Chapter 1: Fluid Flow

Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, 5th Edition

by Stephen Hall

This Excel workbook includes Visual Basic for Application function subroutines.
Macros must be enabled for them to work.
The following Text Boxes contain the syntax for the functions.
Copy them to the worksheet where you want to use the functions for ready reference.
Function Subroutines in SI Units
Function NReSI(W, mu, d, Optional ro, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional p)
' W = Flowrate in kg/h
' mu = Viscosity in mPa-s
' d = PipeID in mm
' ro = density in kg/m3 (required for liquid)
' Tin = temperature, deg C (required for gas) - default 20 deg C
' Mw = molecular weight (required for gas) - default 29
' p = pressure, kPa (required for gas) - default 1000 kPa

Function N
' W = Flowr
' mu = Visco
' d = PipeID
' ro = densit
' Tin = temp
' Mw = mole
' p = pressu

Function FrictionSI(epsilon, NRe, d)

' epsilon = Surface roughness is in units m
' d = PipeID is in units mm

Function F
' epsilon = S
' d = PipeID

Function PDSI(W, Pin, Pout, d, L, f, Optional Density, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional Gamma, Optional
Isothermal)
' Pressure Drop due to friction in a round pipe (adiabatic for compressible flow)
' with the following arguments
' Specify two of the following three; function will compute the third
' W = mass flow rate, kg/h
' Pin = inlet, or upstream, pressure, kPa
' Pout = outlet, or downstream pressure, kPa
' Pipe properties
' d = pipe diameter, mm
' L = pipe length, m
' f = Darcy friction factor
' Fluid properties
' Density (optional) -- specify for liquids, kg/m3
' Tin (optional) -- specify for gas, inlet temperature, deg C (default to 20)
' Mw (optional) -- specify for gas, molecular weight (default to 29 for air)
' Gamma (optional) -- specify for gas, ratio of Cp/Cv (default to 1.4)
' Isothermal (optional) -- any value results in isothermal compressible calc, if missing then adiabatic calc

Function P
' Pressure D
' with the fo
' Specify tw
' W = mas
' Pin = inle
' Pout = ou
' Pipe prope
' d = pipe d
' L = pipe l
' f = Darcy
' Fluid prope
' Density (
' Tin (optio
' Mw (optio
' Gamma (
' Isothermal

ChemEng Software sells an Excel template called PIPESIZE.

www.chemengsoftware.com

PIPESIZE sizes pipes for gases and liquids. It includes a database of properties for piping materials, fluids,
roughness values, and recommended velocities. Order on-line or by telephone, 24-h/d; credit cards accepted.

Function Subroutines in US Units

Function NReUS(W, mu, d, Optional ro, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional p)
' W = Flowrate in lb/h
' mu = Viscosity in cP
' d = PipeID in inches
' ro = density in lb/ft3 (required for liquid)
' Tin = temperature, deg F (required for gas) - default 60
' Mw = molecular weight (required for gas) - default 29
' p = pressure, psia (required for gas) - default 115
Function FrictionUS(epsilon, NRe, d)
' epsilon = Surface roughness is in units feet
' d = PipeID is in units inches
Function PDUS(W, Pin, Pout, d, L, f, Optional Density, Optional Tin, Optional Mw, Optional Gamma, Optional Isothermal)
' Pressure Drop due to friction in a round pipe (adiabatic or isothermal for compressible flow)
' with the following arguments
' Specify two of the following three; function will compute the third
' W = mass flow rate, lb/hr
' Pin = inlet, or upstream, pressure, psia
' Pout = outlet, or downstream pressure, psia
' Pipe properties
' d = pipe diameter, inches
' L = pipe length, feet
' f = Darcy friction factor
' Fluid properties
' Density (optional) -- specify for liquids, lb/ft3
' Tin (optional) -- specify for gas, inlet temperature, deg F (default to 60)
' Mw (optional) -- specify for gas, molecular weight (default to 29 for air)
' Gamma (optional) -- specify for gas, ratio of Cp/Cv (default to 1.4)
' Isothermal (optional) -- any value results in isothermal compressible calc, if missing then adiabatic calc

a, Optional Isothermal)

Problem Statement:
Calculate pressure drop per 100 m or 100 ft using the
SI Units

US Units

Inputs
Flow Rate
Viscosity
Pipe Diameter
Density

kg/h
mPa-s
mm
kg/m3

Delta P

Bar/100 m

10,000.0
1.2
38.1
961.5

lb/h
cP
in
lb/ft3

22,000.0
1.2
1.5
60.0

Output
1.83

psi/100 ft

8.09

Problem Statement:
Calculate Reynolds Number using VBA function call.

