respecting the clearances.
207
Table VIII. Design table for the 145 kV level for 0.5g and 1g .
0.5g c0 s0 s0 s0 s0 (m): (m): (m): (m): (m): catenary double curvature triple curvature parabola 1.5 n/a n/a n/a 2.90 2.0 2.5 2.75 2.85 3.90 3.0 3.25 3.35 4.60 1g c0 s0 s0 s0 s0 (m): (m): (m): (m): (m): catenary double curvature triple curvature parabola 1.5 n/a n/a n/a 2.90 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.20 5.30 4.0 4.67 6.00 4.5 5.15 6.70 5.0 5.60 n/a 5.5 6.05 6.00 n/a 3.5 3.75 3.85 4.20 5.30 4.0 4.25 4.35 4.67 6.00 4.5 4.75 4.85 5.15 6.70 5.0 5.25 5.35 5.60 n/a 5.5 5.75 5.85 6.05 6.00 6.25 6.32 6.50
3.40
3.40
3.90
4.60
CONCLUSIONS Design guidelines for exible buswork within Hydro-Quebec have been determined through numerical simulations on models of typical installations. For proper exible buswork design, the value of required slack corresponds to the expected horizontal elongation between a given pair of equipment with the addition of a given supplemental length function of the buswork shape and its corresponding stiffness. To avoid multi-connected equipment effects, all pairs of equipment within a given electrical phase must be designed in such way. At the same time, equipment should be designed to accommodate a static additional load at its attachment point, accounting for the dynamic effects of conductors, as those are unavoidable. In the future, such requirement should be mandatory in the standalone qualication (without buswork) of electrical equipment. From the previous criteria, a methodology for the design of universal exible buswork has been presented to cover most pairs of equipment within a given voltage level under a given seismic demand. The required slack has been established for different conductor shapes and spans in order to meet the mandatory electrical clearances requirements. This methodology resulted in design tables specifying the required conductor length for different distances between equipment. Such design is limited since not all distances can be covered for all shapes. In such cases, individual design using the methodology presented here can be performed. The guidelines and methodologies in this paper are proposed for possible adoption by other utilities.
REFERENCES 1. Schiff A. Guide to improved earthquake performance of electrical power systems. Report NIST GCR 98-757, National Institute for Standards and Testing, Washington, DC, 1998. 2. IEEE Recommended practice for the design of exible buswork in seismically active areas. IEEE Std-1527-2006, Piscataway, NJ, 2006. 3. Dastous J-B, Filiatrault A, Pierre J-R. Estimation of displacement at interconnection points of substation equipment subjected to earthquakes. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2003; 19:618628. DOI: 10.1109/ TPWRD.2003.823203. 4. Adams J, Halchuk S. Open File 4459. Fourth generation seismic hazard maps of Canada: values for over 650 Canadian localities intended for the 2005 National Building Code of Canada. Canada Geological Survey, Ottawa, Canada, 2003. Copyright q 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn. 2007; 36:191208 DOI: 10.1002/eqe
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5. Der Kiureghian A, Sackman JL, Hong KJ. Interaction in interconnected electrical substation equipment subjected to earthquake ground motions. Report No. PEER 1999/01, Pacic Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 1999. 6. Hong K-J, Der Kiureghian A, Sackman JL. Seismic interaction in cable-connected equipment items. Journal of Engineering Mechanics (ASCE) 2001; 131(5):500511. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2001)127:11(1096). 7. Dastous J-B, Pierre J-R. Experimental investigation on the dynamic behavior of exible conductors between substation equipment during an earthquake. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1996; 11:801807. DOI: 10.1109/61.489337. 8. IEEE Recommended practice for seismic design of substations. IEEE Std-693-2005, Piscataway, NJ, 2006. 9. Takhirov SM, Fenves GL, Fujisaki E. Ground motions for earthquake simulator qualication of electrical substation equipment. Report PEER 2004-07, Pacic Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 2005. 10. Atkinson GM. Spectrum compatible time histories for 1/2500 uniform hazard spectra of Adams et al. Personal communication. 11. Dastous J-B. Nonlinear nite element analysis of stranded conductors with variable bending stiffness using the tangent stiffness method. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2005; 20:328338. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.835420(410)2. 12. Der Kiureghian A, Hong KJ, Sackman JL. Further studies on seismic interaction in interconnected electrical substation equipment. Report No. PEER 2000/01, Pacic Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, 2000. 13. Filiatrault A, Stearns C. Electrical substation equipment interactionexperimental exible conductor studies. Report No. SSRP-2002/09, University of California, San Diego, 2002. 14. Hong KJ. Dynamic interaction in cable-connected equipment. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2003. 15. Ghalibaan H, Bhuyan G et al. Seismic behavior of exible conductors connecting substation equipment. Part 2: shake table tests. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2004; 19:16801687. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.832387. ` 735 kV. Hydro-Quebec Standard SN29.1a, 16. Hydro-Quebec. Qualication parasismique du gros materiel de 25 kV a Montreal, Que., Canada, 1990. 17. Atkinson G. Ground motion response spectra in Quebec for different critical damping values. Report Prepared for Hydro-Quebec, 2003. 18. Dastous J-B, Paquin J-Y. Testing and development of alternative exible-bus geometries for interconnected substation equipment subjected to earthquakes. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2003; 18:772780. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2003.813872.
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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn.

Guidelines for seismic design of exible buswork between substation equipment

earthquakes; exible buswork; interaction; interconnection; stranded conductor; substation design

2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.