MEENAKSHI SUNDARARAJAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Subject: EE2254 - Linear Integrated Circuits and

Applications UNIT-I IC FABRICATION Part-A (2 mark Questions)

1. Define an Integrated circuit 2. What are the basic processes involved in fabricating ICs using planar
technology? 3. List out the steps used in the preparation of Si wafers 4. Write the basic chemical reaction in the epitaxial growth process of pure silicon 5. What are the two important properties of SiO2? 6. Explain the process of oxidation. 7. What is photolithography? 8. What are the two processes involved in photolithography? 9. Define diffusion. Give different techniques which are commonly used. 10. What is dielectric isolation? 11. What are the advantages of ion implantation technique? 12. What is metallization? 13. Give classification of Integrated Circuits. 14. Explain the word Epitaxy. 15. Name the different types of IC packages
Part-B (16 mark Questions) 1. (i) Discuss the various methods used for fabricating IC resistors and capacitors and compare their performance (ii)Explain how Silicon wafers are prepared. 2. (i) Discuss the various ways for fabricating PNP transistors (ii) What is meant by parasitic capacitance? What are its effect on the performance of ICs 3. Explain the fabrication process of a monolithic ICs with the help of neat sketches 4. Explain the Photolithography process involved in the fabrication of monolithic ICs

UNIT-II OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS Part-A (2 mark Questions) 1. List the Characteristics of an Ideal op-amp and Compare with the practical op-amp 2. Design an Inverting amplifier with a gain of -10 and an input resistance of 10K 3. Why do we use Rcomp Resistor? 4. An op-amp has a slew rate of 2V/s. what is the maximum frequency of an output sinusoid of peak value 5V at which distortion sets in due to the slew rate limitation? 5. What are the limitations of an ordinary op-amp differentiator? Draw the circuit of a practical differentiator that will eliminate these limitations 6. What do you mean by input offset current & input offset voltage? 7. Define CMRR of the op-amp 8. Draw the internal block diagram of op-amp 741. 9. Draw the circuit diagram of voltage follower. 10. When an inverting amplifier is called phase inverter and scale changer 11. What is an op-amp? Draw the pin configuration of IC741 12. What are the assumptions made from ideal op-amp characteristics? 13. Mention some of the linear and Non- Linear applications of op amps : 14. In practical op-amps, what is the effect of high frequency on its performance? 15. What is the need for frequency compensation in practical op-amps? Mention the frequency compensation methods 16. What are the merits and demerits of Dominant-pole compensation 17. Define thermal drift 18. What is a Practical OP-AMP? Draw its Equivalent Circuit Part-B (16 mark Questions) 1. i. Discuss the ideal characteristics of an op-amp. Compare with practical op-amp ii. Briefly explain different type frequency compensation techniques applied to op-amp circuits 2. i. Explain various stability criteria of op-amp circuit. ii. Write a brief note on frequency compensation in op-amp. 3. Show with the help of circuit diagram an op-amp used as (i) Scale changer, (ii)Phase shifter, (iii) Inverting adder, (iv) Non-Inverting adder. Draw an op-amp circuit whose output is V1+V2-V3-V4. 4. Explain the non-ideal DC characteristics of op-amp (i) For the non-inverting amplifier with R1=1K and Rf = 10K, calculate the maximum output offset voltage due to Vios and IB . The op-amp with Vios = 10mV, IB= 300nA, Ios = 50nA. (ii) Calculate the value of Rcomp needed to reduce the effect of I B (iii) Calculate the max. output offset voltage if Rcomp is connected in the circuit. 5. Draw the diagram of basic differentiator and integrator , Explain its working & derive the equation for its output voltage (i) Design an op-amp differentiator that will differentiate an input signal with fmax=100Hz. Draw the output waveform for a sine wave of 1V peak at 100 Hz applied to the differentiator. 6.(i) Explain the working of Inverting and Non-Inverting Summer circuits, Derive its output voltage expressions (ii) For the fig shown below is to be used as an averaging amplifier with the following specifications : V1=V2=1.5V, V3= 3V, R1=R2=R3=R=1.5K and V0 = 5V. Determine the value of Rf

