000 Imp FVM-Cond Conv

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
Conductionconvection problems
1. General dierential equation 1.1. Momentum equation: = u 1.2. Controlvolume discretization equation for simple situation 2. Four basic rules for discretization equation 2.1. Consistency at controlvolume faces 2.2. Positive coecients 2.3. Negativeslope linearization of source term 2.4. Sum of the neighbor coecients 3. Heat conduction 3.1. Conductiontype problems d k dT 3.2. Steady 1D conduction dx dx + S = 0 3.3. Grid spacing 3.4. Interface conductivity 3.5. Limiting cases
Conductionconvection problems R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
4. Convection and diusion 4.1. Steady 1D convection and diusion 4.2. Upwind scheme (upstreamdierence, donorall method) 5. Exact solution 6. Exponential scheme 7. Hybrid scheme 8. Powerlaw scheme 9. Generalized formulation 9.1. Example E = 1; W = 0 9.2. Discretization equation of general diusion equation in 3D 10. Flow eld calculation
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
11. Additional features 11.1. Pressuregradient terms 11.2. Continuity equation 12. Solution: staggered grid 13. Momentum equation 13.1. How to get guessed pressure eld p to get to correct pressure eld? 13.2. Pressurecorrection equation 13.3. Special discussions 13.4. SIMPLER algorithm 14. Examples
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
1. General differential equation

t
( ) + div ( u )
Convection term
div ( grad ) +S
Dif f usion term
= = = S = u = Remarks: 1.
dependent variable density diusion coecient source term velocity eld
is related to variables like mass fraction and temperature (Equation of state)
2. Additional constraint for ow eld mass conservation of continuity equation: + div ( u) = Scon t 3. If diusion terms are not governed by gradient of relevant variable contribution in S
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
1.1. Momentum equation: = u

t p ( u) + div ( u u) = div ( grad u) x + B x + Vx
u p Bx Vx
= = = =
xdirection velocity pressure xdirection body force per unit volume additional viscous terms not included in div ( grad u)
All relevant dierential equations for heat and mass transfer, uid ow, turbulence and related phenomena can be brought into standard form general equation general numerical procedure ?
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
Calculational domain is divided into nonoverlapping control volumes (one control volume surrounding each grid point) Dierential equation is integrated over each control volume Piecewise proles expressing variation of between grid points are used for integrals discretization equation for : express conservation principle for for nite control volume guarantees always conservation (exact balance)
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
1.2. Controlvolume discretization equation for simple situation steady onedimensional heat conduction:
(x)w (x)e e P x E
d dx
k dT dx + S = 0
Grid:
W
(xdirection)
dashed lines = faces of control volume volume of control volume (assume y = z = 1): x 1 1 integral over control volume:
k dT dx e
k dT dx w
+
w
S dx = 0
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X

T Profiles: Assumption necessary! e.g.: stepwise profile piecewise-linear profile W w P e E x
stepwise prole: problem for
dT dx
at controlvolume faces
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
Discretization equation: piecewiselinear prole used TE TP ) TP TW ) x = 0 ke(( kw (( +S x)e x)w

average value of S over control volume
a P TP = aE T E + aW T W + b with: aE = in general: a P TP =
ke (x)e
aw = anbTnb + b
kw (x)w
aP = aE + aW
x b=S
all neighbors
other interpolation functions for proles give same general form ke) or diffe dierent proles possible for dierent quantities (S, rent terms (T ; dT dx ; . . .)
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
2. Four basic rules for discretization equation
2.1. Consistency at controlvolume faces Flux across a control volume face must be the same for both directions (integral balance)
T interface
quadratic prole can produce inconsistency at interface ux inconsistency: assume that uxes at faces of given control volume are all governed by center point conductivity kP
slope from left W P
slope from right EE x
P TE heat ux at e: kP T( x) e P TE kE T( x) e
(point P) (point E)
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
Source term: usually linearized as = S e + SP TP S

constant part
linearization coef f icient with respect to TP (not S evaluted at P !)
a P T P = a E T E + a W T W + bi with aE = aW =
ke (x)e kw (x)w
aP = aE + aW SP x b = Se x
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
2.2. Positive coecients at a grid point is inuenced by values at neighboring grid points through convection and conduction increase of at one point should increase at neighboring points if TE = TP aE and aP must have same sign in general: neighbor coecients anb and centerpoint coecient aP must have same sign (we choose positive sign)
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
2.3. Negativeslope linearization of source term even if aW0 > 0 (aP can get negative) aP 0 via SP term S = S e + SP TP with SP 0
SP > 0: physical situation can get unstable TP
without heat removal
SP
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
2.4. Sum of the neighbor coecients aP =

