Principal component and factors analysis will be used to summarize each multidimensional variables (household head characteristics, socio-economics

characteristic, biophysical factors, household income factors, expenditures factors, and multidimensional poverty indicators) this process give a standardize score or weight for each, which are usually referred to as the composite variables or latent variables. The process is a statistical technique commonly used to build a predictive or descriptive model of group discrimination, based on priory existence of distinct class or group in the variables, the model classify each observation into one of the group.Sabine,L. and Brian S. E., 2004; Peter T., 1997; Koustsoyiannis, 2001 all claimed that it is an approach of summarizing and uncovering any patterns in a set of multivariate data, essentially by reducing the complexity of the data and providing a factor from the unclassified variables which has a greater power of contribution on the relationship. The technique also served as means of investigating whether a number of variables of interest are linearly related to a smaller number of unobservable factors commonly known as the latent factors or composite variables. ( Sabine, L. 2004, Alkire, S and Maria, E., 2010; Foster, J.E. 2007; Joseph, F,. William, C.B., Barry, J.B., and Rolph, E.A., 2010). This weighted scores, composite variables or latent variables are used examine the interrelationship between the variables, setting the rest as independent while multidimensional poverty factors are set as dependent variable whose effect are determined by the action of the independent. This process was carried out because multidimensional poverty relationship is complex and interdependent hence cannot be separated into dependent and independent variables straight away( Joseph, F,. William, C.B., Barry, J.B., and Rolph, E.A., 2010; Anonymous, 2011; Wilkinson D.J. 2012; Asselin, L.M and Tuan, A.V 2009; Rencher, A.C 2002; Abdeljaouuad, E and Paolo, V 2012; Heikon, C., Justinia, R and Robert, D, 2011;Neil,H.T 2002, Rodrigo,P 2011 Hardle,W. and Simar L, 2003 ) but with this analysis the complexity will be broken and hence allow for categorization between a dependent and independent variables and can be used for further analysis.

3.8 Conceptual framework Indeed, Poverty has various sign including lack of income and productive resources sufficient to ensure sustainable livelihood; hunger and malnutrition, ill-health limited or lack of access to education and other basic services; increased morbidity and mortality from illness; homelessness
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and in adequate housing; unsafe environments; and social discrimination and exclusion which is characterized by lack of participation in decision making and civil, social and cultural life. The traditional method of measuring poverty were basically using continuous interval scales on income or expenditure and set a poverty line, however this method has not been comprehensive in providing a clear understanding of the poverty. Perhaps, this set the need to understand the relationship between the actual multidimensional poverty and the variables used to measure poverty previously (such as Income and expenditure), however these multidirectional variables require the use of categorical and ordinal variables to capture and measure all the aspects consider to reflect the poverty. However, these variables are numerous which need to prune but an objective process of pruning is to be undertaking using statistical approach to extract the hidden variable of Poverty, Income and expenditure which can be used for the assessment of relationship. The use of such statistical tool to reduce the response variables is because of wide inter-correlation within the variable which if allowed will affect the estimation and basically make the standard error of estimates to be badly biased and hence result in the breaking down of the assumption of multiple linear regression so by this practice it serves in solving the problem of multi-collinearity observed within variable and maintaining the variability of the response. Schematically the description of the variables based on research objectives is as follows:

Model for Analysis of Interdependent relationship among multidimensional poverty determinants of Farmers in Gombe North

3.0 3.1 Study Area

METHODOLOGY

The study will be carried out in five local government area of Gombe state (Gombe north senatorial zone) the survey is to be conducted include Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kwami, and Nafada. The study area has a land mass of d six hundred and fifty five square kilometres (8655km2), has a total population figure of six hundred and seventeen thousand eight hundred and four (617,804) people out of which are four hundred and eighty thousand five hundred and eighty four (480584; 77.8%) males with two hundred and nine thousand two hundred and twenty (209220; 22.2%) females. Gombe north was bounded by Darazau (Bauchi state) from the north, Kumo and Akko village all in Akko L.G.A. (Gombe central) from the south and west respectively, by Kwadon in Yamaltu-Deba L.G.A. (Gombe central), North east by Ngalda in Potiskum, LGA (Yobe state). There are twenty eight thousand two hundred (28,200) households