Rf

R + Vo

R1
R2

R3

V1

V2

V3

7. (i) Show that the input impedance for the non-inverting amplifier is Rif= Ri [1+(Z1/Z1+Zf).Av] Where Ri the input resistance of op-amp is large and Ro = 0 and Av is the gain without feedback, Z1 is the impedance connected in the non-inverting terminal, Z f is the feedback impedance (ii) Derive the output voltage expression for the Difference amplifier 8.(i) Derive the input, output impedance and closed loop voltage gain expression for practical Inverting amplifier (ii) Two voltage + V1 and + V2 are available. Using two operational amplifiers draw a Circuit to compute 5 V1-3V2. (iii) Draw the designed circuit for getting output voltage Vo = - (Va+Vb+Vc)/3 and suggest modification for converting into scaling amplifier

UNIT-III APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Part-A (2 mark Questions) 1. What is a zero crossing detector? 2. Which is the fastest ADC and Why? 3. What is a Precision Diode? 4. List the various A/D conversion Techniques 5. Design an op-amp phase shift Oscillator for f 0= 500HZ 6. State the disadvantages of Passive filter 7. Give any limitation of using Op-amp as a Comparator? 8. Explain why open loop configurations are not used in linear .applications 9. What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier? and list its advantages 10. What are the applications V-I converter 11. List the features of instrumentation amplifier 12. What is a comparator and list its applications 13. What is a Schmitt trigger? 14. What is a multivibrator? 15. What are the main advantages of integrating type ADCs 16. Define resolution of a data converter 17. What is a sample and hold circuit? Where it is used? 18. Define sample period and hold period Part B (16 marks) 1.(i) Draw the circuit of voltage to current converter and show how output current depends on the input voltage. Give any two application of it. (ii) Explain the following circuits with neat sketch (i) Peak detector, (ii) Sample and Hold Circuit 2. Derive the transfer function of second order butter worth low pass active filter , Design second order butter worth low pass active filter with cut off frequency as 5KHZ 3. ) (i)Explain the working of Schmitt trigger, (ii)design Schmitt trigger for UTP = +0.5V, LTP =-0.5V (iii) Explain the working of Monostable Multivibrator using op-amp 4. Explain about Successive approximation ADC and Dual Slope ADC 5. Derive the frequency expression of an astable multivibrator using op-amp and design an astable multivibrator for 1KHz 6. (i) What is an Instrumentation amplifier? Draw and Explain the 3 op-amp instrumentation amplifier circuit and derive its gain expression (ii) Design an instrumentation amplifier whose gain can be varied continuously over the range 1< A < 1000, Use 100K POT . 7. Explain the operation of following circuits (i) sample and hold circuits, (ii) Peak detector, (iii) Clippers, (iv) Clampers 8. (i) Explain instrumentation amplifier using 2 op-amp and derive its gain expression (ii) What are the characteristic of comparator? Explain inverting and non inverting comparator characteristics

9.(i) Explain the function of flash A/D converter (ii) How many comparators are required for a 4-bit flash ADC ? For an input signal in the range of 0 to + 10V. What are the reference voltages needed? Show how they can be generated using a 10 V reference and several 1 kohm resistors. 10. (i) Design first order LP Butterworth filter at a cutoff frequency of 1 KHz with pass band gain of 2. (ii) What is a precession diode? With circuit schematic explain the working principle of full wave precision rectifier. 11. Explain the triangle wave generators with neat diagram and derive the time period. 12. Explain the working of sine wave oscillators using op-amp 13. Explain the operation of a 4bit R-2R type DAC and derive the expression for the output voltage. (i) find the output voltage if the digital input is 1111. Assume VR = 10V, R=RF = 10K 14. (i) Explain the operation of a 3bit R-2R type DAC and derive the expression for the output voltage. (i) find the output voltage if the digital input is 101. Assume VR = 10V, R=RF = 10K (ii) Compare binary weighted DAC with R-2R ladder network DAC 15. (i) Suggest the circuit to generate square wave signal from sine wave input .Draw the diagram of the same and explain it with waveform . (ii) Design a 4 bit binary weighted resistor D/A converter for the following specifications. Use LM741 op-amp. R = 10 k, Vref = 2.5 V. Full scale output 5V.

