Patterns and Risks of Corruption:

a Study of Quasi - Governmental Organizations


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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2
1.
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6

(Service Delivery Unit: SDU)

1.2

11
11
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
14
()

( )

2
2.1

18

2.2

22

2.3

24

2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2

25
25
26

3.
3.1

27
27

3.1.1

28

3.1.2

29

3.2

33

3.2.1

33

3.2.2

36

4.

4.1

38
38

4.1.1

38

4.1.2

41

4.1.3

41

4.2

()

18

42

4.2.1

42

4.2.2

43

( )

4.3

43

4.3.1

43

4.3.2

44

4.3.3

45

5.

48

6.

52

6.1

52

6.1.1

52

6.1.2

54

6.1.3

55

6.2

56

6.2.1

56

6.2.2

58

6.2.3

61

7.

62

8.

64

8.1

64

8.2

68

71

1.

71

2.

75

2.1

75

2.2

75

3.

76

()

( )

3.1

76

3.2

82

3.3

82

4.

85

4.1

85

4.2

86

5.

87

5.1

87

5.2

89

5.2.1

89

5.2.2

90

4 :

91

1. (.)

91

1.1

91

1.1.1
1.1.2

91
91

1.1.3

92

1.1.4

92

1.1.5

94

1.1.6

95

1.2

()

98

1.2.1

98

1.2.2

101

1.2.3

104

( )

2. (.)

108

2.1

108

2.1.1

108

2.1.2

109

2.1.3

109

2.1.4

109

2.1.5

113

2.1.6

115

2.2

118

2.2.1

118

2.2.2

119

2.2.3

123

3.

130

3.1

130

3.1.1

130

3.1.2

130

3.1.3

131

3.1.4

131

3.1.5

135

3.1.6

137

3.2

140

3.2.1

140

3.2.2

141

3.2.3

143

()

( )

5 :
1.

145

1.1

145

1.1.1

145

1.1.2

145

1.1.3

146

1.1.4
1.1.5

150
152

1.1.6

154

1.2

157

1.2.1

157

1.2.2

159

1.2.3

161

2. (.)

162

2.1

162

2.1.1

162

2.1.2

162

2.1.3

163

2.1.4

164

2.1.5

165

2.1.6

166

2.2

()

145

168

2.2.1

168

2.2.2

170

2.2.3

172

( )

6

1.

1.1

175
175
175

1.1.1

175

1.1.2

176

1.1.3

176

1.1.4

177

1.1.5

180

1.2

2.

2.1

182
183
183

2.1.1

183

2.1.2

185

2.1.3

187

2.2

190

2.2.1

190

2.2.2

191

2.2.3

191

194

()

( )
3.1

194

3.1.1 (Insider trading) 194

3.2

3.2.1

198

3.2.2

210

3.3

213

3.4

213

3.4.1

213

3.4.2

214

3.4.3

214

3.5

()

198

217

3.5.1

217

3.5.2

218

3.5.3

219

3.5.4

221

3.5.5

224

( )

7

229

1.
2.

229
237

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3

237
237
238
239

2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.5

240
240
241
242
242
243

245

259

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(Service Delivery Unit: SDU)


(Hybrid Organizations)





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.. 2475

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(Government Organized NGOs: GONGOs)
(Non-Government Organizations: NGOs)




/










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/

(Semi-Governmental Organizations: SGOs)1
(Quasi-Governmental Organizations: QuaGOs)

...

1

. . Flexible Citizenship for a

Global Society Bruno S. Frey Politics, Philosophy and Economics 2003, 2: 93.

2.
5
2.1


2.2

2.3


2.4
...

2.5

3.


5

3.1
3.1.1


3.1.2

3.1.3

3.2
2
5

-
2
(1) (.)
(2) (.)
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(3) (.)

12 .. 2491
2
(4)
(5) (.)

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(Descriptive research)
(Interview) (Participatory Action Research)
4.1 (Documentary Research)


( )
4.2 (Interview)
8
3

4.3 (Focus Group)
(Participatory Action Research)
2

...
4.3.1 1 22 2552 202
2 80
5 2550 .

27 ( - 1)
4.3.2 2 31 2553
1

25 ( - 2)
1 - 2

25 2555


35
( - 3)

5.



(Corruption)



(Accountability)


(Corruption Risk)

(Non-Governmental Organizations: NGOs)

(Non-Profit Organization: NPO)

(Government Organized NGOs: GONGOs)

/
/

(Publicly Organized)





(Quasi-Governmental Organizations: QuaGOs)


/

(Quasi Non-Governmental Organizations: QuaNGOs)



(Discretionary Power)




(Monopoly Power)

6.

2
(1)



(2)
1)
2) 3) 4)
5) 6)
7)



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1.1.1 ..
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2461




1.1.2 12
.. 2491
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1.1.3

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.. 2502
1.1.4
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2

12

http://www.redcross.or.th/history/index.php4, 20 2552.

.. 2542


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1.1.5
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1

. .
: , 2545.

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7
(1)
9

. . : , 2542.

15

(2)
(3)
(Out Sourcing)
(4) (Empowerment)
(Decentralization)
(5) (Key Performance: KPI)


(6)
(Performance Appraisal)
(7)









10

11

10

.
: . : , 2549.
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1. 1.

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3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

6. 6.

7. 7.




8. 8.

9. 9.








10. 10.

17

(NGOs) 12

2.

2.1
(Business Administration)

(By product)

12

. : . :
, 2548 232 243.

18

(Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR)) (Social Enterprise (SE))13



(1) (Organizational Goals)



(2) - (Stakeholder Accountability)



(3) (Managerial Functions)


(4) (Decision Making Process)



(5) (Incentive Structure)

13

. CSR Corporate Social Responsibility.

: ..., 2552.

19

(Good Governance)
(Partnerships)





14
2
-


2

1.
2.

