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1st Battle of Panipat : Babur Defeated Ibrahim Lodi at 1526 2nd Battle of Panipat : Akbar Defeated Hemu at 1556
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Initial Skirmishes
Battle of Kunjpura
The Marathas attacked the Afghan garrison on the banks of the river Yamuna at Kunjpura, north of Delhi, and killed or enslaved
them. The Yamuna was in spate and Abdali, who was on the other side, could not do anything to save them. Along with his soldiers, he took a risk, reached the south of Delhi and crossed the Yamuna there, where it was relatively easier. He wanted to encircle Marathas. The Marathas were unaware of this as they were preoccupied with the skirmish at Kunjpura.
Lesso n : One should learn from a setback and improve; one must have the determination to win. Sometimes, a better plan emerges that could increase the probability of success as in Abidali's case, where he saw his troops decimated on the other side of the river.Similarly, one may need to take snap decisions depending on the situation. An individual with a good network and a company that has good market intelligence can get the latest information, which could be crucial in planning and providing competitive advantage.When the stakes are high, lack of intelligence can invariably prove fatal, as in the case of how Abdali crossing the Yamuna went unnoticed by the Marathas.
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Abdali was about to sign a peace treaty with Marathas,but Najib Khan opposed it There were tensions in the Maratha army due to Abidali's strategy. In the next two months, the skirmishes between the two left
many, including Najib Khan's soliders, dead. Abdali sensed a deadlock and decided to sign a peace treaty with the Marathas. The Marathas were keen as well, but Najib Khan advised against the treaty and prevailed upon Abdali to delay his decision. Lesso n : Empower and trust your team members.
The Maratha artillery was doing its job, but Abdali was too indecisive to come all the way into the field. The Afghans protecting Maratha artillery were loyal enough (as claimed) and held off some small bands of raiders from Abdali's Army (mainly North Indian Muslim horsemen). It seemed like an old fashined slug-fest the Marathas were sure to win. Then disaster struck when the head of the Maratha cavalry decided to attack before being ordered to. The Maraths flew straight into Abdali's artillery and were decimated. Eventually, the deteriorating situation forced the Marathas to attack the Afghans before their reinforcements arrived. The Marathas had better French guns and made significant progress. Ibrahim Gardi played a key role in getting early breakthroughs for the Marathas.
as
Supreme
Peshwas decision of appointing Sadashivrao Bhau as the Supreme Commander instead of appointing Malharrao Holkar or Raghunathrao proved to be a kind of unrest among the Maratha Sardars. Sadashivrao was totally ignorant of the Political and Military situation of North India. Malharrao Holkar and Surajmal Jat had advised Sadashivrao Bhau to use Guerilla warfare against Ahmed Shah Abdali instead of a direct war which was declined by Bhau. He had also advised Bhau that instead of going forward to Panipat, they should wait for the enemy to come in their stronghold where it would become easy for them and difficult for Abdali. Even this advise was rejected by Bhau. Nana Phadnawis has stated that, at that time, Bhau didn't show his usual cleverness and rejected the advise of Malharrao Holkar and Surajmal Jat.
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The Maratha Muslim logistics infantrymen (Rohillas), who had not been trusted to fight in the front line because their loyalty was suspector, rather, who were suspected of being loyal to the Koran or fellow Muslims and not to their country now responded to the calls of the Afgan army for jihad. They revolted, and started looting and pillaging the Maratha civilians inside the encirclement. This caused brought confusion and great consternation to loyal Maratha soldiers, who thought that the enemy has attacked from behind.
Sadashivrao Bhau, seeing his forward lines dwindling and civilians behind, felt he had no choice but to come down from his elephant and take a direct part in the battle on horseback at the head of his troops. He left instructions with his bodyguards that, if the battle were lost, they must kill his wife Parvati bai, as he could not abide the thought of her being dishonoured by Afgans. Some Maratha soldiers, seeing that their general had disappeared from his elephant, panicked and began to flee. Vishwasrao, the son of Prime Minister Nanasaheb, had already fallen to Afgan sniper fire, shot in the head. Sadashivrao Bhau and his bodyguard fought to the end, the Maratha leader having three horses shot out from under him.
