Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum

AC-Lab Manual EXPERIMENT 1

ACTIVE SECOND ORDER FILTERS: LOW PASS FILTER AND HIGH PASS FILTER

Aim: a)Todesign a Second order Butterworth Low pass filter for a given cut off frequency, fH= 1KHz .Draw the frequency response. b) Todesign a Second order Butterworth High pass filter for a given cut off frequency, fL= 1KHz .Draw the frequency response. Components: IC 741 op amp, resistor, multi output, power supply, signal generator, CRO.

Design and circuit:

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Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Low pass filter

AC-Lab Manual

Let Vcc=12v , fH =1 kHz , gain Af = 2, to simplify the design calculations set Set R1 = Rf = 10k, FH = R= C= 0.01f C1 = C2 = 0.01F = C

, Let R2 = R3 = R = 15k now Af = 1+ Rf / R [Af = 2]

Rf = 10k let Rf = R1 = 10k

Waveform:

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum High pass filter: Let Vcc = 12v, fL = 1kHz, gain Af = 2 To simplify the design calculation Set R1 = Rf = 10k FL = R= C1 = C2 = 0.01F = C

AC-Lab Manual

Let R2 = R3 = R = 15k C= 0.01f now Af= 1+ Rf / R -- [Af = 2]

2 1 = Rf / R 1

hence Rf = R 1 let Rf = 10k = R1 = 10k

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Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Waveform:

AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Set Vin= 2 to 5V P-P in the function generation. By varying the frequency in the function generator, note down the P-P voltage of the output waveform in the oscilloscope. Plot the frequency response in the given semi log sheet. Find the cut off frequency.

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Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Tabular Column Low pass filter :

AC-Lab Manual

Vi=2V Frequency (Hz) Vo Gain=Vo/Vi Gain (dB) 20log10(vo/vin)

Result: Cut off frequency (theoretical) = 1KHz. Cut off frequency (practical) =-----------

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AC-Lab Manual

High Pass Filter: Tabular column

Vi=2V Frequency (Hz) Vo Gain=Vo/Vi Gain (dB) 20log10(Vo/Vin)

Result: Cut off frequency (theoretical) = 1KHz. Cut off frequency (practical) = ----------

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AC-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 2-a ACTIVE WIDE BANDPASS FILTER

Aim: To design an active wide band pass filter and to plot the frequency response characteristics fro given frequency v/s voltage gain.

Components: IC 741 op amp, resistor, capacitor, power supply, signal generator, CRO.

Design and circuit:

Given FL = 5kHz FH = 9kHz BW = 9kHz - 5kHz = 4kHz

Fc =

= 5.91kHz

For second order band pass filter

Af = 1 +

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AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Rig up the circuit as shown. Given a sinusoidal input of 2Vp-p Vary the frequency of sinusoidal input from 100 Hz to 100 kHz without changing the input voltage level. At each frequency note down the output peak to peak voltage from CRO. Find the gain in dB at each frequency using the formula. 20 log (Vo/Vin). Frequency response of the filter in obtained by plotting gain in dB v/s frequency.

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Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Waveform:

AC-Lab Manual

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Tabular Column

AC-Lab Manual

Vi=5V Frequency (Hz) Vo in volt Gain=Vo/Vi Gain (dB) 20log10(vo/vin)

Result:

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AC-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 2-b ACTIVE BANDSTOP FILTER

Aim: To design an active wide band stop filter and to plot the frequency response characteristics fro given frequency v/s voltage gain.

Components: IC 741 op amp, resistor, capacitor, power supply, signal generator, CRO.