-
-
- -

14

. . 19 - 21 .. 2551. http://www.matichon.co.th/
prachachart, 15 2553.

20

2 ()

3. -



-
4.



5. -

6. -

(public opinion)

7. -

-


-

21

(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

2.2

(Government by Contract)

TQM (...)
Balance Scorecard

Harland Cleveland15 (Grey
Area)
Edward H. Litchfield16

17



18

15

. :
. 3. , 2520. 48.
16
.
17
Edward H. Litchfield. Notes on a General Theory of Administration. Administrative Science Quarterly.
(June 1956), pp. 7 9.
18
Graham T. Allison, 1979: 396.

22

19




(Public Accountability)




20









19
20

John T. Dunlop, 1979.

Richard E. Neustadt Allison, 1979: 402.

23

2.3

21
21

. . [] http://202.29.22.164/elearning/cd-1503/SOC16/tp1/linkfile/print5.htm 19 2552.

24

22

2.4

2.4.1




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)








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.

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2.4.2



(1)

26

(2)

(3)




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(Down
Sizing) (Reengineering) (Vision)
Balance Score Card
(Chief Executive Officer: CEO)

3.
3.1
The QuasiGovernment: Hybrid Organizations with Both Government and Private Sector Legal Characteristics

27

Kevin R. Kosar Analyst in American National Government (2007 2011)

(Quasi-Governmental
Organizations: QuaGOs)

3.1.1

7 23
(1) (Quasi-Official Agencies)


()

(2) (Government-Sponsored Enterprises: GSEs)
Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990
4 1)
2) 3)
4) GSEs
.. 2005 Freddie Mac
749
GSEs

GSEs (Office of the
Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight: OFHEO)

23

For a brief history of FFRDCs, consult: James S. Hostetler, Federally Funded Research and Development
Centers: A Proper Role in the 1990s (Vienna, VA: Professional Services Council, 1990) Kevin R. Kosar Analyst
in American National Government. The Quasi-Government: Hybrid Organizations with Both Government and
Private Sector Legal Characteristics Updated February 13, 2007 June 22, 2011.

28

(3) (Federally Funded Research and

Development Centers: FFRDCs)

(4) (Agency - Related Nonprofit
Organizations)

3 1)
2) 3)

(5) (Venture Capital Funds)



(6) (Congressionally
Chartered Nonprofit Organizations) 36 Corporations
20
2 (Subtitle II: Patriotic and National Organizations) 92
Agricultural Hall of Fame, Big Brothers and Sisters of America American Legion
(7) (Instrumentalities of Indeterminate Character)
(1) - (6)

3.1.2


.. 2525
. .

29

Organization .
.
2 (1)

(2)
(1)24






25
organization
2

organ


1) 2 2) 3)
4) 5)
26

24

. - . :
, 2549.
25
. . . : .
2528. 339 380.
26
. . : , 2541 20.

30

(Government Organized Public Organized)

(QuaGOs)






.
(NGOs)
- 3 (1)

(2)

(3)
27
-


28
27

37 4
.. 2526 .
28
. : , .: 2527.

31

-

() () ()
() () ()
() () () 29
-

30
(NGOs)

(Non-Profit Organization: NPO)

(public)



(QuaGOs)


/

29

13 .. 2546.
30
7
.. 2550.

32

3.2
3.2.1

Kevin R. Kosar (2008: 14 - 16)
(Federally Funded Research and Development Centers:
FFRDCs) (Quasi-government Hybrid organization)
2 31

2

Oak Ridge Los Alamos


FFRDC RAND
.. 194732 Mitre
Corporation, Aerospace, and the Institute for Defense Analyses .. 2006 FFRDC 37
( 41 .. 1988) 1950 196033

FFRDC Internal Revenue Service
Department of Homeland Security FFRDC ( P.L. 107-396,Title III)34 Department of
Defense and Energy FFRDCs
FFRDC National Science Foundation Federal Aviation Administration
31

(23).
Bruce L.R. Smith, The RAND Corporation: A Case Study of a Nonprofit Advisor Corporation
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966).
33
A list of FFRDCs may be found in Ronald L. Meeks, Master Government List of Federally Funded R&D Centers
(Washington: National Science Foundation, 2006), available at [http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf06316/].
34
Mitre IRS FFRDC website, available at [http://www.mitre.org/about/ffrdcs/cem/about/overview.html];
and CRS Report RS21542,Department of Homeland Security: Issues Concerning the Establishment of Federally
Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs), by Michael E. Davey.
32

33

FFRDCs 7 - 8
2003 - 200535
FFRDCs
FFRDCs

FFRDCs FFRDCs
FFRDCs

FFRDCs




36 FFRDCs
FFRDCs
FFRDCs
FFRDCs
FFRDCs
FFRDCs FFRDCs
37
(Accountable) FFRDCs FFRDCs

35

National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Federal Funds for Research and
Development: Fiscal Year 2003-05, NSF 06-313, Project Officer, Ronald L. Meeks (Arlington, VA:NSF, 2006),
Tables 11-13, available at [http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf06313/tables.htm#group1].
36
CSR Report RL33527, Technology Transfer: Use of Federally Funded Research and Development, by
Wendy H. Schacht; and Michael M Crow, Mark A. Emmert, and Carol I. Jacobson, Government-Supported
Industrial Research Institutes in the United States, Policy Studies Journal, vol.19, Fall 1999, pp.59-74.
37
E.g., interlocking directorships and the co-mingling of FFRDC and contractor interests in ways that
compromise the FFRDCs objectivity in overseeing the contractor work.

