A Seminar Report On

INTELLIGENCE

ALCHOHOL DETCTION SYSTEM FOR CAR

Bachelor of Technology In

A Seminar Report In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

Electronics & Communication Engineering From Rajasthan Technical University Kota (Rajasthan)

Submitted To : Mr. Sudhanshu Arya (HOD. OF ECE)

Submitted By : Ankit Jain

(09EMCEC006)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Modern Institute of Technology& Research Centre, Alwar (Raj.) SESSION: 2013
1

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the dissertation report entitled INTELIIGENCE ALCHOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM FOR CAR being submitted by: ANKIT JAIN (09EMCEC006)In the partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of technology in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION at the department of electronics & communication MODERN INSITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE,ALWAR are Record students, their work is carried by them under our supervision and guidance.

MR. SUDHANSHU ARYA (Seminar incharge)

PREFACE
I have made this report file on the topic , Intelligence Alchohol Detection

System For Car , I have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to who assisting me throughout the preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.

ABSTRACT
Nowadays almost most of the countries are forcing the motor riders to wear the helmet and not to use the vehicles when the person is in drunken condition. But still in many places, the rules are being violated by the users. In order to overcome this problem, an intelligent system has been embedded in the helmet itself. The signal detected by IR sensor from the earlobe region and an alcohol sensor will be transmitted to the vehicle control circuit. It will not turn on the vehicle, when the user is without helmet or in drunken condition. The system containing the GPS receiver will provide the geometric coordinates to the control unit. Based on this coordinates the user cannot drive the vehicle into no entry or no parking areas. If he enters into the restricted area, buzzer will get activated and vehicle speed also gets controlled. In addition to the above, when an accident occurs the system will start alarm and if the user tries to suppress the warning alarm then SMS will not be sent else it will be sent to the userscanalsobe relati modified as per the users need. During the theft, the current location of the vehicle can be identified by sending the message from the user to the intelligent incorporated system. By this way the recovery of the vehicle is also possible by GPS-GSM communication.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page Certificate Preface Abstract CONTENT

1 2 3 4

Topic

Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION Existing Methodology Materials Confirmation

2. ACCIDENT INTIMATISM15 3. CONSTRUCTION DESIGN OF SALT CHAMBER Design Of The Testing Chamber Need For Co2 Sensor Truth Table 22 18

4. DETECTION OF ALCOHOL DURING DRIVING Design of Pulse Sensors

5. ADVANTAGE 6. BREATHALYZER

23 24

7. ORIGINS Chemistry Low Enforcement Consumer Use

25

8. COMMAN SOURCE OF ERROR Calibration Non Specific Analysis Interfering Components Home Static Assay

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9. PHOTOVOLTAIC ESSAY 10. PRODUCT THAT INTERFACE WITH TESTING 11. CONCLUSION 12. REFERENCE

39 42 43 44

1 INTRODUCTION
Now a days road accident is a major problem all over the world. The recent report says that annual average of 700,000 road accidents, 10 percentages occur in India which has overtaken China. The latest annual statistics revealed by the World Health organization (WHO) in its first Global status report on road safety, 80,000 people are killed on Indian roads due to speeding, drunken driving, less usage of helmets, seat belts and child restraints in vehicles. Another latest report of National Crime Records Bureau or NCRB [2] says that 40 people under the age of 25 die in road accidents all around the world. It states that the drunken driving is a major factor for the rising of death on roads. The drunk driving fatalities in the year 2009, till the 27th November were 11,769. The numbers for 2007 and 2008 were 12,998 and 11,773 respectively.

It shows that the problem of drunk driving is far from over. In the 2009 DUI national statistics released by the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) 11,773 people died in alcohol-related crashes. Most of the accidents occur outside the cities are due to drunken driving and no testing methodology is adopted to avoid these fatalities in highways. Index Terms Accident, Drunken Driving, Helmet, Intelligent system, Safety, Sensor, Vehicle At present drunken drivers have increased enormously and so is the deaths due to drunken drivers. The main reason for driving drunk is that the police are not able to check each and every car and even if they catch any one the police can be easily bribed. Sothere is a need for a effective system to check drunken drivers .

In alcohol detection system the ignition of the fuel is regulated by a sensor circuit. The sensor circuit is used to detect whether alcohol was consumed by the driver recently. Our design also consists of a blood pulse rate sensor which is used to check whether alcohol is consumed while driving.

Motorists parking their vehicles in No-parking areas in-crease the rate of traffic in the metropolitan cities. In Indian road system, widening of the road is not an alternative solution to avoid traffic in such a cities [3]. The Statistics of law breakers is depicted below in Table1.