Inputs
Parameter
Mass Flow Rate
Viscosity
Pipe Diameter
Density
Temperature
Molecular Weight
Pressure

Units
kg/h
mPa-s
mm
kg/m3
C
kg/kgmol
kPa, absolute

Reynolds Number

dimensionless

Liquid
Gas
Example 1
Example 2
10,000.0
1,200.0
1.2
0.011
38.1
26.6
961.0
40.0
16.04
2,200.0

Output

=NReSI(D8,D9,D10,D11)

77,357.3

1,450,489

=NReSI(E8,E9,E10,,E12,E13,E14)

US Customary Units
Units
lb/h
cP
in
lb/ft3
F
lb/lbmol
psia

Liquid
Gas
Example 1a
Example 2a
22,000.0
2,645.0
1.2
0.011
1.5
1.047
60.0
104.0
16.04
319.0

77,197.9

=NReUS(I8,I9,I10,I11)

1,450,580

=NReUS(J8,J9,J10,,J12,J13,J14)

Problem Statement:
Calculate Darcy Friction Factor using VBA function call.

Inputs

Liquid
Example 3
290.0
1.2
38.1
961.0

Parameter
Mass Flow Rate
Viscosity
Pipe Diameter
Density
Temperature
Molecular Weight
Pressure

Units
kg/h
mPa-s
mm
kg/m3
C
kg/kgmol
kPa, absolute

Pipe Roughness

Reynolds Number

dimensionless

2,243

Darcy Friction Factor

dimensionless

0.0302

0.0000457

Output

=FrictionSI(D16,D19,D10)

US Customary Units
Units
lb/h
cP
in
lb/ft3
F
lb/lbmol
psia

Liquid
Example 3a
22,000.0
1.2
1.5
60.0

ft

0.00015

77,198
0.0236

=FrictionUS(I16,I19,I10)

Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction

Inputs
Parameter
Mass Flow Rate
Pressure in (upsteam)

Units
kg/h
kPa, absolute

Viscosity
Pipe Diameter
Equivalent Length of Pipe
Density
Temperature
Molecular Weight
Cp/Cv

mPa-s
mm
m
kg/m3
C
kg/kgmol

Pipe Roughness

Reynolds Number
Darcy Friction Factor

Liquid
Gas
Example 4
Example 5
10,000.0
1,200.0
700.0
2,200.0
1.2
38.1
40.0
961.0

0.011
26.6
60.0
40.0
16.04
1.35

0.0000457

0.0000457

dimensionless

77,357

1,450,489

dimensionless

0.0236

0.0227

623.6

1,246.3

Output

Pressure Out, given Mass Flow and Pressure in

=PDSI(D8,D9,,D12,D13,D24,D14)

=PDSI(E8,E9,,E12,E13,E24,,E15,E16,E17)

US Customary Units
Units
lb/h
psia

Liquid
Gas
Example 4a
Example 5a
22,000.0
3,080.0
101.5
319.0

cP
in
ft
lb/ft3
F
lb/lbmol

1.2
1.5
131.0
60.0

0.011
1.047
197.0
104.0
16.04
1.35

ft

0.00015

0.00015

77,197.9

1,689,145

0.0236

0.0227

90.5

171.3

=PDUS(I8,I9,,I12,I13,I24,I14)

=PDUS(J8,J9,,J12,J13,J24,,J15,J16,J17)

Problem Statement:
Calculate Flow Rate given upstream and downstream pressures

Inputs

Gas
Parameter
GUESS Mass Flow Rate
Pressure in (upsteam)
Pressure out (downstream)
Viscosity
Pipe Diameter
Equivalent Length of Pipe

Units
kg/h
kPa, absolute

Temperature
Molecular Weight
Cp/Cv

C
kg/kgmol

Pipe Roughness

0.0000457

Reynolds Number

dimensionless

1,450,489

Darcy Friction Factor

dimensionless

0.0227

mPa-s
mm
m

Example 5
1200
2200
1340
0.011
26.6
60
40
16.04
1.35

Output

Mass Flow, given Pressure in and out

1,152.5

=PDSI( ,E9,E10,E12,E13,E24,E14,E15,E16,E17)
Difference between GUESS and calculated rate, E8-E26

47.5

Use Goal Seek to find a

the Guessed flow rate (C
that equals the calculate
(Cell E26). Notice that R
Number is calculated usi
Guess.

US Customary Units

Use Goal Seek to find a value for

the Guessed flow rate (Cell E8)
that equals the calculated flow rate
(Cell E26). Notice that Reynolds
Number is calculated using the
Guess.