Abdali had given a part of his army the task to surround and kill the Gardis under Ibrahim Gardi, who were at the leftmost part of the Maratha army. Bhausaheb had ordered Vitthal Vinchurkar (with 1500 cavalry) and Damaji Gaikwad (with 2500 cavalry) to protect the Gardis. But seeing the Gardis fight, they lost their patience, became over enthusiastic and decided to fight the Rohillas themselves. Thus, they broke the round (circle) i.e. they didnt follow the idea of round battle and went all out on the Rohillas and the Rohillas then started accurately shooting the rifleless Maratha cavalry which was equipped with swords. This gave opportunity to the Rohillas to encircle the Gardis and outflank the Maratha centre while, Shah Wali pressed on attacking the front. Thus, the Gardis were left defenceless and started falling down one by one.
The Maratha artillery, initially used to weaken the enemy defence, was now placed behind the infantry and thus became ineffective. Besides, Bhau did not have any significant reserves that could join them with artillery for a counter-attack. The confident Marathas were led by Sadashivrao Bhau. They had a large army, but very few allies. Most of the kings from the Jat, Sikh and Rajput kingdoms did not support the Marathas as they resented the heavy tax imposed on them during the Maratha capture of north India. A few of them even struck favourable agreements with Abdali. The over-enthusiasm of the charge saw many of the Maratha horses exhausted long before they had traveled the two kilometres to the Afgan lines, some simply collapsed. Making matters worse was the suffocating odour of the rotting corpses of men and animals from the fighting of the previous months.
Factfile
"Kim's Gun", also known as the Zamzama was used in the Third Battle of Panipat Panipat has always favoured the invader Shlombay= The socrates of Pashtuns. The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 men Despite Bhau's success, the over-enthusiasm of the charge and due to a phenomenon called Dakshinayan on that fateful day, the sunlight went directly into the horses' eyes, many of the half starved Maratha horses exhausted The Marathi term "Sankrant Kosalali", meaning "Sankranti has befallen us", is said to have originated from the events of the battle.There are some verbs in Marathi language related to this loss as "Panipat zale"[a major loss has happened] This verb is even today used in Marathi language. A common pun is "Aamchaa Vishwaas Panipataat gela [we lost our own (Vishwas) faith since Panipat]. Many historians, including British historians of the time, have argued that had it not been for the weakening of the Maratha power at Panipat, the British might never have had a strong foothold in India. The battle proved the inspiration for Rudyard Kipling's poem "With Scindia to Delhi".
Lesson: One needs allies; the need is even stronger when one is operating in a new territory/segment.
Aftermath of the Panipat War.
The third battle of Panipat ended the great Marathas' advance towards north-west India. However, after a few years under Peshwa Madhav Rao, they recaptured Delhi and retained it till 1818.
The victorious army led by Durrani oversaw the cremation of the bodies of Vishwas Rao and the Bhau. Many Maratha generals were subsequently tortured and executed by the victorious army. The overriding legacy of the battle was the halting of the Marathas'' advance and the brief restoration of the Mughal Empire.
However History shows that Marathas had learnt something from their past: The Marathas were back in action just four years later, because they were more or less a loose confederacy... cutting off one head replaced it with multiple smaller ones. A far better showing on the whole compared to usual one hit and a kingdom story of earlier 2 Panipats. Abdali's soldiers arrested about 10,000 women and another 10,000 young children and men brought them to their camps. The women were raped, many committed suicide because of constant rapes perpetrated on them. All of the prisoners were exchanged or sold as sex slaves to Afganistan or North India, transported on carts, camels and elephants in bamboo cages.
Defeat of Marathas in the battle of Panipat saw a new beginning of the colonial rule in India.
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Panipat has not left behind any mementos but an obelisk at Kala Amb on the town's outskirts commemorates the third battle. The Maratha leader Sadashiv Rau Bhau is believed to have fallen at this spot, changing the course of the battle against Ahmed Shah Abdali.
What I want to say is take the War of Panipat positively even if it was a defeat.It was the first time that a nationalist feeling came up through the Great Marathas!!!