Table 1 Statistics of lawbreakers

1.2. EXISTING

METHODOLOGY

Sweat sensors ,Saab Alco Key straw like tube on the driver seat are used to check drunken condition of the drivers in cars. But these devices lead to misreading, inaccurate testing and circuit complexity is high. Hongjie Leng and Yingzi

Lin developed a novel carbon nano tube (CNT)-based alcohol sensor with a particular focus on the response delay problem presented in CNT based sensors. William R. Reagen developed a system for locating missing vehicles. Shegeyuki Kojima et al designed a new algorithm to distinguish between the normal and intoxicated state of a person which is proposed as the basic theory of the sensing system.

The entire solution requires only a mobile phone placed in vehicle and with accelerometer and orientation sensor. A pro-gram installed on the mobile phone computes accelerations based on
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sensor readings, and compares them with typical drunk driving patterns extracted from real driving tests. Jiangpeng Dai et al focused on drunken driving, or offi-cially driving under the Influence (DUI) of alcohol, which is a major cause of traffic accidents throughout the world.

Lei Wang et al suggested that the integrity of PPG signal and accuracy of heart rate detection were evaluated and the results showed that with adequate optical shielding and the proposed passive motion cancellation, the device was able to reliably detect heart rate both during rest and moderate exercise.

Aditya et al suggested that biometrics can be used in the security mechanism for the motor vehicles, as an anti theft device.

Darnell et all invention comprises a portable locating unit to provide location information signals. Heng et al suggested compulsory helmet laws for bicyclists and expanding anti-drunk driving campaigns to target alcohol-intoxicated bicyclists.

Alex Tay et al presented a path-planning algorithm and a novel global navigation strategy for autonomous unmanned ground vehicles in an unstructured terrain. It is able to chart a path along roadways and off-road terrain. From this review, each and every paper gives only a particular application to provide a safety to the drivers.

To overcome the major problems on road accidents and drunken driving, we designed an intelligent system in the vehicle to avoid drunken driving. In addition to this, we have adopted few more applications to avoid parking of vehicles in No parking/ No entry area The features incorporated in our system are

1) Confirmation of helmet wearing 2) Alcohol detection 3) No entry/ No parking indication 4) Accident intimation and 5) Theft detection
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1.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This paper mainly focuses on avoidance of drunken driving. Hence this system will not turn on the vehicle, when the user is in drunken condition. In addition to this, it will not allow the user to park/ drive the vehicle in the no parking or no en-try area respectively.

The system will send short message ser-vice to the friends/relatives when an accident occurs. It also employs theft detection. Our system consists of two major parts. They are 1) Helmet unit and 2) Vehicle unit as shown in fig.1 & 2.

1\O651

Fig.1 Helmet Unit

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1.4 Confirmation of helmet wearing & alcohol detection

MQ-3 gas sensor (alcohol sensor) is suitable for detecting alcohol content from the breath. So it can be placed just below the face shield and above the additional face protection. The surface of the sensor is sensitive to various alcoholic concentrations. It detects the alcohol from the riders breath; the resistance value drops leads to change in voltage (Temperature variation occurs).Generally the illegal consumption of alcohol during driving is 0.08mg/L as per the government act. But for demonstration purpose, we programmed the threshold limit as 0.04 mg/L. Threshold can be adjusted using variable resistor.

Earlobe detector senses which is fitted with the helmet unit senses the blood flow in the earlobe region. So that the wearing of helmet is confirmed by our system and similarly alcohol sensor fitted in the mouth piece of the helmet detects the alcohol in the breath and sends the level of alcohol to the

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Fig. 2 Vehicle Unit

Controller. If both of the criterias are met in an acceptable manner then the two control signals are sent from the helmet unit to the vehicle control unit. The decoded RF signal is sent to the controller in the vehicle unit shown in fig. 2 to start / stop the vehicle. If the signal from the earlobe region and no control signal from alcohol sensor is detected then the vehicle will start, otherwise the vehicle will not start.

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1.4 No entry/No parking indication

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth. For each and every location in the world, the coordinates are unique. Coordinates are measured using GPS receiver which consists of an antenna array. Our system uses GPS for accident detection and theft detection applications. For our system convenience, we have considered some locations as No entry & No parking area in our college is depicted in the fig.3. After placing the receiver in a particular position where we need to take co-ordinates, the satellite be-gins transmitting a long, digital pattern called a pseudo-random code. The receiver begins running the same digital pattern. When the satellite's signal reaches the receiver, its transmission of the pattern will lag a bit behind the receiver's playing of the pattern. The length of the delay is equal to the

signal's travel time. The receiver multiplies this time by the speed of light to determine how far the signal is traveled. In order to make this measurement, the receiver and satellite clocks need to be synchronized down to the nanosecond. To

Table 2 No parking area coordinates (Ground road)

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Table 3

No entry area coordinates (CS-IT block)

clocks, you would need to have atomic clocks not only on all the satellites, but also in the receiver side. Thus every satellite contains an expensive atomic clock, but the receiver itself uses an ordinary quartz clock, which it constantly resets. Co-ordinates vary for every 6 feet, but there is no much difference between them. Hence we have considered a particular dis-tance of about 24feet in each road periodically and the co-ordinates are measured. The following tables represent the GPS Readings taken in our college campus for the No entry & No parking area.