Units
lb/h
psia
psia
cP
in
ft
F
lb/lbmol

ft

Gas
Example 5a
3,080.4
319.0
116
0.011
1.047
197.0
104.0
16.04
1.35
0.00015

1,689,382
0.0227
3,015.6

=PDUS( ,L9,L10,L12,L13,L24,,L15,L16,L17)
64.8

Problem Statement:
Compare pressure drop calculations using equivalent length and K-value methods for fittings.

Inputs
Parameter
Mass Flow Rate
Pressure in (upsteam)

Units
kg/h
kPa, absolute

Viscosity
Pipe Diameter
Length of Pipe
Density
Temperature
Molecular Weight
Cp/Cv

mPa-s
mm
m
kg/m3
C
kg/kgmol

Pipe Roughness

Fittings

Liquid
Gas
Example 4
Example 5
10,000.0
1,200.0
700.0
2,200.0
12.0
50.0
38.1
961.0

0.011
26.6
60.0
13.6
40.0
16.04
1.35

0.0000457

0.0000457

Quantity
6
2
2
1

90 deg, welded r/D = 1

TEE, through branch (as elbow)
Plug valve, straight
Swing check, Vmin = 35 ro^0.5

Output
Reynolds Number

dimensionless

5,895

1,450,489

Darcy Friction Factor

dimensionless

0.0373

0.0227

29.6

953.7

14.80

7.87

Pressure Drop, equiv length method

41.08

1,018.93

1,414.71
1.47

599.83
44.25

937.50
9.19

59,320.48
581.34

Pressure Drop, 3-K method

38.77

1,535.02

Pressure Drop, Crane method

35.51

1,029.16

Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in

Equivalent length of fittings

Mass flux
Velocity

kg/m2-s
m/s

Fitting pressure loss

kg/m2
kPa

Eq L

(L/D)eq
20
20
18
100

Flow
50
100
500
1000
2000
10000
30000
50000
70000

Km

Ki
800
800
300
1500

Kd
0.091
0.28
0.084
0.46

4
4
3.9
4

Total L/D
120
40
36
100
296

Pressure Drop, Pa
Regime
Equiv L
Crane K
3-K
Laminar
0.060
0.043
0.051
Laminar
0.120
0.087
0.102
Laminar
0.598
0.446
0.525
Laminar
1.196
0.921
1.089
Laminar
2.392
1.960
2.331
Turbulent
41.079
35.508
38.774
Turbulent
284.129
257.934
278.315
Turbulent
716.261
663.917
715.526
Turbulent 1,328.928 1,247.301 1,344.249

3-K Method
total Kf
Ex 4
Ex 5
3.14
2.66
0.80
2.22
8.82

24.00
8.00
7.80
4.00
43.80

US Customary UnitsLiquid
Units
Example 4a
lb/h
63,000.0
psia
101.5
cP
in
ft
lb/ft3
F
lb/lbmol

10.0
3.1
31.5
112.5
127.0

3 nominal size

Crane
ft
0.019213
0.019213
0.019213
0.019213

Crane K

ft

2.31
0.77
0.69
1.92
5.69

0.00015

12,970.0
0.03003
Delta P, pipe
Velocity
f, full turbulence

0.413
3.03
0.01731498

Leq
90 Ell
Branch tee
Swing check
Plug valve
3 x 1 reducer

Delta P, comparison

2
1
1
1
1

Crane K 3-K
10.23 0.692599 0.828956
5.11
0.3463 1.147211
25.57 1.731498 1.899022
4.60
0.31167 0.342748
822.68
57.92
57.92
868.19
61.00
62.14
11.78

7.22

0.61

(0.02)

7.34
1

Problem Statement:
Calculate Permanent Pressure Drop Through Orifice
60 m, 38.1 mm ID
Inputs

Liquid
Example 6
10,000.0
700.0
1.2
38.1
60.0
961.0

Parameter
Mass Flow Rate
Pressure in (upsteam)
Viscosity
Pipe Diameter
Equivalent Length of Pipe
Density
Temperature
Molecular Weight
Cp/Cv

Units
kg/h
kPa, absolute
mPa-s
mm
m
kg/m3
C
kg/kgmol

Pipe Roughness
Orifice Diameter

m
mm

Reynolds Number

dimensionless

77,357

Darcy Friction Factor

dimensionless

0.0236

Y
P2
P3

Expansion factor
Orifice discharge pressure
Permanent Loss

kPa, absolute
m/s
m/s
dimensionless
dimensionless
r
dimensionless
kPa, absolute
kPa, absolute

