Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUMMER REVIEW
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Disease caused by an infectious agent that are transmitted directly
or indirectly to a well person through an agency, vector or inanimate
object
CONTAGIOUS DISEASE
Disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Disease transmitted by direct inoculation through a break in the INFECTIOUS AGENT
skin Any microorganism capable of producing a disease
RESERVOIR
INFECTION
-Entry and multiplication of an infectious agent into the tissue of the
Environment or object on which an organism can survive and
multiply
host
PORTAL OF EXIT
INFESTATION
- Lodgement and development of arthropods on the surface of the The venue or way in which the organism leaves the reservoir
body MODE OF TRANSMISSION
The means by which the infectious agent passes from the portal of
ASEPSIS exit from the reservoir to the susceptible host
- Absence of disease – producing microorganisms PORTAL OF ENTRY
SEPSIS Permits the organism to gain entrance into the host
- The presence of infection SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
A person at risk for infection, whose defense mechanisms are
MEDICAL ASEPSIS
unable to withstand invasion of pathogens
-Practices designed to reduce the number and transfer of pathogens
-Clean technique STAGES OF THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS
SURGICAL ASEPSIS Incubation Period – acquisition of pathogen to the onset of signs
-Practices that render and keep objects and areas free from and symptoms
microorganisms Prodromal Period – patient feels “bad” but not yet experiencing
-Sterile technique actual symptoms of the disease
Period of Illness – onset of typical or specific signs and symptoms
CARRIER – an individual who harbors the organism and is capable of a disease
of transmitting it without showing manifestations of the disease Convalescent Period – signs and symptoms start to abate and
CASE – a person who is infected and manifesting the signs and client returns to normal health
symptoms of the disease
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
CONTACT TRANSMISSION
SUSPECT – a person whose medical history and signs and Direct contact – involves immediate and direct transfer from
symptoms suggest that such person is suffering from that particular person-to-person (body surface-to-body surface)
disease
Indirect contact – occurs when a susceptible host is exposed to a
CONTACT – any person who had been in close association with an contaminated object
infected person DROPLET TRANSMISSION
Occurs when the mucous membrane of the nose, mouth or
HOST conjunctiva are exposed to secretions of an infected person within a
- A person, animal or plant which harbors and provides nourishment distance of three feet
for a parasite VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
RESERVOIR Transfer of microorganisms by way of vehicles or contaminated
- Natural habitat for the growth, multiplication and reproduction of items that transmit pathogens
microorganism AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
ISOLATION
Occurs when fine particles are suspended in the air for a long time
- The separation of persons with communicable diseases from other or when dust particles contain pathogens
persons VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
QUARANTINE Transmitted by biologic vectors like rats, snails and mosquitoes
- The limitation of the freedom of movement of persons exposed to
communicable diseases TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
ACTIVE – antibodies produced by the body
STERILIZATION – the process by which all microorganisms NATURAL – antibodies are formed in the presence of active
including their spores are destroyed infection in the body; lifelong
ARTIFICIAL – antigens are administered to stimulate antibody
DISINFECTION – the process by which pathogens but not their production
spores are destroyed from inanimate objects
PASSIVE – antibodies are produced by another source
CLEANING – the physical removal of visible dirt and debris by NATURAL – transferred from mother to newborn through placenta
washing contaminated surfaces or colostrum
ARTIFICIAL – immune serum (antibody) from an animal or human
CONCURRENT is injected to a person
- Done immediately after the discharge of infectious materials /
secretions SEVEN CATEGORIES OF ISOLATION
TERMINAL
STRICT- prevent highly contagious or virulent infections
- Applied when the patient is no longer the source of infection
Example: chickenpox, herpes zoster
BACTERICIDAL CONTACT – spread primarily by close or direct contact
- A chemical that kills microorganisms Example: scabies, herpes simplex