Design and circuit: FL = 5kHz fH = 9kHz Pass band gain of second order filter is given by AF = 1.586 Af = 1 + Let Rf = R1 = 10k (AF - 1) RP = RF = ? RF = (1.586 -1) 10 = 5.86 RF = 5.86k

For HPF R =

fC =

C= 0.01F

FC = R=

= 6.7kHz

X 6.7 X 10 3 X 0.01 X 10-6

= 2.3k

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AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Rig up the circuit as shown. Given a sinusoidal input of 2Vp-p Vary the frequency of sinusoidal input from 5 kHz to 9 kHz without changing the input voltage level. At each frequency note down the output peak to peak voltage from CRO. Find the gain in dB at each frequency using the formula. 20 log (Vo/Vin). Frequency response of the filter in obtained by plotting gain in dB v/s frequency.

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AC-Lab Manual

Tabular Column

Vi=5V Frequency (Hz) Vo in volt Gain=Vo/Vi Gain (dB) 20log10(vo/vin)

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Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Waveform:

AC-Lab Manual

Result:

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AC-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 3 SCHMIT TRIGGER CIRCUIT

Aim: Design and testing of the Schmitt trigger circuit using op-amp

Components: Op-amps (IC-741), Resistors, Capacitors, CRO, Signal generators, probes, connecting wires and Power chords.

Design and circuit diagram: UTP = 4v and LTP = 2v UTP > LTP Wrt UTP = Vsat = 12v LTP = Vref Vsat Vref ----------------------1 Vsat Vsat ---------------------- 2 Vref + (Vsat)

UTP + LTP = 2. 0.6 = UTP LTP = 2.0 = From equation 2

= 0.0625 R1 + R2 = 16R2 From equation 1 6.0 = 2[ ] Vref

Vref = 1.87V ==1.9V Chose R2 = 10k and R1 = 90k

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AC-Lab Manual

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AC-Lab Manual

Transfer characteristics:

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AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Make the connections as shown in the circuit. Apply input check square wave output. Use the X-Y mode of CRO to obtain transfer characteristics note UTP and LTP values. Compare with expected value.

Result: output is observed and analyzed.

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AC-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 4 R2R LADDER

Aim: design and testing of R-2R ladder using UA-741 OP-amp.

Components: IC 741 op amp, resistor, capacitor, multi meters, spring board, patch cords, power supply, signal generator, CRO.

Design and circuit: D0 , D1, D2, D3 are digital input and may be high (1) or low (0) VR(0) = 0 VR(1) = VR = reference voltage can be selected depending on max analog output required R = (Full scale analog output voltage) / (2N + 1) N- No of digital input R = 2N or % R = Let Vr = 500mV For a 4 bit DAC Vo = (23 D3 + 22 D2 + 21 D1 + 20 D0) VR = 0.5 X 24 = +12v VR(1) = 12V and VR(0) = 0V Vo min = 0 Vo max = 0.5 (8 + 4 +2 + 1 ) = 7.5v AV = = 3.12 when Vr = 5v Vo max = = 3.125 = 3.12 - 1 = 2.12

Let R1 = 1k Rf = 2.12k Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering 19

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AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Connect the circuit R-2R ladder network as shown in figure. To measure Vmin set all digital input to logic 0 i.e. D0 = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 then V0 =0 theoretically and verify it practically suppose if the input from the digital trainer has min of 0.2V which is logic 0 its V0 min = 0.12V. To measure the resolution is defined as the smallest incremental change Let. D3 = D2 = D1 = D0 = 0 & let LSB D0 = 1 Vo = (VR /24) [0 + 0 + 0 + 1] = 0.2083V. R = 0.2083V [theory]. Verify it practically using digital voltmeter.
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AC-Lab Manual

To measure full scale output voltage full scale output voltage obtained by setting all the input to logic high. i.e. D0 = D1 = D2 = D3 = +5v Vo max = (VR /24) [8 + 4 + 2 + 1] = 3.125V.
Theoretically calculated value is verified by measuring its practically

Tabular Column

Decimal

Digital

Theoretical

Experimental

Result:

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AC-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 5-a ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS ASYMMETRICAL AND SYMMETRICAL

Aim: Design an Astable Multivibrator using IC 555 timer to generate a clock signal of i) Frequency 1 KHz with 0.75 duty cycle. (Asymmetrical) ii) Frequency 1 KHz with 0.50 duty cycle. (Symmetrical)

Components: Resistors, Diode, Connecting wires, Capacitors, IC 555 (timer), Bread Board / Linear IC kit, Power Supply, CRO, Probes and connecting wires.