!
anb
If dierential equation remains satised after adding a constant to T gets determined by boundary condition comment: discretization equation without source linearization obeys this rule, but not the equation with source linearization (correct, because if source term depends on , both and + e are no longer solutions of the dierential equation) If S = 0 and Tnb = constant = TP must get the source value
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
3. Heat conduction
for general algorithm: omit convection term (included later) 3.1. Conductiontype problems heat conduction, potential ow, mass diusion, ow through porous media, electromagnetic eld theory, diusion models of thermal radiation, . . . 3.2. Steady 1D conduction
d dx
k dT dx + S = 0
a P TP = aE TE + aW TW + b ke aE = (x )
e
aW = aP = aE + aW SP x b = Se x piecewiselinear prole for T (x) dT dx S = Se + SP TP stepwise prole

kW (x)w
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
3. Heat conduction
3.3. Grid spacing nonuniform grids gives better computing power eciency: ne grid, where T (x) variation is steep comment: nonuniform grids do not lead to less accuracy if grid spacing is correctly adapted to T (x) no general recipe for best mesh spacing available
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
3. Heat conduction
3.4. Interface conductivity

(x) e (x) e+
P e (x) e
nonuniform conductivities: e.g. nonhomogeneity of material, T dependence of k
simplemined ansatz (linear variation of k between P and E ): (x)e+ ke = fe kP + (1 fe) kE fe = (x)

e
midway position of e: fe = 0.5 ke = arithmetic mean of kP and kE leads to rather incorrect implications
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
3. Heat conduction
ke (TP TE ) (x)e
much better ansatz: main objective is good representation of heat ux qe at interface: qe = desired expression for ke is the one with correct q assume control volume around P has material with kP E kE composite slab between P and E (without S ): qe = ke =
1fe kP 1 (x)e+ (x)e TP Te (x)e /kP +(x)e+ /kE
fe kE
fe =
midway interface e: fe = 0.5 1 1 1 ke = 0.5 kP + kE (harmonic mean) arithmetic mean of simple ansatz is wrong aE =
(x)e kP
(x)e+ 1 kE
aE represents conductance of material between P and E (similar procedure for a )
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
3. Heat conduction
3.5. Limiting cases 1. kE 0: ke 0 heat ux at the face of an insulator should get zero (arithmeticmean would give nonzero )
E 2. kP kE : ke k fe interface conductivity independent of kP (material around P oers negligible resistance) (arithmeticmean would keep kP eect on ke ) ke (TP TE ) E ke is not kE , but k fe : q e = (x) + e
kP
kE :
TP will prevail up to interface e temperature drop will take place over (x)e+ factor fe compensates use of nominal distance (x)e in original equation this formulation can handle abrupt changes in conductivity without need of ne grid
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
4. Convection and diffusion
only term missing for general equation: convection term created by uid ow obtain a solution in presence of given ow eld (calculation of ow eld see later) remark: ow eld must satisfy continuity equation + x ( uj ) = 0 (without sources) t j general diusion equation: can be rewritten:
t t ( ) + x ( u j ) = j xj x + S (*) j xj x +S j + uj x = j
for given , uj , , S : any and +constant satisfy (*) basic rule 4 (sum of coecients) apply
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
4.1. Steady 1D convection and diusion

d dx
( u) =
d dx
d dx
d dx
u = velocity in xdirection ( u) = 0 u = constant d dx

e
continuity equation:
integrating over control volume: ( u)e ( u)w = convection term: (piecewiselinear prole) assumed midway interfaces 1 1 2 ( u)e (E + P ) 2 ( u)w (P + W ) = e =
1 2 1 2
d dx
( E + P )
w =
1 2
already discussed (piecewise linear prof ile)
(P + W )
e (E P ) (x)e P W ) w (( x)
w
e and w obtained as discussed for interface conductivity: harmonic mean for midway location
WENDELSTEIN 7-X

u
x
new symbols: F = D =
F is positive for u > 0 and negative for u < 0 Remarks:
Fe = Fw (continuity) aP = aE + aW discretization equation (piecewiselinear prole for ) is central dierence scheme problems, if coecient gets negative (|F | > 2D) e.g.: E = 100, W = 200, P = 250 if this happens: unphysical solutions F ) centraldierence limited to low Reynolds numbers (low D zero diusion ( = 0) aP = 0 solution unsuitable for iterative methods
aP P = a E E + a W W e aw = Dw + F2w a E = De F 2 e a P = De + F + Dw F2w = aE + aW + (Fe Fw ) 2
strength of convection diusion conductance ( 0)
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
4.2. Upwind scheme (upstreamdierence, donorall method) weak point in preliminary discussion is that convected property e is average of E and P diusion term: unchanged convection term: value of at interface is equal to value of at grid point on upwind side e = P if Fe > 0 e = E if Fe < 0 Fee = P Fe, 0 E Fe, 0