in the 5 local government areas to be surveyed with an average household size of 11 people, nearly half of which are females. Gombe north lies at altitude 700 207m above sea level has a maximum temperature 40.8 0C and mean temperature 15.30C with the coldest months between December and February. The hottest months ranges from March to May with temperature of up to 33.60C, the mean temperature fall up to 180C with the coldest month from November to February (Baba D. 1999). Gombe has unimodal rainfall distribution with total annual rainfall of 1528mm and mean annual rainfall of 109mm with total annual rainy days of a 129 days rain and a mean 9 days per month. The rainfall spread between the months of April to October the local government is characterized by savannah grass land some woody trees of height ranging from 2m to 3.5m. The dominants trees include Khaya (Madaci), neam (dogonyaro), parkia trees(Locust bean). The soil is predominated by sandy to sandy loam with a pH ranging from 6.0 7.5 low in Nitrogen, with a C.E.C (cations exchange capacity) ranging between 21 35%. The major crops grown are maize, millet, cowpea, cotton, groundnut, bambara nut and cassava, vegetables include onion, tomato, pepper. Rice production in the zone is not widespread. This is because of the rainfall situation and absence of water reservoirs, only Nafada, Hashidu had the potential for rice production because of the existence of river Gombe Abba and Hashidu(Hassan, M. 2011) 3.2 Sampling procedure and Sample Size Multistage sampling method will be employed to sample three hundred farming households. At the first stage, all local government in the study area will be selected, they include: Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kwami and Nafada. The second stage involves the random selection of three farming communities (villages) from each local government area. The third stage sampling involves proportionate random sampling selection of twenty farming household from each community (village). A total of three hundred farming households will constitute the sample size for the study. The sampling plan is presented in table 1.

3.3 Sample frame Table 1: The sampling plan for the study
LGA Community Dukku Gombe Abba Hashidu Jarkum Malala Dukku Zange Ashaka Gari Bage Bajoga Ribadu Funakay e Wawa WuroBapparu Bajoga Shamaki Dawaki Bolari Fantami Jekadafari London Maidoruwa KumbiyaKumbiya Gombe Ajiya Kwami Malam Sidi Bojude Tappi Doho Kwami Dukul BarwoWunde Nafada Jigawa BarwoNasarawa Birin Bolawa Nafada Birin Fulani Distance from LGA 0 19.12 29.9 14.51 44.54 28.74 9.45 12.34 0 32.4 34.28 14.58 0 2.6 2.36 2.16 1.5 1.9 3.2 3.5 3.5 49.5 0 58.7 53 7.9 22 8.14 0 33.56 10.44 25.03 24.87 Distance from State(Km) 73 85.39 87.65 64.25 92.45 51.33 78.01 78.93 71.12 45.44 57.54 76.37 3.5 2.6 2.36 2.16 1.5 1.9 3.2 1.5 1.5 13.53 25.92 32.65 26.68 19.14 43.84 91.65 97.88 126.36 92.11 70.52 71.48 Total Estimated Male Population 18879 2934 3313 3541 11223 1397 4622 2051 35964 1710 5231 751 NA 55942 20343 50854 30514 35600 20343 NA 25428 7112 4226 8819 4843 3339 4906 2798 13512 3966 12038 6290 6095 480584 NA 13432 2401 2255 2868 1696 1629 2439 1424 6784 1829 6501 3154 3029 209220 NA 29551 10746 26863 16119 18805 10746 Estimated Female Population 9782 1487 1716 1716 5550 808 2339 1063 18738 864 2524 362 Total Population 28661 4421 5029 5257 16773 2205 6961 3114 54702 2574 7755 1113 NA 85493 31089 77717 46633 54405 31089 NA 38860 9513 6481 11687 6539 4968 7345 4222 20296 5795 18539 9444 9124 617804 NA 1496 790 352 802 484 304 491 233 901 406 926 419 406 30881 NA 3729 1356 3390 2034 1978 1565 Number Household of

2697 267 331 393 1603 93 385 205 2398 132 265 50

Source: Hassan M (2011)

3.7 Method of Data Collection The study will obtain data majorly from primary source. Structured questionnaire will be used as an instrument for data collection on household level. The questions will feature socioeconomics and demographic information of the households, household head characteristics, poverty pointers and associated features, households perceptions on the causes of poverty; households information on income, expenditure and some biophysical features of farmers farms. 3.9 Analytical Technique and Model Specification Combinations of analytical techniques will be employed for data analysis to achieve the objectives of this study. These will include descriptive which include mean, mode median as well as inferential statistics using multivariate technique which include cluster analysis, principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling, stepwise regression, discriminant, factor analysis, conjoint analysis and correspondence analysis.
3.4.1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution will be used to describe the data and is used to achieve objective 1, while responses on the socio economics and demographic characteristics, households perceptions on the causes of land degradation;land use pattern and management. This will be used to achieve objective 1, 2 and 8 as well as part of objectives 4 and 6. Cross tabulation will be use to disaggregate the variable by household land use type, State and community type. Inferential statistics in the form of Chi-square and t test will be used to test the statistical significance of the relationships or differences between variables as well as the goodness of fit of the distribution. More specifically, Chi-square test will be used to test hypotheses 1 and 2. Stepwise regression will be done on the collected data. The first step will use principal component analysis, factor analysis and discriminant to trim the number of variables (The one that fitted most will be taken). 3.9.2 Measurement of Composite (Latent) variables