585.4
10.1

Pressure out (downstream)

Velocity through orifice
Sonic velocity
Orifice diameter ratio
Orifice Coefficient of Discharge

DeltaP

P1-P3

kPa

99.61

P0

P0

Pipe Header at 700

kPa absolute

0.0000457
19.1

Output

P1
V1

0.5
0.61
1.0
452.6
485.8

Result
K flow coefficient
Equivalent Length

dimensionless
m

Compare equivalent length ratio to pressure drop ratio

Pipe L / Orifice L
Pipe Pressure Drop / Orifice Pressure Drop

29.46
56.12

1.07
1.15

Close enough, although not perfect

RO

60 m, 38.1 mm ID

e enough, although not perfect

P2

P1
P3

Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction for Water-Steam Mixture

Inputs

Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions

Total Mass Flux
kg/m2-s
Quality
Mass Fraction Vapor
Inlet Pressure
Bar
Pipe Diameter
mm
Equivalent Length of Pipe
m
Pipe Roughness
m

Calculations / Property Lookup

Parameter
Cross-sectional area
Total Mass Flow Rate
Inlet Pressure
Temperature
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Density
Cp/Cv

Units
m2
kg/h
kPa
C
mPa-s
kg/kgmol
kg/m3

Water
1,356.0
0.5
1.01
5.0
1.0
0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

Total as Liq
Vapor Props
1.9635E-05
95.8
101.0
97.4
0.28
0.012
18.0
998.7
0.6
1.31

Mixture

0.023
1.2

Output
Reynolds Number

dimensionless

24,014

294,943

Darcy Friction Factor

dimensionless

0.0255

0.0171

4.69

2,664.10

Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in

Liquid PD Multiplier

phi
phi^2

Pressure Drop, 2-Phase Flow

kPA

23.83
567.65
2,664.10

10000

1000

1.01 Bar

1.01 Bar
6.89 Bar
34.4 Bar
68.9 Bar

100

103 Bar
138 Bar
172 Bar
207 Bar
221.2 Bar

10

1
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

250

200

150

G=339
G=1356
G=5424

100

100

50

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

25

20

15

Awad
Janssen

10

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Property Correlations

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

for all correlations, t = deg C

Vapor Pressure: log(mm Hg) = A - B / (t+C)

A
R12
R22
Water

6.99
7.04
8.31

B
918.17
850.10
1,986.50

C
253.38
245.18
268.74

Liqu

Reference:

0.0000015 m)

IPC2004-721

Comparison Case
R12
2,000.0
0.9
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

Total as Liq
Vapor Props
0.001963495
14,137.2
600.0
22.0
0.20
0.013
120.9
1,325.3
29.6
1.17

User inputs are in RED

Temperature, viscosity, and density are d

correlation parameters in lookup table (d
worksheet). These are affected by the in
is assumed that the temperature is the s
the pressure.

Calculations for Re, f, and pressure drop

subroutines -subroutines are correct.

Mixture

Clicking on the "Re

macro that runs the calculation on variou
inputs, based on the charts in IPC2004
0.015

It seems like the only way to get a straigh

reference) for Figure 7 (Row 123) is to d
calculations once, then recalculate phi fo
to 1) without recomputing the mixture vis
each quality.

32.8

488,377

6,864,651

0.0136

0.0103

0.41
5.55
30.75
12.63

Phi^2
Quality
0
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.11
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.8

1.01
1
46.41645292
73.3322877
111.1844284
147.185195
193.407243
249.3652528
357.7600186
670.8147204
875.2441564

1078.089605

Phi^2
Quality
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

339
1
21.65342509
38.38506949
53.69737283
68.23836666
82.28544802
95.98612791
109.4292805
122.6730181
135.7576073
148.7121853

Phi^2
Quality
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

2278
1
3.225019566
5.336625128
7.386603283
9.398360896
11.38436636
13.35199619
15.30594741
17.24937895
19.1845074
21.11294176

Liquid Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t)

A
(8.77)
20.79
4.34

B
5,134.3
46,143.5
6,927.32

C
693.01
(2,064.89)
(1,332.33)

Vapor Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t)

(9.00)
(3.47)
(4.92)

(4,611.86)
(278.74)
(200.49)

(1,008.87)
286.66
(502.57)

Density: kg/m3 = m t + b

User inputs are in RED

Temperature, viscosity, and density are determined from

correlation parameters in lookup table (down at the bottom of the
worksheet). These are affected by the inlet pressure variable. It
s assumed that the temperature is the saturation temperature at
he pressure.