( A, B : greater of A and B )

a P P = a E E + a W W aE = De + Fe, 0 a W = DW + FW , 0 aP = aE + aW + (Fe FW ) = De + Fe, 0 + Dw + Fw , 0

R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
this forms guarantees always positive coecients main physics idea: tankandtube model control volume = stirred tanks connected in series by short tubes ow through tubes convection conduction through tank walls diusion uid owing in each connecting tube has temperature that prevails in tank on upstream side
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
for discretization equation approximate x prole necessary linear prole (preliminary derivation): only valid for small |P | |P | large
d dx
nearly 0 at x =
L 2
upwind scheme overestimates diusion in this case exact solution possible by using complete expression ( exponential scheme)
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
5. Exact solution
( u) =
d dx
d dx
d dx
u = constant (continuity equation) = constant (boundary conditions: x = 0, = 0; x = L, = L) exact solution:

L
P = P eclet number = ratio of strength of convection and diusion L P = u

-P>>1 P=-1 P=1 P=0
0 L 0
exp(P x/L)1 exp(P )1
P>>1
P = 0 pure diusion (conduction) x variation linear P > 0 more inuenced by upstream value 0 P < 0 reversed picture
x
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
6. Exponential scheme
consider total ux: J = u d dx

d dx
( u) =
d dx
d dx
dJ dx
= 0
use exact solution as prole between P an E (P and E replacing 0 and L; (x)e replacing L)
P E ; Je = Fe P + exp( Fe )1
integration over control volume: Je Jw = 0
Pe =
( u)e (x)e e
Fe De
JE is independent of location of interface (clear, because we started from dJ dx = 0) similar for w
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
6. Exponential scheme
a P P = a E E + a W W aE =
Fe exp(Fe /De )1 ;
aW =
aP = aE + aW + (Fe Fw ) exact scheme for steady 1D, but:
Fw exp(Fw /Dw ) exp(Fw /Dw )1
exponentials are expensive to compute
scheme not exact for 2 or 3D, nonzero sources, . . .
needed: easytocompute scheme with qualitative behavior of exponential scheme
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
7. Hybrid scheme
aE De
aE De
Pe exp(Pe )1
aE = -P e De (P e - ) -4
exact
P aE =1- e De 2 (P = 0) e
-2
P 4 e aE ) =0 (P e De
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
7. Hybrid scheme
approximation to exact curve: aE = P P e < 2 : D e e e ,0 aE = De Pe, 1 P aE Pe 2 2 P e 2 : D e = 1 2 e ,0 aE = Fe, De F aE 2 Pe > 2 : D e = 0

hybrid scheme:
identical to centraldierence scheme for 2 Pe 2 outside this: upwind scheme (diusion = 0)
aP P = aE E + aW W
a W = FW , D W + aP = aE + aW + (Fe FW )

e ,0 a E = F e , D e F 2
FW 2 ,0
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
8. Powerlaw scheme
departure of hybrid scheme from exact curve is rather large at Pe = 2 powerlaw scheme (extremely good approximation) E Pe < 10: a Ce = Pe 10 Pe < 0: 0 Pe 10: Pe > 10:
aE De aE De aE De 5
= (1 + 0.1Pe)5 Pc = (1 + 0.1Pe)5 = 0 + 0, Fe

|Fe| aE = De 0, 1 0.1 De
recommended scheme: accurate and fast
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
9. Generalized formulation
a P P = a E E + a W W aE = DeA(|Pe|) + Fe, 0 aW = D + W A(|PW |) + FW , 0 aP = aE + aW + (Fe Fw )

dierent schemes: dierent functions 1 0.5|P | 1 0, 1 0.5|P | A(|P |) = 0, (1 0.1|P |)5 |P |/ exp(|P |) 1