34

FFRDCs
(Hearing) (Warning)
( Competition in Contracting Act of 1984; 98 Stat.1175)
FFRDCs
FFRDCs
(10 U.S.C.2367)
FFRDCs (Federal Management of FFRDCs)
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR, 35.017)
(Establishing) (Organizing) (Managing)
FFRDCs FFRDCs

FFRDCs



(Quasi Non-Governmental Organizations: QuaNGOs)
(Quasi-Autonomous National Government Organization)
Alan Pifer .. 1967



(British Broadcasting Corporation: BBC)
Home Services
Home Services 82 ( .. 1999
2.2 ) 17
1 World

35

Services 89 62
21 17
38 (Federal Reserve
Bank: The Fed) .. 1907



Reserve Federal Reserve
Bank
39
(QuaGOs)
(QuaNGOs)

3.2.2


(1)

5
(.. 2436)

38

. ... . .
. http:// siriwan.info/PBS1.doc 12 2554.
39
Federal Reserve Bank. . http:// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank, Retrieved 12
February, 25 2011.

36

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3/253540

...
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-


41

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2539 (.)

.
42


43 /

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40

3/2535 8 .. 2535.
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42
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43
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, 2547.
41

37

(2)
12 .. 2491

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4

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4.

4.1
4.1.1

38

(1)

/





(2)

/
3




/

(3)

1) /


-
-

39

-

- (SWOT Analysis)


2)


3) /
/
4)


5)


(4)

1) /

(3)
2)
/
/

(5)

//
1)

2)

40

.. 2543

4.1.2

(1) 2
1) 2554
127,853,543,000
100,000,000 18,000,000,000
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(.)

4.1.3

41

(.)
.. 2539 21- 22 .
75
81 ..
. 78

4.2

4.2.1

5
(1)

(2)


(3)

(4)

42

(5)

4.2.2
5

(1)


(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

4.3

4.3.1
(1) 2
1


/

43

2

(GoNGOs)


/

(2)






10/2 .. 2522
.. 2546 13

12 .. 2491
2 (1)
(2) ()

4.3.2

-
( ) ( ...)
(
)
-
( ) ()
44

- ()
(
) ()
4.3.3

44



45

44

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(1)


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45

12 .. 2491

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46
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fund) 2) (revolving
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46

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2



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1) 2) 3) 4)
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)




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2)
3)
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48

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Gos
:

QuaGOs GoNGOs

NGOs

Private

104 (
2554)

49

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2552 107
12 2553 4 49
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3 ..
2491


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2553 104 ( 3)
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12 2553.

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13 2553.

51

51

6.
6.1
6.1.1





(Policy Corruption)
(Conflict of Interests) (Good Governance)

51

52

(2541)




52 (2541)

(2541)

(Interactive Relation)


(NGO)


(2541)


2
53
(TDRI) (2541)

(Private Sector Organizations)
(Civil Society)54

52

. . , (25 2541): 20.

53
. . , (6 2541).
54
(TDRI).
. TDRI : ..., 2541. .
(Good Governance). 20 2541.

53

6.1.2






(1)
(2)


(3)
(Technocrats)
(4)


(5)

(6)


(Good Governance)


.. 2542




54

(Corporate Governance)


.. 2540

6.1.3
6 55
(1) (Rule of Law)


(2) (Ethics)



(3) (Transparency)

55

.. 2542 4

55

(4) (Participation)


(5) (Accountability)


(6) (Value for money)

6.2
6.2.1
Klitgaard (1995) (2546)
3 56
(1) (monopoly power of officials)

(shortage)

56

Klitgaard, Robert. Institutional Adjustment and Adjusting to Institution. World Bank

Discussion Paper. No.303, 1995.

56

(2)
(The degree of discretion that officials are permitted to exercise)





(3)
(The degree to which there are systems of accountability and transparency in an institution)




3 (1) (Monopoly) (2) (Discretion)
(3) (Accountability)
4
(1) (Organization Approach)
Bureaucracy

(2) (Legal Approach)

(3) (Behavioral Approach)

57

(4) (Philosophical Approach)

(Risk Management)

6.2.2






57
58
(1) (Embezzlement)

(2) (Extortion)
(bribery) (Kickback)

(3) (Nepotism)
(4) (Cronyism)
(5) (Insider trading)

57

, . ( ).
. : , 2546, 13-15.
58
. . : , 2549, 26-27.

58

(6) (Money laundering)



(7)
(Conflict of Interest)
(8) (Trading Influence)



2 59



(Conflict of Interest)


2
( )

59

161-162.

59

(Nepotism)






(Cronyism)


(Favoritism)
Nepotism Cronyism

60

6.2.3
3
(1)


1.
/


2.




3.
/
/



4.



5. /


(Check and balance) /

61

6.



(2)

(Contingency Plan)
(3)
2
1.
2.
/

7.






/



62

( 2554)

63

8.
8.1
(1) (2546)
- -

64

60



(Conflict of Interest)
(Structural Corruption)

(2) (..) (2550)

2 1)
2)







5 1) 2)
3) 4)
5)


3
.

60

(57).

65

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1) 2)
3)
.


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3)
4)
5)

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2) 3) 4)
5) 2
(3)
(2552)61




62

61

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Interest). : , 2549.
62
. . : , 2531.

66

.. 2538





(.)
(...)



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(Turnkey)
2. ..
2535

.
.

2

67

(Build Transfer - Operate: BTO)

1 BTO


2540 ...

8.2
(1) (2544)
3 63
1. .
.
.
.
150,000
.

2.
2

63

. . :
, 2544.

68

(
)
.
.

(
) .
.
3. . (Sustainability) .

.

.
.
.
. ( .. 2544)
.. 2542
.



1. .

.
.

2. .

69

3. .


25


(2) (2549) 64

1. .
2. .

.
33 ( 10)
.
3. . .



.

64

.
( ). :
(), 2549.

70

1.

71

//
/
/


3

72

2


/




/


12 .. 2491



2

73

1.

1.1 1.2

2.

1.
2.
3. ...

2
( )

( ) /



(1)
(2)
(3)
...

74

2.

2.1


2.1.1 (Documentary Research)





2.1.2 (Qualitative Research) (Case Study)
5

2.1.3

2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2

2.2.3

75

2.2.4

...
2.2.5
2.2.6

3.