Calculations for Re, f, and pressure drop are performed in VBA

subroutines -- other worksheets in this workbook verify that those
subroutines are correct.

Clicking on the "Re-Run All Inputs" button at cell L35 runs a

macro that runs the calculation on various combinations of
nputs, based on the charts in IPC2004-721.

t seems like the only way to get a straight line (per the
reference) for Figure 7 (Row 123) is to do the friction factor
calculations once, then recalculate phi for a range of qualities (0
o 1) without recomputing the mixture viscosity and density for
each quality.

6.89
1
8.224628681
12.64834922
18.93805921
24.95216539
32.68889358
42.05776424
60.18602161
112.3770188
146.3711257

34.4
1
2.48118952
3.42330677
4.78780781
6.10832883
7.81877575
9.89799524
13.9265317
25.4933944
32.9985878

68.9
1
1.724209
2.1931
2.879825
3.550296
4.424186
5.491334
7.565445
13.52198
17.37767

103
1
1.471297363
1.779418297
2.233848908
2.68027314
3.265040944
3.982109516
5.380827356
9.405154978
12.00665506

138
1
1.341214662
1.565753054
1.898624121
2.22725028
2.659601824
3.191936121
4.23461845
7.245188894
9.191022614

172
1
1.26543664
1.44090455
1.70203456
1.96085338
2.302653
2.72512011
3.55633082
5.96923649
7.53131397

207
1
1.21338118
1.35493938
1.56627859
1.77647153
2.05503895
2.40069759
3.08428571
5.08469657
6.38577582

221.2
1
1.196944
1.327755
1.52327
1.717971
1.976355
2.297472
2.933941
4.804169
6.024389

180.0619704

40.4208391 21.18376 14.57066284 11.10631356 9.06799534

7.66705922 7.227597

Sonic Velocity

U m ax

1356
1
22.97164511
42.05776424
60.18602161
77.83538138
95.19986265
112.3770188
129.4225584
146.3711257
163.2456352
180.0619704

5424 Mass Flux Density

1
998.66
24.5221439
5.87
46.4192905
2.94
67.8640232
1.96
89.1071994
1.47
110.239906
1.18
131.304262
0.98
152.322783
0.84
173.308745
0.74
194.270555
0.66
215.213833
0.59

Z RT
M

Pipe flow area

Velocity, m/s
339
0.34
57.75
115.17
172.58
230.00
287.41
344.83
402.24
459.66
517.07
574.48

489.498723 m/s

1.9635E-05 m2
1356
1.36
231.02
460.67
690.33
919.99
1,149.65
1,379.30
1,608.96
1,838.62
2,068.28
2,297.94

5424 kg/m2-s
5.43
924.06 YELLOW = > Mach 0.3
1,842.69 RED > Mach 1
2,761.33
3,679.96
4,598.59
5,517.22
6,435.85
7,354.48
8,273.11
9,191.74

Mass Flux
1
3
5.5
7
8
9.5
11.5

Density: kg/m3 = m t + b

m
(3.09)
(3.20)
(1.56)

b
1,393.40
1,279.33
1,150.42

Density: lb/ft3 = m t + b

m
(0.19)
(0.20)
(0.06)

b
86.99
79.87
64.24

Molecular
Weight
120.91
86.48
18.00

Cp/Cv
1.170
1.250
1.310

YELLOW = > Mach 0.3

RED > Mach 1

Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction for R12 at Saturation

Inputs

Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions

Total Mass Flux
kg/m2-s
Quality
Mass Fraction Vapor
Inlet Pressure
Bar
Pipe Diameter
mm
Equivalent Length of Pipe
m
Pipe Roughness
m

Calculations / Property Lookup

Parameter
Cross-sectional area
Total Mass Flow Rate
Inlet Pressure
Temperature
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Density
Cp/Cv
Velocity (assuming avg density)
Critical Velocity
Output
Reynolds Number
Darcy Friction Factor

Units
m2
kg/h
kPa
C
mPa-s
kg/kgmol
kg/m3

frictional pressure gradient (Pa/m)

10,000

1,000

100

Vapor
14.1
940.0
39.16
0.014
120.9
43.8
1.17
1.18
158.70

dimensionless

2,888

34,868

dimensionless

0.0424

0.0231

0.004

0.07

Lower Bound
Upper Bound

100,000

Liquid
7.85398E-05
14.1
940.0
39.2
0.17
120.9
1,272.5

m/s
m/s

Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in

Average

R12
100.0
0.5
9.40
10.0
1.0
0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

