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Deformation and
Strengthening Mechanisms
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Motion of the Edge Dislocation
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The Formation of Steps by the Motion of Dislocations
Slip plane
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Dislocation Density
Unit: mm-2
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Strain around a Dislocation
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Interactions between Dislocations
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Source of Dislocations
• Dislocation sources:
1. Existing dislocations -> multiply
2. Grain boundaries
3. Internal defects
4. Surface irregularities (scratches)
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Slip Systems
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Slip in Single Crystals
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Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals
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Deformation by Twinning
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Mechanisms of Strengthening in Metals
2. Solid-solution strengthening
3. Strain hardening
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Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction
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Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction
σy = σ0 + kyd-1/2
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Solid-Solution Strengthening
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Solid-Solution Strengthening
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Solid-Solution Strengthening
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Strain Hardening (Work Hardening)
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Strain Hardening (Work Hardening)
The influence of cold work on the stress-strain behavior for a low-carbon steel
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Strain Hardening (Work Hardening)
Mechanism
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Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth
2. Recrystallization:
• Formation of a new set of strain-free and equiaxed grains.
• Driving force: the difference in internal energy between the strained and
unstrained material.
• Nucleation and then the nuclei grow until they completely consume the parent
material (involving short-range diffusion).
3. Grain Growth:
• The average size of grain increase, the number of grains decrease.
• Driving force: reduction in total energy (decrease of the area of the grain
boundaries)
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Cold-worked (33%CW) Recrystallizaton after
heating 3s at 580 C
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Partial recrystallization Complete recrystallization
4s at 580C 8s at 580C
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Grain growth Grain growth
after 15 min at 580C after 10 min at 700C
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Grain Growth
dn –don = Kt
n≥2
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Grain Growth
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