3.1

104 3
3

2
3
4

76

3 ()

5
6
7
8

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

17

18

19

20
21
(ICL)

22
23
24
25

(.)

77

3 ( 2553)

26

27
28
29
30
31
32

33
34
35
36

37
38
39
40
41 (.)
42

43
44

45

78

3 ()

46
47
48
49
50

51
52
53
54

55

56
57

58
59

60

61
62

...

79

3 ()

63
64
65
66
67

68
69
70

71
72
80
73
74
75
76

77
78
79

80

3 ()

80

81

82

83
84
85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94
95

96
97

81

3 ()

98

99
100
101


102
103
104

.


...

2553
100 21 2553

3.2

3.3




( 2 4.2
)


82

.
1)

2
1.1) . (Government Pension
Fund)
31 2553 . 1,156,264
482,897.13 65 .
.
. .


2552 .

1.2) . (Student Loan Fund)
.. 2539
2539 - 2554 . 339,036,000,000
2553 3,475,458 .. 2554
18,000,000,000 2550
.

.

2)

1

65

2552 . ..., ...

83

5 - 20 2540 - 2544 200 2545 - 2552
...


(...)
...

.
1) (Fund of the elderly)
.. 2546

2548 - 2554 320,000,000
2554 100,000,000


66
2) . (Funds allocated for the
safety of the car on the road)
( 12) .. 2546



2553 859
1,413,002,709.76 623,776,296.48
66

84

. .. 2554.

535,453,861.26 . 88,322,435.22 67



5

4.
(Qualitative Research) (Descriptive
research) (Interview) (Participatory Action Research)

4.1 (Qualitative Research)

4.1.1 (Documentary Research)



( )
4.1.2 (Interview)

(In - depth Interview)
5

1 8
3


67

30 2551 2550.

85

4.2 (Participatory Action Research)

(Focus Group) 2



20
4.2.1 1 22 2552 13.00 - 16.30 .
202 ... 2 80
5 2550 .

27 ( - 1)
4.2.2 2 31 2553 13.00 - 16.30 .
1

25 ( - 2)
4.2.3 25 2555 13.00 - 16.30 .
1

35 ( - 3)

86

5.










( )

5.1
Klitgaard (1995)68
(1)
(2)
(3)


(1) (The degree of monopoly power)


(Shortage)


(2) (Degree of discretion power)

68

Klitgaard, Robert. Institutional Adjustment and Adjusting to Institution. World Bank

Discussion Paper. No.303, 1995.

87

(3) (Degree of accountability)




5
/ /

/
/

.. 2491 ... .. 2491

( 12)
1.
2.

/
/

/ /

/
( )
/ /

88

(
)

(1) (Degree of transparency)

(2) (Degree of
participation)



Klitgaard 69
C
=
M
+
D
A
(Corruption) = (Monopoly) + (Discretion) - (Accountability)

= +

5.2
5.2.1
70
2 8 (1) (2)
(3)
(4) (5)

(6)
(7)
69
70

.
. . : , 2549, 26-27.

89

(8)

5.2.2



/



Petty Corruption Grand Corruption




/

.

90

4
:

2 1
2

1. (.)
1.1
1.1.1
(Pension Fund)
.. 2539 5 11


7 .

.

1.1.2
5 . 3 (1)
(2) (3)
9 .
(1)
(2) (3) (4)
(5)

91

1.1.3
6 . (1)
(2) 72 (3) (4)
(5) (6)
70

72 71

1.1.4
.
(1) . 12
..




.
26 .
1)

71

.. 2553 . 1,156,492
37.85 28.69, 15.11 14.31
40 - 50 32 50 - 60 30 - 40
31 27 10,000 - 30,000 60
.
60 . 25 75
6 (1) (2) (3) (4)
(5) (6) 66.4, 11.1, 15.4, 3.6, 2.7
0.8 ( ., 6 2553)

92

4 :

2)

3)
4)
5)

(2) 30

.
31

(3) 32 ..

33



(4) . 8 - 9 .
(1)
(2) (3)
(4) (5)
21 - 25 .

93

1.1.5
.
(1) .
.
1)

2)
3)
.
(2) .
26 (3) .

(3)
4 ..
1)

( 84 )
2) ..
..
83 72 ( 84 )
3)
4)
( 29)
5)
.. ( 75)
72

83

94

4 :

(4)
1)
.. ( 29)
2)

( 82)

1.1.6
.
(1)
1) . .

.
2541 73
2) .
.
..
2544 74
3) . 75 26 (9)



.

73

0526.3/.122 4 2540
.
74

1 22 2552
2552 71.
75
2552 12 - 13.

95

(2)
1)
( 75)
2)


( 76)
3) .
.
( 82)
(3)
1)
( 77) .
. ( 78)
2)
( 79)

( 80)
(4)
1)
( 74)
2)


( 81)
( 82)
. 6

96

4 :

6 .


()



()

()
()

()

()

_____ :
--------: ///
:

97

.




.

1.2
1.2.1 (Degree of monopoly power)
(1)
..

.. 2539 ( 4)
( 29)

( 84) (
13 81 )
( 75)

( 82)
(2) .
.

1) .
.

98

4 :

..

( 14)

(Policy Corruption)
2) .
1.
( 10)
( 26 (1))
2.

2.1
( 26 (2))
( 25)

( 83)
2.2
(
)
( 26 (7)) ( 21,
22 23 (4))
. ( 24)
2.3
( 26 (5))
( 26 (6)) ( 26 (8))
( 42)
( 67)
( 69)

99

3.
( 26 (3))
4.

( 80) .
( 92)
(3)


1) .
7
. ( 30)



( 31) .