0.13
0.34
kPa
= Pa

0.23
231.83

frictional pressure gradi

10

1
10

100
mass flux (kg/m2-s)

1000

Reference: IMECE2005-81493

0.0000015 m)

Comparison Case
R12
2,000.0
0.9
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

Liquid
0.001963495
1,413.7
600.0
22.0
0.20
120.9
1,325.3

Vapor
12,723.5
600.0
22.05
0.013
120.9
29.6
1.31
61.05
163.26

48,838

6,815,813

0.0210

0.0103

0.006

15.49

7.67
12.94
10.30

Quality

0.5

Mass Flux Lower

20
8
80
86
200
425
400
1,431
600
2,909
1000
7,112

Sonic

Average
14
157
780
2,623
5,333
13,037

Upper
20
228
1,134
3,815
7,756
18,962

158.7016

Density
Velocity, m/s
84.6277 0.236329
0.945317
2.363292
4.726585
7.089877
11.81646

Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction for R12 at Saturation

Inputs

Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions

Total Mass Flux
kg/m2-s
Quality
Mass Fraction Vapor
Inlet Pressure
Bar
Pipe Diameter
mm
Equivalent Length of Pipe
m
Pipe Roughness
m

Calculations / Property Lookup

Parameter
Cross-sectional area
Total Mass Flow Rate
Inlet Pressure
Temperature
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Density
Cp/Cv

Units
m2
kg/h
kPa
C
mPa-s
kg/kgmol
kg/m3

R12
100.0
0.5
9.40
10.0
1.0
0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

Liquid
7.85398E-05
14.1
940.0
39.2
0.17
120.9
1,272.5

Vapor
14.1
940.0
39.16
0.014
120.9
43.8
1.17

Output
Reynolds Number

dimensionless

2,888

34,868

Darcy Friction Factor

dimensionless

0.0424

0.0231

Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in

0.00416

0.0710

dp/dz

Pa/m

4.16273

65.8781

Fitting parameter

Total pressure drop

kPa/m

0.8
75.038706

Reference: IMECE2004-61410

0.0000015 m)

Comparison Case
R12
2,000.0
0.9
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

Liquid
0.001963495
1,413.7
600.0
22.0
0.20
120.9
1,325.3

48,838

kPa/m

Vapor
12,723.5
600.0
22.05
0.013
120.9
29.6
1.31

########

water
Reference article, Figure 1
Water-Air
591.0
0.035
1.30
27.0
1.0
0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

Liquid
0.00057256
1,197.6
130.0
20.0
0.39
18.0
1,119.3

Vapor
20.6
130.0
20.00
0.020
29.0
1.55
1.40

39,913

13,500

0.0210

0.0103

0.0221

0.0287

0.006

15.49

0.123

0.04

0.00634

11.3444

0.11882

0.1460

0.3 This method depends on fitting parameter, p

15.86

0.25 This method depends on fitting para

2.11
2,110.16

rticle, Figure 1

(Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

This method depends on fitting parameter, p

Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop due to Friction for Water-Steam Mixture

Inputs

Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions

Total Mass Flux
kg/m2-s
Quality
Mass Fraction Vapor
Inlet Pressure
Bar
Pipe Diameter
mm
Equivalent Length of Pipe
m
Pipe Roughness
m

Calculations / Property Lookup

Parameter
Cross-sectional area
Total Mass Flow Rate
Inlet Pressure
Temperature
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Density
Cp/Cv

Units
m2
kg/h
kPa
C
mPa-s
kg/kgmol
kg/m3

water
110.6
0.1
14.83
38.1
30.5
0.0000457

Liquid
0.001140092
392.7
1,482.8
197.7
0.17
18.0
842.4

Vapor
61.3
1,482.8
197.70
0.014
18.0
6.8
1.40

Output
Reynolds Number

dimensionless

21,198

40,346

Darcy Friction Factor

dimensionless

0.0282

0.0255

Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in

0.123

0.33

Lockhart and Martinelli Method

X
dimensionless
Phi-liquid
dimensionless

0.61
29.38

Total Pressure Drop, 2-phase

kPa
psi/100 ft

3.61
0.52 Branan: 0.49 psi/100 ft
Rukan: 0.28 psi/100 ft

Comparison of Two-Phase Models

R12, 6 Bar pressure, 100 kg/m2-s in 50 mm smooth pipe
0.10
0.09
0.08

Pressure Drop, kPa per m

0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Quality

Comparison of Two-Phase Models

R12, 6 Bar pressure, 5000 kg/m2-s in 50 mm smooth pipe
160

Pressure Drop, kPa per m

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
Quality

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Reference: Branan, Rules of Thumb, 4th Edition