16. (i) Explain the working of Dual slope DAC (ii) A dual slope ADC has afull scale input of 2 volts. It uses an integrating time of 10 ms and integrating capacitor of 0.1 F. The maximum magnitude of the integrator output should not exceed 3 volts. Calculate the value of the integrating resistor

UNIT-IV SPECIAL ICS Part-A (2 mark Questions) 1. What are the applications of 555 Timer ? 2. List the applications of 555 timer in monostable mode and Astable mode of operation 3. Draw the pin diagram of IC 555 Timer and List the basic blocks of IC 555 timer 4. Define Duty Cycle 5. Define VCO, List the features of IC 566 6. Define PLL and List the applications of PLL 7. Define the following (i) Lock Range, (ii) Capture Range, (iii) Pull in Time 8. What is analog multiplier? List the applications of analog multiplier IC 9. A PLL with a free running frequency of 1kHz is connected to a variable frequency oscillator. When the frequency was 850 Hz the PLL got locked. The frequency of oscillator was decreased and it went out lock for the oscillator frequency of 800Hz. Calculate the lock range and the capture range of PLL? R=12K and C= 0.1F 11. Design an op-amp phase shift Oscillator for f 0= 500HZ 12. Free running frequency is 100KHZ, supply voltage is + 6V . Find the Lock range frequency of the PLL. 13. Define Voltage to frequency conversion factor Kv of VCO Part-B (16 mark Questions) 1. Draw the block diagram of basic PLL and Explain the function of each block 2. Derive the expression for the frequency of the output of an astable multivibrator using IC 555 Timer and state the applications , explain any one of it. 3. Explain the following applications of the multiplier, along with the necessary circuit diagram (i) Squaring circuit, (ii) Square rooting circuit, (iii) Phase detector, (iv) Frequency Doubler 4. Derive expressions for Lock range and Capture range with reference to PLL

10. Determine the Pulse width of the monostable multivibrator using IC 555, if

5. (i) Explain the working principle of Gilbert cell multiplier circuit. Explain how a frequency doubler can be realized using this cell? (ii) With block diagram discuss the principal of operation NE 565 PLL circuit
6. (i) Draw and explain astable multivibrator using IC 555. (ii) Calculate the duty cycle of it with Ra= 3.3K_, Rb= 10K_ and c= 0.047F.
7. (i) What is voltage controlled oscillator? Explain its working, derive its gain factor (ii) For the circuit shown in the fig. calculate the free running frequency, lock range and capture range.

+10V R1 10K 10 input 2 3 5 6 5 8 7 Demod o/p C2 10f

5 4 VCO o/p 9 0.01f 1

Ref o/p

-10V

UNIT V APPLICATION ICS Part-A(2 mark Questions) 1. What is the function of a voltage regulator? 2. Give the important parts of a series regulated power supply using discrete components 3. What is the function of a series pass transistor? 4. What is a voltage reference? Why is it needed? 5. List the characteristics of three terminal IC regulators. 6. What are the limitations of three terminal regulators? 7. Draw the functional diagram of 723 regulator 8. What are the limitations of Linear regulators 9. What is the principle of switch-mode power supplies? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages 10. Define Load and Line Regulation 11. Why do switching regulators have better efficiency than the series regulators? 12. Mention the advantages of IC opto couplers 13. Mention the applications Isolation amplifiers Part-B(16 mark Questions) 1. (i) Differentiate between Linear and switching voltage regulator (ii)Explain the internal structure of IC 723 2. Explain the internal circuit diagram of LM 380 audio amplifier and any one of its Application 3. Explain the working of IC 8038, and derive its frequency expression 4. Explain the following (i) Isolation amplifier (ii) IC opto coupler 5. Explain the working of SMPS with associated waveforms