Design and Circuit diagram: a) Asymmetric Vcc = 12V , f =1 kHz T = 1ms duty cycle 75% or .75 T= = d= = 0.75 = 1ms = TH + TL TH = 0.75ms T = 1ms

therefore TL = 0.25ms W. K. T TL = 0.693 RB C Let c = 0.01F so RB = 3.6k choose RB = 3.3k

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Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Similarly TH =0.693(RA + RB ) C = 0.75ms

AC-Lab Manual

(RA + RB ) =0.75ms/0.693 X 0.1F = 10.82k , RA =7.2k Choose RA = 6.8k Check Vcc = 12V Voc = 2/3 Vcc = 8V VLT = 1/3 Vcc 4V

b) Symmetrical

f = 1kHz T=1ms duty cycle d = 50% or 0.5 T= = = 1ms = TH + TL

w. k. T. TH + TL = 0.693RC , RA = RB = R R= Let C = 0.01F therefore R = 7.2k Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering 23

Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Choose RA = RB = R = 6.8k

AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Asymmetrical: Frequency 1 KHz with 0.75 duty cycle. Verify the components and patch chords whether they are in good condition. Connect the Astable multivibrator circuit using IC 555 timer as shown in the ckt as per the design. Switch on the DC power supply unit Vcc=12V. Observer the output waveform at pin no 6 on CRO.(capacitor output) Also observe the output waveform at pin no 3 on CRO.(Multivibrator output) For the capacitor output at pin no 6 , measure the maximum and minimum voltage levels. Verify that V UT =2/3Vcc and VLT= 1/3 Vcc. Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering 24

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AC-Lab Manual

Compare the capacitor voltage Vc with output waveform Vo and note that capacitor charges and Vc rises exponentially when output is high. The capacitor C discharges through RB and the diode and Vc falls exponentially when output is low. Verify the designed value of frequency matches with practical value.

Symmetrical: Frequency 1 KHz with 0.50 duty cycle

Verify the components and patch chords whether they are in good condition. Connect the Astable multivibrator circuit using IC 555 timer as shown in the ckt as per the design. Switch on the DC power supply unit Vcc=12V. Observer the output waveform at pin no 6 on CRO.(capacitor output) Also observe the output waveform at pin no 3 on CRO.(Multivibrator output) For the capacitor output at pin no 6 , measure the maximum and minimum voltage levels. Verify that V UT =2/3Vcc and VLT= 1/3 Vcc. Compare the capacitor voltage Vc with output waveform Vo and note that capacitor charges and Vc rises exponentially when output is high. The capacitor C discharges through RB and the diode and Vc falls exponentially when output is low. Verify the designed value of frequency matches with practical value.

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AC-Lab Manual

Waveform:

Result:

The Astable Multivibrators (Asymmetrical and Symmetrical) are constructed for the given

design , the theoretical and practical values are verified for the obtained waveforms.

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AC-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 5-b MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Aim: To design a Monostable Multivibrator using IC 555 (timer).

Components: Resistor, Capacitors, IC-555, Bread Board, Power supply, CRO, connecting wires, patch chords, signal generator and probes.