(4)
. (2nd Pillar: Public mandated, Privately managed,
Defined contribution system) 76
.. 2539 ( 27 2540) .
35 - 36
. 20 2539



76

3 (Three Pillars) . http://www.thaipvd.com/thaipvd_v3/

knowhow/another.shtml, 2553.

100

4 :

1.2.2 (Degree of discretion)

(1)
. .





7

: http://www.gpf.or.th/web/GPF_RiskManage.asp, 10 2554.

1) .



77
77

2553 . 2 (1)
.
.. 2553 (2) .
(Unitization)
.. 2553

101

2)
.. 255078

(.)
.. 2535

-
.


.

-
.
.



-
.
.
(.)


(2) ..
..

78

102

.. 2550

4 :

(.)


79



2552 .



10,000 8,000
5,000 4,000 2552
3,266,000 80
(3) .
1)
/

( .)
2552 29 2552
. 81
/

79

1 22 2552
2552 71.
80
2552 43 - 45.
81
63 - 64.

103

2) .
.

22


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25
. .

( 21, 22 23 (4)) .
( 24)

1.2.3 (Degree of accountability)

(1)





.


.
.


104

4 :

82
. (
)
83
(2)
.

( )


.
.

82

(80).
2553 .
My Choice ... My Chance 4
(1) ( ) 35 57.5 7.5

(2) ( ) 22 70.5 7.5

(3) ( - ) 100

(4) 100


. 95 ( 22)
( ., 6
2553)
55
40 - 50 "" ( 22)
20 - 40 ( 35) (.
, 6 2553).
83

105

(3)
.


.. .
.
75
76

82
80
..

75 84
(4)




.
.

92
(5)
84

86 (1)

106

4 :

(2)
(3)

88

.
..
()



(Nepotism)

.


.


.
()


.


.
.

.

107

.
.

.

.
.





(Policy
Corruption) / (Conflict of Interests) .
(Trading Influence)84
(Insider Trading) 6

2. (.)
2.1
2.1.1
16
2539 12 .. 2491
.. 2541
.. 2541 5 .
13 .
9

84

1 22 2552.

108

4 :

2.1.2
5 .


7 .


85

2.1.3
8 . (1)
(2)
(3) (4)
(5) (1) (4)
11 (1)
(2)
(3) (4)
(5)
86

2.1.4
. 87

85

.. 2549 10
( 2) .. 2549 7 10.
86
.. 2541 8 11
.. 2549 10
( 2) .. 2549 ( 3) .. 2550.
87
.. 2541 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.

109

(1) 14
.






18 .
1)
2)
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6
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34
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6)

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10)

(2) 30

110

4 :

31
18



(3) 32






33
18 (2)


(4) 21 .
.


88
(5) 47 .


88

.. 2541 21, 22, 23 24

111

46

89




( 17)

( 18)90

( ())
( 31)


( 32)
(
...) ( 33)
(6) 37 .

89

1
.. 2546





90
15 - 18 31 33.

112

4 :

( ())91 38




.


( ()) ( 27)

( 13)92

2.1.5
(1)
4 .. 6
.. 93
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2)
3) 28



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44
45
91

1
.. 2546 4
92
4, 13 27.
93
.. 2541 21, 22, 23 24.

113

(2)

1)

( 43)
2)
( 43/1)
3) /

( 44)
4)


( 45)
5) /

( 46)
-

-
/

.. 2541
16
(3)
1)
( 36)


114

4 :

2)
( ()) ( 37)
3)


( 38)
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( 39)
( 40)
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( ()) ( 41)
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( 42)

2.1.6
.
(1)
1) .

2) .
.
.. 2544
94

94

1 22 2552 2
31 2553 2552 71.

115

3) .
20
4) 58
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57
(3)

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58
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58
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1)
. ( 28)
2)

( 29)

( 30)
. 8
.


2



116

4 :

8 .

( )

(
())

_____ :
--------: ///
:

117

2.2
2.2.1 (Degree of monopoly power)
(1) .
.



..


.
.


(2) .
1) .
.


2) .
.



.




118

4 :

2.2.2 (Degree of discretion)

(1)
.

.
/
(.)

. .
.. 2542 .

(.)
.. 2535

-
.. 2542

. .. 2535
(.)

...
.

-
.. 2542

(1)
20,000
(2)
200,000
(3)
1,000,000
(4)
10,000,000

119

(5) .

10,000,000

(3) (4) (5)

(1) (2)


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.. 2535



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1) .



.



.
.
95



. /
.
95

- . (25 2549) 29 3795 (2995). 9.

120

4 :

.


. 96

2)
.. 2546

.. 2546 .. 2547


2.1)

( 6)

(
15)
( 16)
2.2) /
.
1.


( 17)

96

121

2.
( 23)
3.


( 28)
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( 29)

( 30)
5.
(
()) ( 31)

( 32)
6.
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(...) ( 33)
( 34)

( 35)
(3)
.

97

97

122

(96).

4 :

.
E - loaning



(4) ..



.

(5)



.

2.2.3 (Degree of accountability)

(1)
.

.

123

(2)







(3)
1)

.
( )
( )
. 29


34

2)
( )

3)
.

.

124

4 :

(4)
.
.


. 40
60 98 .



1)
.

.


2) . .
.. . 15 2552
2553 . . 5 .
161,739 15,824 2552 13,126
2552 .
148,613 .
10 . 3 . 2
75 . . 25
5 7
. 5,000

98

- . (25 2549)
29 3795 (2995). 9.

125

.
2549 2552 46,000 90
. .
230 2553 .
36,000
. .

99

30
. 100 .
.


101
(5)
1

.. 2546 36


/ /
37
(
()) 38
99

http://matichon.co.th/matichon/view_news.php?newsid=01edu01161052&sectionid=0107&day=200910-16 20 2553.
100
(95).
101
,
- . (25 2549) 29 3795 (2995). 9.

126

4 :

.

(6) .
1
.. 2546
43
43/1

44 /

45
.. 2541


46 /

.. 2541
(1)

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/
.. 2541
16
.. 2541

127

.