A(|P |) central dierence upwind hybrid power law exponential (exact)
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
9.1. Example: E = 1; W = 0
A(|P|) 1.0 upwind
all schemes except central dierence give physically realistic solution centraldierence scheme produces some values outside 0 1 range of boundary values (reasonable solutions for P < 2)
|P|
0.5
exponential power law
hybrid central difference
grid P eclet number P < 2 grid renement (uneconomic)
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
9.2. Discretization equation of general diusion equation in 3D aP P = a E E + a W W + a N N + a S S + a T T + a B B + b aE aW aN aS aT = = = = = DeA(|Pe|) + Fe, 0 Dw A(|Pw |) + Fw , 0 DnA(|Pn|) + Fn, 0 DsA(|Ps|) + Fs, 0 DtA(|Pt|) + Ft, 0

Fe Fw Fn Fs Ft
= = = = =
( ( ( ( (
u)e u)w v )n v )s w)t
y z y z z x z x x y
De Dw Dn Ds Dt
= = = = =
a0 P = 0 b = Se x y z + a0 P P
Fe D ;
0 P
x y z t
e y z (x)e w y z (x)w n z x (y )n s z x (y )s t x y (z )t b x y (z )b
Fb = ( w)b x y 0, (1 0.1|P |)5
Db =
aP = aE + aW + aN + aS + aT + aB + a0 P SP x y z Pe = powerlaw: A(|P |) =
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
10. Flow eld calculation
How to calculate the ow eld? problem: not nonlinearity (convection coecient u = k being function of T) unknown pressure eld: pressure gradient forms part of source term for momentum equation no obvious equation for obtaining pressure (for given pressure eld: no problem) problem: correct pressure eld satises continuity equation and momentum equation (problem for iterative methods; direct solution of complete set of equations does not have this) how to convert indirect information in continuity equation into direct algorithm for calculation of pressure
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
11. Additional features
11.1. Pressuregradient terms new feature:

dp dx
integrated over control volume
resulting contribution: pw pe (net pressure force) assume piecewiselinear prole for pressure midway faces c and w: pw p e =
p w +p P 2 pE pP + = 2 pW pE 2
momentum equation contains pressure dierence between 2 alternate grid points, not between adjacent ones
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
zigzag elds are felt like uniform pressure eld 1D: 2D:
100 500 x x 100 x 500 x 100 500 x x
pressure is taken from coarser grid
100 5 100 5 100
300 100 300 100 300 27 5 27 5 27 300 100 300 100 300 27 5 27 5 27 300 100 300 100 300
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
11.2. Continuity equation similar problem as in 9.2.16.1. 1D:

du dx
=0
(simplest situation)
(integration over control volume): ue uw = 0 piecewiselinear prole for u midway faces

uP +uE 2 uP uW + = uE uW = 0 2
zigzag elds satisfy above equation
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
12. Solution: staggered grid
variables do not have to be calculated on same grid staggered grid for velocities (on all faces of control volumes) staggered grid removes zigzag problems, because velocities of adjacent velocity components enter
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
13. Momentum equations
13.1. How to get guessed pressure eld p to get to correct pressure eld? correct pressure: p = p + p (p = pressure correction) u = u + u ; v + v + v ; w = w + w a e ue = anbunb + (pP pE ) Ae
now drop this term (discussion later )
aeue = (pP pE ) Ae ue = de (pP pE ) with de = velocitycorrection formula: = u e = u e + de (pP pE ) same for: vn = vn + dn (pP pN ) wt = wt + dt (pP pT )
Ae ae
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
13.2. Pressurecorrection equation turn continuity equation into equation for pressure correction assume (for derivation, discussion later): density does not directly depend on pressure continuity equation: discretized equation:
t u) v) w) + ( + ( + (z = 0 x y
p P
x y z t
+ ( u)c ( u)w y z
+ ( v )n ( v )s z x + ( w)t ( w)b x y = 0
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
use velocitycorrections formulas: discretization equation for p : aP p P = aE p E + aW p W + aN p N + aS p S + aT p T + aB p B + b aE = e de y z , . . . aP = aE + aW + aN + aS + aT + aB ( ) x y z + ( u)w ( u)e y z b = P P t + ( v )s ( v )n z x + ( w )b ( w )t x y term b in pressurecorrection equation: essentially the negative of the lefthand size of discretized continuity equation evaluated in terms of starred velocities b = 0 starred velocities satisfy correction correction and continuity equation correct velocities
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
SIMPLE algorithm (semiimplicit method for pressurelinked equation) 1. guess pressure eld p 2. solve momentum equation for u, v , w 3. solve p equation 4. calculate p from p and p 5. calculate u, v , w from u, v , w 6. solve discretization equation for other s 7. treat correct pressure p as now guessed pressure p 8. goto 2.; repeat until convergence
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
Pressurecorrection continuity equation:

t t u x
u + x + yv = 0
=0
u = u + u
v = v + v
v u v + y + x + y =0
p u v p y x + + x + y =0 x y p y + x p y y
= 0 2nd order equation for p
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
13.3. Special discussions 1. keeping this term would involve pressure correction at all grid points omission of this term: for converged solution no error (b = 0, p = 0) b as indicator for convergence (b 0) however: rate of convergence depends on p equation underrelaxation necessary for p: p = p + P p (P = 0.5 0.8) semiimplicit method: omission of this term
2. correct velocity eld rst give wrong pressure eld convergence later through iterations
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
improved convergence SIMPLER (SIMPLE revised)
motivation: omission of anbunb leads to exaggerated pressure correction underrelaxation essential neighborpoint velocity corrections removed pressure correction has entire burden for velocitycorrection pressurecorrection equation is good for velocity correction, but rather bad for pressure correction basic idea: employ pressurecorrection equation only for velocitycorrection and use other means for improved pressure eld
pressure equation (momentum equation): ue = dene pseudovelocity ue: ue =

anb unb +b ae
anb unb +b ae
+ de (pP pE )
(ue contains no pressure)
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
similarly: vn = vn + dn (pP pN ) wt = wt + dt (pP pT ) u, v, w appears in place of u, v , w p appears in place of p equation for pressure: a P pP = a E pE + a W pW + a N pN + a S pS + a T pT + a B pB + b aE , . . . given as before ) x y z ( + ( u)w ( u)e y z b = P P t + ( v)s ( v )n z x + ( w)b ( w)t x y
equation for b is only dierence between pressure equation and pressure correction equation
correct velocity eld would result in correct pressure

no approximation introduced for derivation of pressure equation

R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
13.4. SIMPLER algorithm revised algorithm solves pressure equation to obtain pressure eld and solves pressurecorrection equation only to correct velocities 1. start with guessed velocity eld 2. calculate coecient for momentum equation and calculate u, v , w 3. calculate coecient for pressure equation and solve it for pressure eld 4. take this pressure eld as p; solve momentum equation for u, v , w 5. calculate mass source b and solve p equation 6. correct velocity eld, but do not correct pressure 7. solve equations for other s 8. return to 2.; repeat until convergence remark: SIMPLER does not use guessed pressure elds, but extracts pressure
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
14. Examples: momentum
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
14. Examples: source
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
14. Examples: circle
R. Schneider
WENDELSTEIN 7-X
14. Examples: wall

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Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

1. General differential equation

dependent variable density diusion coecient source term velocity eld

is related to variables like mass fraction and temperature (Equation of state)

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

1. General differential equation

1.1. Momentum equation: = u

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

1. General differential equation

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

1. General differential equation

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

1. General differential equation

stepwise prole: problem for

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

1. General differential equation

Discretization equation: piecewiselinear prole used TE TP ) TP TW ) x = 0 ke(( kw (( +S x)e x)w

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

2. Four basic rules for discretization equation

slope from left W P

slope from right EE x

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

2. Four basic rules for discretization equation

Source term: usually linearized as = S e + SP TP S

linearization coef f icient with respect to TP (not S evaluted at P !)

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

2. Four basic rules for discretization equation

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

2. Four basic rules for discretization equation

SP > 0: physical situation can get unstable TP

without heat removal

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

2. Four basic rules for discretization equation

2.4. Sum of the neighbor coecients aP =

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

aW = aP = aE + aW SP x b = Se x piecewiselinear prole for T (x) dT dx S = Se + SP TP stepwise prole

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

3.4. Interface conductivity

nonuniform conductivities: e.g. nonhomogeneity of material, T dependence of k

simplemined ansatz (linear variation of k between P and E ): (x)e+ ke = fe kP + (1 fe) kE fe = (x)

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

aE represents conductance of material between P and E (similar procedure for a )

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

4. Convection and diffusion

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

4. Convection and diffusion

4.1. Steady 1D convection and diusion

u = velocity in xdirection ( u) = 0 u = constant d dx

already discussed (piecewise linear prof ile)

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

4. Convection and diffusion

F is positive for u > 0 and negative for u < 0 Remarks:

aP P = a E E + a W W e aw = Dw + F2w a E = De F 2 e a P = De + F + Dw F2w = aE + aW + (Fe Fw ) 2

strength of convection diusion conductance ( 0)

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

4. Convection and diffusion

a P P = a E E + a W W aE = De + Fe, 0 a W = DW + FW , 0 aP = aE + aW + (Fe FW ) = De + Fe, 0 + Dw + Fw , 0

Max-Planck-Institut fr Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association

4. Convection and diffusion