Comparison Case
R12
2,000.0
0.9
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015

Liquid
0.001963495
1,413.7
600.0
22.0
0.20
120.9
1,325.3

Wallis

Vapor
12,723.5
600.0
22.05
0.013
120.9
29.6
1.31

48,838

6,815,813

0.0210

0.0103

0.006

11.34

0.02
3,771.04
23.91

Phi^2, lo
Phi, lo

20.893051
4.5708917
0.13

Mass Flux Quality

Velocity
Homog
Split
100
0
0.075
0.00
0.00
100
0.1
0.406
0.01
0.01
100
0.2
0.737
0.01
0.02
100
0.3
1.068
0.02
0.03
100
0.4
1.399
0.02
0.03
100
0.5
1.729
0.03
0.04
100
0.6
2.060
0.03
0.05
100
0.7
2.391
0.04
0.05
100
0.8
2.722
0.04
0.05

Homogeneous
Split
Asymptotic
Lockhart

0.9

Homogeneous
Split
Asymptotic
Lockhart

0.9

100
100
10
50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000

0.9
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

3.052
3.383
0.159
0.795
1.590
3.179
4.769
6.359
7.948
9.538
11.128
12.717
15.897
0.755
4.062
7.370
10.678
13.986
17.294
20.601
23.909
27.217
30.525
33.833
1.509
8.125
14.740
21.356
27.972
34.587
41.203
47.818
54.434
61.050
67.665
3.773
20.312
36.851
53.390
69.929
86.468
103.007
119.546
136.085
152.624
169.163

0.04
0.05
0.003
0.051
0.176
0.613
1.285
2.184
3.304
4.641
6.194
7.961
12.133
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
0
2
3
5
6
7
9
10
11
13
14
2
11
19
28
36
44
52
60
68
76

0.05
0.005
0.084
0.284
0.954
1.940
3.209
4.742
6.524
8.545
10.794
15.951
0
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
0
2
4
5
6
8
9
10
10
10
2
11
18
25
32
38
43
48
51
51

Asymp
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06

Lockhart
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09

Fluid
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12

Inlet Pressure
Pipe Diameter
EquivalentPipe
Length
Roughness
of Pipe
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015

0.06

0.08

0.007
0.076
0.272
0.940
1.945
3.273
4.913
6.859
9.105
11.648
17.613

0.011
0.124
0.443
1.527
3.157
5.311
7.969
11.123
14.762
18.882
28.542

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4

1
2
3
4
4
5
6
6
6

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
15
16

4
7
10
13
16
19
22
24
24

14
24
35
46
58
69
79
88
94

25
41
58
76
93
111
126
138
141

R12
R12
R22
R22
R22
R22
R22
R22
R22
R22
R22
R22
R22
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12
R12

6.00
6.00
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
9.10
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00

50.0
50.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015
0.0000015

pe Roughness

Hashizume's Data
90
0.1
120
0.23
185
0.4
250
1

Compariso
R12, 6 Bar pressure,
7

l Pressure Drop, kPa per m

Frictional Pressure Drop

0.1

0.2

0.3

Compariso

R22, 9.1 Bar pressur

100.000

op, kPa per m

10.000

1.000

Pressure Drop, kPa per m

1.000

0.100

0.010

0.001
10

Comparison of Two-Phase Models

12, 6 Bar pressure, 1000 kg/m2-s in 50 mm smooth pipe

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Quality

Comparison of Two-Phase Models

R22, 9.1 Bar pressure, 0.5 Quality in 10 mm smooth tube

0.9

100
Mass Flux, kg/m2-s

Lockhart
Asymptotic
Split

Split
Homogeneous

0.9

Lockhart

Lockhart
Asymptotic
Split
Homogenous
Hashizume's Data

1000

Problem Statement:
Calculate Pressure Drop Through an Elbow for Different Steam Qualities

Inputs

Steam-Water at Saturated Conditions

Total Mass Flux
kg/m2-s
Quality
Mass Fraction Vapor
Inlet Pressure
Bar
Pipe Diameter
mm
Equivalent Length of Pipe
m
Pipe Roughness
m

Calculations / Property Lookup

Parameter
Cross-sectional area
Total Mass Flow Rate
Inlet Pressure
Temperature
Viscosity
Molecular Weight
Density
Cp/Cv

Units
m2
kg/h
kPa
C
mPa-s
kg/kgmol
kg/m3

Water
1,356.0
0.1
6.00
50.0
1.0
0.0000015 (Smooth Tube = 0.0000015 m)