BACTERIOSTATIC RESPIRATORY – prevent transmission of infectious distances
- An agent that prevents bacterial multiplication but does not kill over short distances through the air
microorganisms
Example: measles, mumps, meningitis
CD-Bucud 1
TUBERCULOSIS – indicated for patients with positive smear or
chest x-ray which strongly suggests tuberculosis
ENTERIC – prevent transmission through direct contact with feces SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENINGOCOCCEMIA
Example: poliomyelitis, typhoid fever
DRAINAGE – prevent transmission by direct or indirect contact with
purulent materials or discharge DIC
Ex. Burns
UNIVERSAL – prevent transmission of blood and body-fluid borne URTI: Micro-
Vasculitis:
pathogens cough, sore thrombosis
petechial
Example: AIDS, Hepatitis B throat,
rash in the Purpura
fever,
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM trunk and
headache, Hypotension
extremities
nausea and
ENCEPHALITIS MENINGITIS MENINGO- vomiting Shock
COCCEMIA
Death
MAIN PROBLEM
- Acute infection of
- Inflammation of - Inflammation of the bloodstream and
the brain the meninges developing vasculitis ENCEPHALITIS MENINGITIS MENINGO-
COCCEMIA
ETIOLOGIC AGENT - Streptococcus
- Arboviruses - Staphylococcus SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Vasculitis
- Pneumococcus
- Tubercle bacillus Stiff neck Nuchal rigidity Waterhouse-
INCUBATION PERIOD - Neisseria meningitides Photophobia Opisthotonus Friderichsen
syndrome
5-15 days 1-10 days 3-4 days Lethargy Brudzinski’s
MODE OF TRANSMISSION Petechiae with
Bite of infected Convulsions Kernig’s sign the development
Respiratory droplets
mosquito of hemorrhage
INCIDENCE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ENCEPHALITIS
5-10 years old < 5 years old 6 months–5
Virus enters neural cells years old
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM
Informed consent
Disruption in Perivascular Inflammatory
Empty bowel and bladder
cellular congestion reaction
Fetal, shrimp or “C” position
functioning Spinal canal, subarachnoid space between L3-L4 or L4- L5
After: bedrest
Lethargy Headache Fever Flat on bed to prevent spinal headache
Convulsions Photophobia Sore throat ENCEPHALITIS MENINGITIS MENINGO-
Seizures Vomiting COCCEMIA
Stiff neck TREATMENT MODALITIES
Dexamethasone Ceftriaxone
Mannitol Penicillin
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF MENINGITIS Anticonvulsants Chloramphenicol
Antipyretics
PREVENTION
CD-Bucud 2
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS RABIES
PRODROMAL/INVASION PHASE
Fever
MAIN PROBLEM Anorexia
Sore throat
Acute infection of Acute viral disease Acute infectious
the CNS – muscle of the CNS – by disease with systemic Pain and tingling at the site of bite
spasm, paresis and saliva of infected neuromuscular Difficulty swallowing
paralysis animals effects EXCITEMENT OR NEUROLOGICAL PHASE
Hydrophobia (laryngospasm)
ETIOLOGIC AGENT Rhabdovirus Clostridium tetani Aerophobia (bronchospasm)
Delirium
Legio debilitans Bullet-shaped Anaerobic Maniacal behavior
Affinity to CNS Gram positive Drooling
Killed by sunlight, TERMINAL OR PARALYTIC PHASE
Drumstick
UV light, formalin Patient becomes unconscious
appearance
Loss of urine and bowel control
Resistant to Progressive paralysis
antibiotics Death
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
INCUBATION PERIOD
2-8 weeks
COMPLICATION
7-21 days Distance of bite to Adult: 3 days-3
weeks Paralysis of RESPIRATORY
brain DEATH
respiratory muscles FAILURE
Extensiveness of the Neonate: 3-30 days
bite
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Resistance of the
1. Throat washings 1. Blood exam
host 1. Stool culture
MODE OF TRANSMISSION 2. Flourescent rabies
2. CSF culture antibody (FRA)
- Direct contact with
infected feces 3. Negri bodies
Bite of an infected Direct inoculation
- Direct contact with
respiratory secretions
animal through a broken ISOLATION PRECAUTION
skin
- Indirect with soiled Enteric isolation Respiratory
linens and articles isolation
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS
CD-Bucud 3
POLIOMYELITIS RABIES TETANUS BIRD FLU SARS
TREATMENT MODALITIES
PREVENTION 1. Aseptic
1. If the dog is
1. Amantadine/Rimantadine 1. No definitive treatment
Salk vaccine healthy handling of for SARS
umbilical cord - Generic flu drugs
2. If the dog dies or
- Inactivated shows signs - H5N1 developed resistance 2. Antiviral drugs
polio vaccine suggestive of 2. Tetanus toxoid (normally used to treat
rabies immunization 2. Oseltamivir (TAMIFLU) AIDS)
- Intramuscular Zanamavir (RELENZA)
3. If dog is not 3. Antibiotic - RIBAVIRIN
Sabin vaccine available for prophylaxis - Primary treatment
- Oral polio
observation - Within 2 days at onset of 3. Corticosteroids
- Penicillin symptoms