..

1
.. 2546 46

.


.


.





.


. .
.

.
.

128

4 :

.

.
.
(Embezzlement)
.
.

102
.
( )

/



.
.




.

.



6
102

.. 2542

129

3. (.)
3.1
3.1.1
.



103

3.1.2
. ...

. 104
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

103

2550
... 20,605,260
128,557,185 .. 2553
... 17
104
2550

1 22 2552 2 31 2553

130

4 :

(5)

(6)

3.1.3
105 (1)
... (
) / (2)
(1 2546) 3

5
5.1 200,000 ()
5.2
6
6.1

6.2
6.3
6.4

3.1.4

(1) 9
. 7 15

105

(1 2546)
2550 2550

131

2 106
9

: 1 2546

6 17


1)
2)
3)

4)

5)
6)

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8)
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132

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... 107

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( )
(4) 1 9
.
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17
108 109
.

107

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.. 2550
108

.. 2545
136 (1)(4) (5)

15 2553
1 22
2552 2 31 2553
109
.. 2545
136 (1) (4) (5)
(1 2546)
.. 2552
.. 2553

.. 2553

133

110
...

.. 2552


15 2553 43



.
.. 2544 .

22

32
5,000 () 1
3


33 3,000 ()
34

35

110

1 22 2552 2 31
2553

134

4 :

36


37

38

. 111
112 (6) . 122
1 2552




15 2553 33



...
/
/

3.1.5
...
.. 2552 5
111
111

(1) .. 2546 (1 2546) (2)

15 2553 (3)

135

(1) /
28
/
27 (3)
30 /
/ 2

6

(2) ...
28



...
29 ...

31 ...


32 ...

.. 2553

.. 2553
1
22 2552 2 31 2553

136

4 :

33 ...

3.1.6

.. 2546
10 112
10

..

. ...

...

./.

: , 2553.

(1)
1)

2) .. 2546 39




112

137

3) 10 113 40






40
4) 10 114 44



(2)

(3)
...
...

. 11

113

15 2553
114
.

138

4 :

11

...

(.)
( .)
.

. 1-9

. .

_____ :
--------: ///
:

139

.


...



... /

3.2
3.2.1 (Degree of monopoly power)
(1) ...


... ...


(2) ...
. ...


... .
...
... ...
...


.. 2544

140

4 :

.
115
(4)

3.2.2 (Degree of discretion)

(1)
1) .
/


...


...
2) .


/
/


115

..
2553
.. 2553
.. 2553

141

.
3) . ...
. ...
. ...
. ...

/
...
... /
.

.
...
(2)
.. 2546 17
. 116
.
.
.

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116

142

4 :

...

(4)



...

3.2.3 (Degree of accountability)

(1)
.
...
.


(2)
.. 2546 37

39





.

143

(3)
.. 2544




.. 2553

.. 2553 .. 2553

(4)

.. 2499
(
2) .. 2535


. ...

/ ...
...


.

144

4 :

5
:

2 1 2

1.
1.1
1.1.1
.. 2546 13



15

1.1.2
13
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

2554 100,000,000
2553 2554 1,564,940
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145

19 2554 50,000,000



2555 360,000,000 117

1.1.3
14 (1) (2)
(3) (4)
(5)
(6)
(1) (2) 118 (3)
(4) (5) (6)




119
120
(1) /
/ /
(2) /

117

. .. 2554.
118

.. 2548 11.
119
17.
120

7 2549.

146

5 :

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15,000 5
100,000 3
(4)

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.. 2546
21

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1)


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3)
121

.. 2548 5 10 .
122

.. 2548 14.

147

12

Start

End
: ,
2553.

148

5 :

13

: ,
2553.

149

4)

5)

6)

2 (1)
/ (2)







123 (1)
(2) (3)
(4)

1.1.4
5
(1) 18

123

.. 2548 15 17 - 19.

150

5 :

20
(1)
(2)
(3)

(2)


19
(3)
13

124
- -

GFMIS


()


1

(.)
124

.. 2548 16.

151

-
(.) 15
. 30



( 22 )
125

1.1.5
5
(1)
(.)
.










126


125

126

.. 2548 12 - 16.

152

5 :

127
(2)

.. 2548 17


(3)
9
1)
20 (1)
2)
20 (3)
3)
21
(4)
1) 9 (4)


2) 9 (7)

127

.. 2548 20 - 21.

153

(5)
(..)
24 ..

1.1.6

(1)
1)
22
2) .


.. 2544 128
3)


129
4)

130
5)

128

1 22 2552 2
31 2553
129

.. 2548 7.
130
. 9.

154

5 :

131

132
(2)
22


14

131

.. 2548 20 - 21.
132
4 2554.

155

14

_____ :
--------: ///
:

156

5 :

1.2
1.2.1 (Degree of monopoly power)
(1) ..
..
.. 2546

2554
100,000,000 2553 2554
1,564,940
1/54 19 2554
50,000,000


(2)

(.)



..
2548 10

157

.. 2542




5 11 /
/ /
/

(3) (.)

. .
2

.







.. 2544
/


(Value for Money) /


158

5 :

1.2.2 (Degree of discretion)

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.
(1)
/ (2)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3) (4)
(5)
(6) 5,000
133









(.)

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133

.. 2548

159

134
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/



/
/ //

134

160

. . 23 2551.
5 :

1.2.3 (Degree of accountability)

(1)




/

(2) ..






(3)









135

135

.. 2553 5
8 - 9

161

2. (.)
2.1
2.1.1
( 12) .. 2546 10/1 .


.
136

2.1.2
.
137
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2) 3)

136

( 12) .. 2546 4 10/1 10/2

.. 2522
137
( 12) .. 2546 4 10/2
.. 2522 . 2549 2549 - 2550

162

5 :

2.1.3
10/2

138


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(1) . (1)
10/1 (2) (3)
(4)
(2) .