Posted by swapnil patil at 7:17 AM Labels: indian history, Marathas, Third Battle of Panipat
17 comments:
Saurabh January 14, 2011 at 10:32 AM Very good and encouraging article, because of this kind of efforts Panipat will not be seen as a defeat but it will be seen as a Great Martyrdom of Marathas for our great nation and hope it will help us to rise above our casts and work like a Strong force for our nation - Jai Bhavani Jai Shivaji, Har Har Mahadev, Jai Hind Reply
Sumit January 18, 2011 at 11:59 PM Yes,it was the war for just one principle that "INDIA FOR INDIANS."but unfortunately i dnt c other states taking it as source of inspiration.They are more happy with teaching the history of Moghuls.(ultimately moghuls too were foregn invaders only.)Another side of it is that Marathas has limited the avenues of 3 rd war of panipat up to Maharashtra only.We must not do that.Marathas must accept that 3 rd war of panipat is not the history limited with Maharashtra but India as a whole!!! JAY BHAVANI!JAY SHIVAJI!JAY BAJI!JAY HIND Reply
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LOVELY COUPLE March 29, 2011 at 11:46 PM
Yes,maratha failed bcoz the couldn't get support of other kings.They are in complete domination of india at that time if they could got support then it might have change the history Reply
Wakyanavis May 7, 2011 at 5:03 AM Check out the book 'Solstice at Panipat - 14 January 1761' released on 10 April 2011, written by Uday S Kulkarni. http://www.facebook.com/pages/Solstice-at-Panipat/156055737780836?sk=wall Reply
nikhil June 11, 2011 at 6:34 AM although Maratha's were defeated in panipat but we don't deny their sacrifice to our country. The distance between Maharashtra and panipat is near about 2000 km. it is the last attack from north-west border of India. it is only war of entire globe which is fought while fededing eat leaves and sand. there was no reason behind fighting 2200 miles away from Maharashtra TO Panipat. NIkhil Reply
ASHOK July 10, 2011 at 2:17 PM Hey you have written a gud article ... Reply
Sachin August 25, 2011 at 2:42 AM Maratha lost the War but show to all "The Great Maratha Power" 1. Bcoz of the Maratha Mugalshai Ended. 2. Maratha Fought Against British Till the End. 3. Sacrifice for the Nation Means Maratha Reply
Subo dh619 October 10, 2011 at 5:01 AM Appointing of Sadhashivrao as Supreme Commander was not a mistake, Sadashivrao was great,plz read the book PANIPAT by Vishwas Patil Reply
vijaywebmaster89@mail.co m November 18, 2011 at 12:39 AM I am also from Panipat. Nice post. I have also make blog on History Of Panipat. Reply
Perido tdrago n January 17, 2012 at 9:24 PM This is a really interesting article. Does anyone know any books on the subject or on Maratha history in general? I would really like to learn more. Reply Replies ashishdalvi February 28, 2012 at 3:25 AM please read PANIPAT by Vishwas Patil, bhau saheb peshwe was a great commander, he was waiting for reinforcements from pune which didnt come in time. Local allies were sikhs but those supplies were cutoff when kunjpura was recaptured by rohillas.
Siddhesh Mahapadi June 20, 2012 at 2:08 PM For the all maratha history u can read "MARATHYACHA ITIHAS" by T k Biradar easy language, IT consider three Books majorly distributed as follows 1st Book - Upto Aurangzeb death 2nd Book - Upto Third Battle of Panipat 3rd Book - Upto Failure of BAjirao II Reply
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jithesh chandran April 8, 2012 at 6:42 AM the interesting fact is that invading armies always win in panipat . first time babur ,second time akbar and third abdali . i do not beleive it is the fault bhau sahib . may be the war happens anywhere else ,even in afgan may bhau sahib can win Reply Replies Siddhesh Mahapadi June 20, 2012 at 2:15 PM Hi Jitesh and EveryOne Major Reason for lose of panipat battle by maratha's is officers who appointed in north india by Peshawa's, none of them are sincerely help Sadashivrao bhau for the ally except than Govindpant Kher (Bundele). Reply
S. Kisho re Kumar July 20, 2012 at 12:21 AM Just finished reading "Solstice at Panipat" by by Dr. Uday Kulkarni. It was an eye opener. The bravery and valor displayed by Sadhashiv Rao Bhau is indeed admirable. In the afternoon, Sadhashiv Rao choose not to flee and continued to fight knowing fully well he will not survive the day. There is no shame in such defeat. Only honor. On the other hand, Malhar Rao chose to retreat and live to fight another day. Thanks to Malhar Rao, the Marathas regained their dominion over the north after Abdali departed back to Kandahar. If Malhar Rao too had sacrificed himself, quite likely that would have been the end of the Maratha empire in the north. Then again, they might have defeated Abdali right there at Panipat! Reply
Blo g Specialist September 26, 2012 at 3:16 AM We mad a mistake by not killing Najib-ud-Daula who was creator of the war, 1.5 Years back before the war started.He has called Abdali by giving lessons of Islam. Reply
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