vaccine 4. Have domestic
dog 3 months to - Erythromycin - 150 mg BID x 2 days
- Per orem 1 year old
immunized - Tetracycline
Episodes of sore throat • Luzon – San Lazaro Hospital (Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz,
Manila)
Fever • Visayas – Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Hospital
(Cebu City)
High fever >38’Celsius • Mindanao – Davao Medical Center (Bajada, Davao City)
SARS
Chills SUSPECT CASE
1. A person presenting after 1 November 2002 with a history of:
BIRD FLU SARS High fever >38 0C AND
COMPLICATIONS Cough or breathing difficulty AND
Severe viral pneumonia Severe viral
pneumonia One or more of the following exposures during the 10 days
Acute respiratory distress prior to the onset of symptoms:
syndrome
Close contact, with a person who is a suspect or
Hypoxemia probable case of SARS
Fluid accumulation in
alveolar sacs History of travel, to an area with recent local
transmission of SARS
Respiratory failure Residing in an area with recent local transmission of
Severe breathing difficulties SARS
2. A person with an unexplained acute respiratory illness resulting
in death after 1 November 2002, but on whom no autopsy has
Multiple organ failure been performed :
AND
One or more of the following exposures during the 10 days
DEATH prior to the onset of symptoms:
Close contact, with a person who is a suspect or
probable case of SARS
CD-Bucud 4
History of travel, to an area with recent local •With profuse sweating, involuntary urination and
transmission of SARS exhaustion
CONVALESCENT STAGE
Residing in an area with recent local transmission of
• End of 4th-6th week
SARS • Decrease in paroxysms
PROBABLE CASE
1. A suspect case with radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS
with pneumonia or respiratory distress syndrome on Chest x-ray.
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
2. A suspect case of SARS that is positive for SARS coronavirus by SCHICK’S TESTS CBC– increase in
one or more assays. - Susceptibility and immunity to lymphocytes
diphtheria
3. A suspect case with autopsy findings consistent with the -ID of dilute diphtheria toxin (0.1
pathology of SARS without an identifiable cause. cc)
(+) local circumscribed area of
redness, 1-3 cm
DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS MALONEY’S TEST
MAIN PROBLEM -Determines hypersensitivity to
Acute bacterial disease diphtheria anti-toxin
Repeated attacks of spasmodic
characterized by the elaboration coughing -ID of 0.1 cc fluid toxoid
of an exotoxin
-(+) area of erythema in 24 hours
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
- Trophozoites: vegetative form 3. Shigella boydii Acute bacterial disease of the An infection affecting the
GIT characterized by profuse Peyer’s patches of the small
- Cyst: infective stage 4. Shigella dysenterae – most
secretory diarrhea intestines
infectious type
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
1 to 3 days 1 to 3 weeks
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
1. Fecal-oral transmission
2. 5 F’s
CD-Bucud 6
CHOLERA TYPHOID FEVER CHICKENPOX HERPES ZOSTER
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Fever (ladder-like) PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CD-Bucud 7
- Soft palate to mucus membrane
CHICKENPOX HERPES ZOSTER
MEASLES GERMAN MEASLES
TREATMENT MODALITIES
INCUBATION PERIOD
CD-Bucud 9
AIDS SYPHILIS CHLAMYDIA GONORRHEA
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES COMPLICATIONS
Women
1. Antifungals 1. Antivirals
- Fluconazole (Diflucan) - Acyclovir (Zovirax)
- Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
- Imidazole (Nystatin)
- Used for oral thrush
- 48 hours until
symptoms disappear
- Cotrimoxazole
CD-Bucud 11
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES DENGUE MALARIA
Trans-placentally
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
DENGUE MALARIA
MAIN PROBLEM
VECTOR A slowly progressive disease A zoonotic infectious disease
caused by a blood fluke
Aedes aegypti Anopheles flavirostris
ETIOLOGIC AGENT
(Aedes albopictus)
1. SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM Leptospira interrogans
White stripes on the back and Brown in color - Intestinal tract, endemic in the
legs (Tiger mosquito) Philippines
Urban-based Rural-based
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
DENGUE MALARIA
INCUBATION PERIOD
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS At least 2 months 7 to 19 days
FEVER FEVER
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
HEADACHE CHILLS
Ingestion
MALAISE PROFUSE SWEATING Skin penetration
RASH Contact with the skin
EPISODES OF
BLEEDING
CD-Bucud 12
SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS SCHISTOSOMIASIS LEPTOSPIROSIS
CD-Bucud 13