.. 2547
1)

2)

.. 2535 5
3)
80

138

.
(1)
.. 2547 2, 16, 17, 18, 19 20
(2)
.. 2553 6, 9, 10, 11, 12 13
(3)
.. 2551
(4) . 2549 2549 - 2550

163

4)


15

2.1.4
. 2 139
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.
10/2 .. 2522
140






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( )
.
.
139

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140

.. 2547 2

164

5 :

(3)

142


( 3 ) 10,000 ( 4 ) 30,000




141

10,000
1,000,000
30

2.1.5
. 2
(1) (..)
.. .. 2522
( 12) .. 2546

141

.. 2522 10/2 ( 12) .. 2546

.. 2547 2549
2549 - 2550, 5
142

.. 2547 17

165

(2)
.


143

2.1.6
. 144
(1)

145
(2)






146
. 15

143

.. 2547 23 - 24 26
144
.. 2522 5 10/2 (
12) .. 2546
.. 2547 2, 16, 24
26 2549 2549 - 2550
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(142).
146
. 27

166

5 :

15

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:

167

.




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2.2
2.2.1 (Degree of monopoly power)
(1)



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147

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168

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.





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//
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.
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3,549,251,031.84
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77
479,538,590.84 (2)
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96,900,000 (4)
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.
75

2.2.2 (Degree of discretion)

(1)
..

.

148

170

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5 :

.. 2551 . 16 (1) (3)

.. 2547
5 1 149

.


/ /
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.

.. 2547 2

10/2 .. 2522
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.
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.

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.

. .

172

5 :

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Money)
.
/
.



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/
.
.







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173

174

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6




Klitgaard (1995)

1.

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1.1.1
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... .
...

175

..
(.) ..




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.

1.1.2
. .

.

.

1.1.3
. .



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...
...
NGOs
176

.




.

/

/

1.1.4


(1)
1) . .

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..
1.2) .
.


. . .

177

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.




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.



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.


.
.
.
178

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179

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4

1.1.5


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.



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180

. .

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.









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181

.


.

1.2

. .

.. /








.

.

. .. 2553 . .. 2553

...

182

2.
2.1

Klitgaard (1995)

2.1.1 (Degree of monopoly power)

(1) (.)
.
.

. ..

.


.

183

.




(2) (.)
.
.




(3) (.)


...
...


...
(4)

.. .. 2546



5 11
// /
/

184

(5) (.)
.
.

. ( .
)
.

2.1.2 (Degree of discretion)

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.


.. 2550
.. 2535
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. .
.
.

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(2) (.)
.

185

.


.. 2542 .

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..
2535
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.
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187

.

()

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188

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189

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.

.

2.2

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2.2.1 (Degree of monopoly power)

., ., .
3 (1)
.

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/
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...

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...

190

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.
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5
. .

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.

191

16

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17

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193

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3.1
3.1.1 (Insider trading)
.





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(Trading Influence)150 (Insider Trading)

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.. 2550
.. 2550


.. 2550
..
2550 .

153
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16,000

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27 .. 2552.
153

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154 1)
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2)

3)

.
..

.

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.. 2535
.. 2546
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154

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1 22 2552.

197

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.

3.2.1
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155 (.)

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.
. ()
()



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155

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29 2553 60/2 12 2554 60/2 3 2554
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201

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18
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2.
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4.
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3.
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6.

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24 171

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178
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12 2553.

210

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185

3.4.3

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186
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.
185
.
186
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214

212 .. 2550 .. 2552
761 27.31
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190

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3.5.1
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192

9 2547 10 2547.
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217

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30 2548 2547
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30 2548 2547
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2547 1,939,000 2548
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197

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.. 2549 ( 4) 241,250,238
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3.5.4

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18 2553.

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200
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.. 2546 301

111 1,844,920,343 (
)



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200

.
.. 2550. 87 - 89.

222

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301

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3 201
(1) 301

(2) 301

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201

... 2 ( 6 2549 6 2551) 31 32.

223

3.5.5
(1)

2546 2554 ( 2554) 7 7
(.) 4,750
6
2554 ( 2553 - 2554) 582.21 6
2553 ( 2552 2553) 310.59
87.45

2552 ( 2551 2552) 2553 ( 2552 - 2553)
17.5 2554 24.2
2553 19
2554 23 19
2553 11 19 , 22 22 2553202
4
4 .
( : )

.. 2552
.. 2552
.. 2552
.. 2553
.. 2553
.. 2553

202

224

2553
( 2552 - 2553)

17.17
-*
25.32
33.40
17.57
20.45
36.67
43.55
40.87
36.63
-*
38.96

11 2554.


6 2553
137.60 + 172.99 = 310.59

.. 2553
46.28
-*
.. 2553
44.08
32.33
.. 2553
42.41
33.83
.. 2553
23.15
38.56
.. 2553
102.01
54.01
.. 2553
54.82
56.73
6 2553
137.60 + 172.99 = 310.59

.. 2553
46.28
-*
.. 2553
44.08
32.33
.. 2553
42.41
33.83
.. 2553
23.15
38.56
.. 2553
102.01
54.01
.. 2553
54.82
56.73
2553 ( 2552 - 2553)
460.36 + 398.43 = 858.80
6 2554
( 2553 - 2554)

.. 2553
48.25
-*
.. 2553
72.83
68.24
.. 2553
69.11
-*
.. 2554
71.29
34.03
.. 2554
47.25
68.16
.. 2554
47.63
55.37
6 2554 : 356.38 + 225.83 = 582.21
: *
:

225

40
( 301
)

6 - 7


203
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number.com, ddnumber.com, BERVIP.com tabiendee.com
(Connection)


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.


301

168 ( - )

203

http://www.tabiendee.com,
11 2554.
204
.

