Energy-investment phase 1.

Phosphorylation of glucose at the expense of one ATP to give glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), also known as the Robinson ester, a precursor metabolite and the starting molecule for the pentose phosphate pathway. Glucose + ATP Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP Enz: Hexokinase (HK) or glucokinase (GK) (both are isoenzymes) 2. Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (an aldehyde) to give fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), also known as the Neuberg ester, a ketone and a precursor metabolite. Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Enz: Accepted name: Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase Other name(s): Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI); glucose phosphate isomerase; phosphoglucoisomerase; phosphohexose isomerase; phosphohexoisomerase 3. Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate at C1 consuming one ATP to give fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), also known as the HardenYoung ester. The cell is spending some of its energy currency in order to earn more in the next part of glycolysis. Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP Enz: Accepted name: 6-Phosphofructokinase Other name(s): Phosphofructokinase (PFK); phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) Splitting phase 4. Cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to give two 3-carbon fragments, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)* and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate G3P + DHAP Enz: Accepted name: Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase Other name(s): Aldolase *G3P is also known as phosphoglyceraldehyde or PGAL, a precursor metabolite 5. Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to give glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Enz: Accepted name: Triose-phosphate isomerase Other name(s): Triose phosphate isomerase phosphotriose isomerase; triosephosphate isomerase; Energy-generation phase 6. Oxidation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to create a high-energy molecule, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG). The electrons released reduced NAD+ to NADH. G3P + NAD+ + Pi 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ Enz: Accepted name: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) Other name(s): Diphosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase; triosephosphate dehydrogenase 7. Transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP (phosphorylation of ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to form ATP) to give 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG), a precursor metabolite. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP 3-Phosphoglycerate + ATP Enz: Accepted name: Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) Other name(s): Phosphoglyecerokinase; phosphoglyceric transphosphorylase 8. Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate (the phosphates are moved to the middle carbons) to give 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG). 3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate Enz: Accepted name: Phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) Other name(s): Phosphoglyceromutase 9. Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to give phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), a precursor metabolite. 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O Enz: Accepted name: Phosphopyruvate hydratase Other name(s): Enolase 10. Transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP (phosphorylation of ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to form ATP) to give pyruvate. Pyruvate is one of the most important precursor metabolites. Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP Pyruvate + ATP Enz: Accepted name: Pyruvate kinase (PK) Other name(s): Pyruvic kinase Boldface enzymes are often used in most textbooks.

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