Design and circuit diagram:

Time delay T= 1ms T = 1.1 RC assume C = 0.1F 1ms = 1.1 X R X 0.1F R= R = 0.09k Choose R = 10k

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AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Verify all the components and patch chords. Connect the Monostable Multivibrator circuit using IC 555-timer as like shown in ckt. Switch on the DC power supply unit Vcc-12V and apply periodic input trigger pulse at pin no 2 using signal generator as the source. Adjust the input frequency of signal generator to 80 HZ and adjust the input pulse amplitude to 12V so as to obtain proper waveform across the capacitor C.. Observe the timer output waveform at pin no 3 and measure its higher and lower voltage levels and output across C on CRO. Measure the output frequency f using CRO and verify that it is equal to the designed frequency. Verify whether the theoretical values are matching with practical values and observe the outputs. Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering 28

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AC-Lab Manual

Waveform:

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AC-Lab Manual

Result: The Monostable Multivibrator is constructed for the given design and the theoretical and practical values are verified for the obtained waveforms.

EXPERIMENT 6-a Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering 30

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AC-Lab Manual

AMPLITUDE MODULATION: EMITTER MODULATION

Aim: To construct an Emitter Modulator to generate Amplitude Modulation (AM) waves at a carrier frequency of 50KHZ and to determine the % modulation index at modulating frequency of 1KHZ and plot the variation of modulation index versus peak amplitude of modulating signal.

Components Required:

Transistor (SL100), Resistors, Capacitors, CRO, Signal Generators, 1:1

Transformer, Inductor, Power Supply, Probes, Wires and Power chords.

Design and Circuit Diagram: Emitter modulation Let Vcc = 10V , =75 , Ic = 2mA VBE = 0.7V VCE = 5V RE = 100 IC = IB therefore IB = RB = = 26.3k = 26.6A

Choose 22k = RB Fcarrier = 50kHz =

let L = 1mH then C = 0.01F choose C1 = C2 = 0.01F and C3 = 47F

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AC-Lab Manual

Envelop detector :

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AC-Lab Manual

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Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Procedure: Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure.

AC-Lab Manual

Verify the design by measuring the VCE and IC , without switching on the RF and AF generators. Switch on the RF signal generator and AF signal generator and adjust fm=1 KHz and fc=50 KHz respectively. Observe the output on the CRO, which is the AM waveform. Note down Emax and Emin from the output waveform. Calculate the % modulation index by using the formula, % m = Emax-Emin/Emax+Emin * 100 Vary the amplitude of AF signal that is VAF , correspondingly tabulate the Emax and Emin readings to calculate the % modulation index (%m) . Plot the graph of VAF versus % modulation index (%m) for different VAF. Tabular column: VAF (volts) Emax(volts) Emin(volts) %m

Result: An AM waveform is generated and observed for the given frequencies and %m is verified from the tabular column.

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AC-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 7 PULSE MODULATIONS: PULSE AMPLITUTED MODULATION

Aim: To conduct the experiment to generate PAM signal and also design a circuit to demodulate the PAM signal plot the relative waveform

Components : Transistor SL100, Diode 0A79, Resistors, Capacitors, CRO, Signal generators, DC power supplies, Linear IC trainer kit, probes, connecting wires and Power chords.

Design and circuit diagram:

fc>>

i.e. Rc>>

let fc =15kHz

C = 0.1F

R>

R = 666 Select R = 680

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AC-Lab Manual

Modulator :

Demodulation:

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Waveform:

Procedure: Rig up the circuit as shown in figure. Set up carrier amplitude to around 2Vp-p and frequency in range 5 kHz to 15 kHz. Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering 37

Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Set up amplitude to around 1Vp-p and frequency 2 kHz.

AC-Lab Manual

Connect CRO around emitter of transistor and observe the PAM waveform. To verify sampling thermo keep the modulation signal frequency to 2 kHz and carrier frequency to twice of modulating wave and check the other end the demodulation waveform it should match with m(t).

Result: PAM waveform is observed and analyzed.

EXPERIMENT 8-a PULSE MODULATIONS: PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

Aim: Todesign a Pulse Width Modulation circuit and transmit an analog signal and also demodulate the generated PWM wave using a suitable Demodulation circuit.

Components: Op-amps (IC-741), Resistors, Capacitors, CRO, Signal generators, DC power supplies, Linear IC trainer kit, probes, connecting wires, patch chords and Power chords.