Total as Liq
Vapor Props
0.001963495
9,585.0
600.0
158.3
0.21
0.013
18.0
903.7
3.0

Mixture

0.084
29.2

Output
Reynolds Number

dimensionless

321,257

807,573

Darcy Friction Factor

dimensionless

0.0146

0.0127

Pressure Drop, given Mass Flow and Pressure in

0.30

Liquid PD Multiplier

phi
phi^2

1.86
3.47

Pressure Drop, 2-Phase Flow

kPA

0.55

Sonic Velocity

U m ax

Quality
0
0.01
0.02
0.03

Density
903.75
226.40
129.41
90.60

Z RT
M

475.6

Pipe flow area

0.001963495
Velocity, m/s
5424 kg/m2-s
6.00
23.96 YELLOW = > Mach 0.3
41.91 RED > Mach 1
59.87

0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33

69.69
56.63
47.69
41.19
36.24
32.36
29.23
26.65
24.49
22.65
21.07
19.70
18.49
17.43
16.48
15.62
14.86
14.16
13.53
12.95
12.41
11.92
11.47
11.05
10.66
10.30
9.96
9.64
9.34
9.06

77.83
95.78
113.74
131.69
149.65
167.61
185.56
203.52
221.47
239.43
257.39
275.34
293.30
311.25
329.21
347.17
365.12
383.08
401.03
418.99
436.95
454.90
472.86
490.81
508.77
526.73
544.68
562.64
580.59
598.55

Property Correlations

for all correlations, t = deg C

Vapor Pressure: log(mm Hg) = A - B / (t+C)

A
R12
R22
Water

6.99
7.04
8.31

B
918.17
850.10
1,986.50

C
253.38
245.18
268.74

Liqu

0.0000015 m)

Km
800

m/s

m2

6.33 kPa
25.28
44.23
63.19

Ki
0.091

Kd
4

0.39 elbow

Pressure Drop Through a DN Elbow

700.00

82.14
101.09
120.04
138.99
157.94
176.89
195.84
214.79
233.74
252.69
271.64
290.59
309.54
328.49
347.44
366.39
385.34
404.29
423.24
442.19
461.14
480.09
499.04
517.99
536.94
555.89
574.84
593.79
612.75
631.70

700.00

600.00

500.00

400.00

300.00

200.00

100.00

0.05

0.1

0.15

Liquid Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t)

A
(8.77)
20.79
4.34

B
5,134.3
46,143.5
6,927.32

C
693.01
(2,064.89)
(1,332.33)

Vapor Viscosity: ln(cP) = A + B / (C+t)

(9.00)
(3.47)
(4.92)

(4,611.86)
(278.74)
(200.49)

(1,008.87)
286.66
(502.57)

Density: kg/m3 = m t + b

rop Through a DN Elbow

Velocity

0.2

0.25

0.3

Density: kg/m3 = m t + b

m
(3.09)
(3.20)
(1.56)

b
1,393.40
1,279.33
1,150.42

Density: lb/ft3 = m t + b

m
(0.19)
(0.20)
(0.06)

b
86.99
79.87
64.24

Molecular
Weight
120.91
86.48
18.00

Cp/Cv
1.170
1.250

Problem Statement:
Compare the Panhandle and Weymouth formulas with the Isothermal gas calculation

Inputs

SI Units
Gas molecular weight
Temperature
C
Pipe diameter
mm
Pipe length
km
Inlet pressure
kPa abs
Outlet pressure
kPa abs
Elevation difference
m
Efficiency
Average compressibility factor

Value

US Units

17.4
37.8
102
32.2
13,700
10,300
30.5
1
1

F
in
miles
psia
psia
ft

Value
17.4
100
4.026
20
2,000
1,500
100
1
1

Constants
Base temperature
Base pressure
Pipe roughness
Calculations
Isothermal Gas Calculation
Reynolds Number
Friction factor
Flow Rate
Standard volumetric rate

C
kPa abs
m

kg/h
MM m3/day

Intermediate Calcs
Gas specific gravity
Average temperature
Average pressure
Head correction

K
kPa abs
kPa

Weymouth
Standard volumetric rate

MM m3/day

Panhandle A
Standard volumetric rate

MM m3/day

Panhandle B
Standard volumetric rate

MM m3/day

100
0.0000457

200,000
0.0187
8,982
278

0.60
311
12,080
49

F
psia
ft

60
14.7
0.00015

lb/h
MM ft3/day

200,000
0.0187
20,126
10,521

R
psia
psi

0.60
560
1,762
7

MM ft3/day

10,151

402

MM ft3/day

15,110

428

MM ft3/day

16,034