It is common practice in socioeconomics studies to compute latent or composite variables on parameters like socio-economic factors, quality assurance, these parameters are usually gotten from several observed indicators (response items) each requiring responses in dichotonomous, polychotonomous (likert type), ordered categories. Traditionally product moment correlation is used in such composite scores or weighted variables, through their additive indices of these indicators without regard to either measurement and distributional properties of the constituents indicators or their relative contribution to the composite score. While, the Composite score so far gotten are then treated as continuous variables in compilation in general linear model technique, which assume that such variables are measured without error. Consequently, this approach leads to at least two major problems when trying to model relationship among composite scores or when comparing, their magnitude and weighed additives are ignored, in that some indicators contribute more to measurement of the composite than others the second it may invalidates the composite score if one or more of the indicators measure a construct other than the one under consideration. Hence this new insight is helpful in minimizing the problem so far encountered in the traditional method.(Ken, R. 2006), Karl, G.J. and Irini, M. (2001) The basic idea behind the analysis is that, given a set of ordinal or categorical response variable X1,X2.Xp, after the analysis a latent factor z1,z2..zk fewer in number than the observed variable are obtained but contain essentially the same information which is called a latent factor. These latent factors are to account for the dependencies among the response variables, in the sense that if the factor is held fixed the observed variable would be independent. The latent function involves the determination of linear equation like regression that will predict which group the case belongs to. Latent function can express as below; LFj= Li1X1 + Li2X2++LipXp + a Where the LFj = Latent factor function, Li=Latent co-efficient or weight for that variable, X= respondents score for that variable a= constant, i=number of predictor variables. The function is similar to regression but its co-efficient are un-standardize co-efficient analogous to the co7

efficient in regression. These co-efficient maximized the distance between the criterion (dependent) variable. Standardize latent co-efficient can also be used like beta in weighted regression. The variable shown below are all inserted into the analytical technique and analysed the co-efficient obtained from the analysis are latent factors grouped into the categories shown and were used for further analysis as dependent and independent variables for the second regression for the assessment of relationship and produce a standardized co-efficient.

Variables Definition Poverty =Y Accessibility Material Lack Exclusion Vulnerability Physical weakness Gender equality Environmental con. Housing Clothing & =X1 =X2 =X3 =X4 =X5 =X6 and =X7 Socio Economics Latent (composite) variables Household Head Characteristics Household Expenditure Household Income = a4 Quantity Farm Output of =X38

= a1 = a2 = a3 Original variables obtained from survey to be transformed to latent variables Gender = X8 Household Size = X18 Total food expenses =X28 Purchase of Tools =X29 Age = X9 Number of Children below = X19 and Animals Marital Status = X10 18 =X20 Family type Occupation Religion Farming Experience Farm size Membership of Co-operative Category =X17 = X11 = X12 = X13 = X14 =X15 =X16 Number of Others above 18 = X21 -60 Number of Elderly above 65 Number Migration Location Number of years in Cooperative Education Level =X27 of = X22 = X23 Internal =X24 =X25 =X26 Housing expenses Education expenses Transportation/Co mmunication Repairs =X30 =X31 =X32

Total

nonfarm =X39 =X40

received Off-farm received

and =X33 =X34

Total value of =X41 Farm assets Equipment =X42

maintenance Social contribution

Total expenses on =X36 farm Loans repayments =X37

Mechanical Tools non =X43 mechanical Equipment

If the factors are independent, it follows that the correlation

between

and

is

From the above equation 1 is a suitable representation of the latent factors in the model if response variable are continuous variables measured on an interval or ratio scale. However, it are ordinal or nominal. In those cases, it is obvious

cannot be used if the response variables

that the probability of each response pattern as a function of Hence it becomes expressed as

...(4a) Or ..(4b) Where responses ectors of measurement errors

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Ken, R.(2006) ; Karl,G.J(2001) 3.10 Linear regression model This model will be used to achieve objective ii of this study. The model is based on the multiple linear regressions. The function is therefore expressed as: .. (4) Where: = + Xi = Poverty Score = Socioeconomics factors, Household expenditure, Household Income, Household Head characteristics, = constant term = regression coefficient = disturbance term or error term 3.11 Farm budgeting technique: Household budget as the detailed physical and financial expenses between certain period. Net household income (NHI) as the difference between the Gross Income (GI) and total expenses (TE) Total expenditures food + Total non-food expenditure + social expenses + tax &depreciation (N). (Olukosi and Erhabor, 2005) this technique will be used to compute for total expenses and is presented with the following equation:

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Net Household Income = GI THE TSE THE + TSE = TE Therefore NHI = GI THE - TSE Where: NHI = Net Household Income (N) GI = Gross Income(Farm + Non farm) (N) THE=Total household expenditure (N) TSE = Total social expenditure (N) TE = Total expenditures food+ Total non-food expenditure + social expenses + tax &depreciation (N)

3.12 Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics will also be used in this study. It involves the use of frequency, percentages, etc

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