Design and circuit diagram: Modulation: Design Let RC >> T

Time period T = 0.1ms

R1 C1 = 10T = 1ms

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering 38

Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum Let R1 = 10k C1 = 0.01F Choose R1 = R2 =R3 = 10k

AC-Lab Manual

fc =

fc = 1.59kHz

Circuit:

Waveform

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AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Rig up the Modulation circuit. Set up the message (sine wave) signal of frequency 500HZ and amplitude of 5V P-P. A square/ramp/saw tooth waveform is used as a carrier signal with a 5V P-P amplitude, and frequency of 2-3 kHz. Apply a reference voltage of the range 1-5V. The Op-amp offset is kept at zero value. The square wave signal frequency is adjusted to obtain proper pulse width. PWM should vary on variation of message signal. If the output is distorted then frequency is reduced to get proper output. The Vref is kept at zero and the wave form is observed varying the amplitude and the change in width is also observed. Increase Vref up to 5 V and repeat the same procedure. The output waveform is observed and plotted. The demodulation circuit is rigged

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AC-Lab Manual

The PWM output from the modulation circuit is fed as the input to the demodulation circuit. The demodulated output that is the sine wave (message signal) is observed and plotted.

Result: The pulse width modulation is obtained and the signal is analyzed. The demodulated output is also obtained and plotted.

EXPERIMENT 8-b PULSE MODULATIONS: PULSE POSITION MODULATION

Aim:

To generate PPM signal of given pulse width for a given modulating signal from a PWM signal,

using an IC 555(timer).

Components : Op-amps (IC-741), Resistors, Capacitors, IC 555, Diode IN4007,CRO,Signal generators, DC power supplies, Linear IC trainer kit, probes, connecting wires and Power chords.

Design and circuit diagram:

Let pulse of the PPM signal = 50MHz T = 1.1RC, let CA = 0.1F PWM fc(t) = 3kHz CA = 0.1F

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Jain College of Engineering, Belgaum RA = = 530.5

AC-Lab Manual

Choose RA = 470

Waveform

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AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Rig up PWM modulator ckt and observe the PWM output. Connect the output of the PWM modulator as triggering input of PPM modulator at pin 2 through a capacitor. The PPM output is observed at pin 3. Draw the PPM waveform with respect to the PWM waveform. Analyze the PPM waveform and observe that for each trailing edge of the PWM wave there is pulse positioned and all the pulses are of equal widths and durations.

Result: PPM waveform is observed and analyzed.

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AC-Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT 9 FREQUENCY MODULATION USING IC 8038

Aim: To design and generate FM signal using IC 8038 and demonstrate the generation of frequency modulated wave.

Components : IC 8038,Resistors,Capacitors,CRO,Signal Generators, Power supply, Probes Wires, DRB and Power chords.

Design and circuit diagram: IC description:

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AC-Lab Manual

Test circuit

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FM generation circuit

Design Let fc = 3kHz Fc = Choose Cc = 0.01F R= = 10k

R = Ra = Rb = RL = 10k Cc = C1 = 0.01F Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering 46

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AC-Lab Manual

Procedure: Rig up the Test circuit and observe the waveforms at pin numbers 2, 3 and 9 generating sine, triangle and square waves respectively. Rig up the FM generation circuit. Set the amplitude of the modulating signal to 1V and its frequency to 1KHZ. Observe the FM output at pin number 2 on the CRO.

Wave form:

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AC-Lab Manual

Result: The Frequency modulated waveform is observed.

EXPERIMENT 10 HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE PRECISION RECTIFIERS

Aim: To realize the half wave precision rectifier.

Components: Op-amp UA-741, Diode IN4007, Resistors.

Design and circuit diagram: Half wave :

Waveform

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AC-Lab Manual

Full wave:

Waveform:

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AC-Lab Manual

Result: waveform is observed and analyzed.

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