226

20, 30, 40 ...., 90 100 ,200, 300 ,. 900

(Connection)
205 301

(2)


10


10 30 40 50
90 30
20 206

6







207
.


205

.
206
14 2553.
207
.

227

. .

228

7


(Case Study)

1.
(Quasi-Governmental Organizations: QuaGOs)
/









/



.. 2475


.. 2491 12

229

( 2553)
/ 104





(1)

(2)
(3)
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(4) (
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.
.
.

1.
..

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11

231

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.
.

2.

.




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.
..

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.
..

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.

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3.

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..

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233

234

.
.

(


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...





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2) .. 2535

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.

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)



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6
6

.
.
.

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.. 2535

.. 2546
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.
-

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.

235

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...

..
2550

.. 2550

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.

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5 .

.

236

2.

2.1
2.1.1
(1)



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(best practice)

(3)


. .
.
(4)

237

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2.1.2
(1)

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5 208
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208

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. ( : , 2553) 7 - 8.

238

3


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.. 2547 16
(1)

.. 2546
301

239

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2.2.1
(1) .

(2) .

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...




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209

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40
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240

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(5) .
.
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241

(5) .


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( )

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(1) .

(2) .

2.2.4
(1)

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(2)



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2.2.5
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(5) .
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.
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243

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.
.. 2545.

.. 2546.

.. 2547.
. . (). 11 2552,
http://www.studentloan.or.th/about.php
________. .. 2541. (). 11
2552, http://www.studentloan.or.th/plb.php
________.
.. 2547. (). 11
2552, http://www.studentloan.or.th/plb1.php
________.
( 2) .. 2547. ().
11 2552, http://www.studentloan.or.th/plb2.php
________. .. 2539.
(). 11 2552, http://www.studentloan.or.th.clung.php
________. .. 2549. ().
11 2552, http://www.studentloan.or.th/clung.php
________. ( 2) .. 2549
( 3) .. 2550.
. . (). 28
2552, http://www.gpf.or.th/Thai/GenInfo_Struct_3.asp

245

______. .. 2539 2-5.

) . 28 2552, http://www.gpf.or.th/Thai/
GenInfo_Law_1.asp
______. . (). 28 2552, http://www.gpf.or.th/
Thai/GenInfo_AboutGPF.asp
______. 31 2551. (). 28
2552, http://www.gpf.or.th/Thai/GenInfo_Update_1.asp
______. . ( ) . 1 2552,
http://www.olderfund.opp.go.th/
______. 2552 . :
, 2554.
______. 2553 . :
, 2555.
. . ().
20 2552, http://www.tabienrod.com/
________.
..
2552. : , 2552.
________. . 2549 2549 2550. : ., 2551.
________. 2554 . : .,
2554.
. . :
, 2546.


.. 2550.


.. 2552.
, . :

246

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.. 2546
. .. 2546
.. 2550. : , 2551.
.
.. 2550. : .
.
.. 2550, 8789.
.

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______.
.. 2548.
______. ..
2553.
______.
.. 2548. (2548, 23 2548).
. 122 25. 106.
190/2552 19 2552.
(
(.) 1 2)
.. 2551.
394/2546 61/2553
23 2553.
3/2535 8 .. 2535.
. . (6 2541).
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Responsibility. : ..., 2552.
. . : . 2528, 339 - 380.
. . :

247

. 2548.
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2552, http://chaoprayanews.com/blog/biga/2009/03/16/
. PS 705 .
: , 2548), 51.
. . : , 2543.
. . : , 2542.
- . (25 2549)
29 3795 (2995), 9.
. 100 : .
: , 2538.
. . : , 2529.
.
. . (2537). 46. 19 2.
______. : .
, 2540.
______. : . :
, 2546.
______. : .
, 2540.
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. . 19 - 21 .. 2551. (). 15
2553, http://www.matichon.co.th/prachachart
. . Felix A. Nigro and Lloyd D. Nigro Modern
Public Administration. , 2523.
______.
. , 2543.
. ( ). . : 2550, 9 - 11.
248

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. (New Public Management: NPM). :
, 2541.
. . : , 2537.
.
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, 2546.
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, 2542.
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, 2539.
1 - 9.
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7 2549.

.. 2553.


15 2553 13.
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. : , 2546, 13-15.
2541.
.. 2539.
( 5) .. 2550.
.. 2546 ( 12) .. 2546.
. : . :

249

, 2527.
______. : . : .,
2527.
.
:
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13 2550.
28 2549.
. 2548. : ,
2548.
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2549 22-23 2549
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, ().
________. (1 2549 - 31 2550).
: , ().
________. 2550. : ,
().
________. 2550 4 - 6 2551
. : ,
().
________. . :
, ().
________. . (). 17 2552,
http://www.thai-cef.com/webpage/history1.html
________. . (). 17 2552,
http://www.thai-cef.com/webpage/history3.html
________. . (). 17 2552,
http://www.thai-cef.com/webpage/history2.html

250

________.
.. 2553 15
2553. : , (), 2553.
________. 2550
2550. : , (), 2550.
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(), 2546.
.
.
, 2541.
. . : 30
, 2538.
______. . , 2539.
______. . , 2540.
. . :
, 2548, 28.
. PS 604 .
: , 2548, 94 - 96.
. . (). 28
2552, http://www.fpo.go.th/S-I/Source/Article/Article81.htm
. . : , 2549, 26-27, 161-162.
. : (Conflict of
Interest). : , 2549.
.
. (). 28 2552,
https://witayakornclub.wordpress.com/2008/09/12
. . : , 2531.
. . : , 2541, 20.
(). : ,
: , 2547.
(). :

251

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(). 28 2552,
www.polsci.chula.ac.th/weerasak/data/.../soc_cap.pdf
. . : , 2546.

( 2550-2551).
.. 2546.
. - . :
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. . : , 2547.
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: , 2545.
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, 2539.
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. : , 2548.
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.
( ). : , 2540.
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