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For making this application globally acceptable, we can use geographical software which contains unique coordinates and it can be used for various applications. These coordinates can be programmed in the microcontroller. When the vehicle en-ters the no parking and no entry area, coordinates will be cali-brated. In the case of similar result, buzzer will be activated and if he/she continues to move so, fuel and ignition cut-off takes place. Table 4 No parking area coordinates (Canteen road)

2 Accident intimation & Theft detection

GSM is used in the case of accident detection and theft detection application. In case of any accident the alarm will get activated, if the rider is in conscious stage he would suppress the alarm; if not a short message service will be sent to the friends mobile number. Various mobile numbers can be programmed in the microcontroller.GSM and GPS do not communicate directly with each other. Microcontroller acts as an intermediate between them. To know the location of the vehicle soon after the theft, rider has to send an SMS to the mod-em present in the vehicle unit. GSM set up in the vehicle unit consists of subscribers identity module (SIM) whereby it receive

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the SMS and communicates with GPS regarding the cur-rent location of the vehicle position and sends the message to the pre defined mobile number(s) programmed in the micro-controller. For the detection of accident, the sensor is attached to the body of the vehicle. When the vehicle meets any crash-es, the buzzer will get activated due to activation / damage of the sensor. If the rider is in conscious condition, he/ she can suppress the buzzer. Otherwise the message will be sent to the friends/relatives continuously till the help reaches the rid-er.The overall performance of the system is shown in fig. 4.

Fig. 4 Overall Sytem performance

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Drunken drivers have been

let unchecked in the society. Though there are laws to punish

drunken drivers they cannot be fully utilized as police cannot stand on every road corner to check each and every car driver whether he has drink or not. This leads to severe accidents as such that happened in Delhi in which a car ran over four road dweller skilling them on the spot. So there is a necessity to develop a efficient alcohol detection system.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF ALCOHOL DETECTION SYSTEM.CHECK FOR ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT STARTING

In our alcohol detection system the ignition circuit is controlled by interfacing a set of sensors, logic circuit and a micro processor. We know that the ignition key of a vehicle as to be turned in two steps, one for switching on the electrical circuit and second step for cranking the engine. As per our design when ever the driver turns the first step a gasmask is dropped down from the ceiling of the car. The driver has to exhale deeply through the mask. The exhaled air reaches the sensor unit where its checked for co2 and alcohol. The alcohol and co2 sensor unit gives output as per the condition of the air through the logic circuit which is sent to the micro processor. Depending upon the output the microprocessor controls the ignition process.

CHECK FOR ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION DURING DRIVING

There is always a chance that the driver may not be drunk at the time of starting the car but may drink during driving. So therefore for checking drinking during driving blood pulse rate sensors are installed at calculated portions of the steering wheel where there is high probability that the hand will rest. The pulse sensor checks the pulse rate at the time of starting and constantly checks the pulse rate at periodic intervals. If there is any significant reduction in pulse rate the car stops and again on trying to crank the engine them ask drops down .DESIGN OF ALCOHOL

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SENSOR The basic principle of alcohol sensor is that potassium dichromate salt changes its colour when it reacts with alcohol. This is the principle of the alcohol detectors used by police. Initially the potassium dichromate is in orange color which when reacts with alcohol it turns green. This color change is detected by a photo sensor which generates signal as per the change of color

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3. CONSTRUCTION DESIGN OF SALT CHAMBER

The sensor equipment consists of potassium dichromate salt chamber in which potassium dichromate salt pellets are loaded against the pressure of the spring loaded piston. The chambers exit is closed by a solenoid port such that when the key is turned the solenoid gets energized and the port is opened. When the port is opened due to piston pressure as alt pellet is pushed into the testing chamber. DESIGN OF SALT EXIT PORT There is a necessity of the tested salt to be discharged efficiently from the testing chamber. For this a solenoid port is present at the base of the testing chamber. The solenoid is connected to the battery of the car through the ignition switch. When the key is turned the circuit closes which energizes the solenoid and pulls the soft iron core towards it. Due to this the port gets closed. When the key is turned off the solenoid is reenergized and by spring action the port is opened.

3.3 DESIGN OF THE TESTING CHAMBER

The testing chamber consist of the salt inlet port on the right, salt discharge port on the bottom along with the air inlet port, it consist of a LED on the right end and the photo sensor along math the air exhaust port on the top. NEED FOR LEDA white light emitting LED is present in the testing chamber to produce the 19

reference light. This reference light is used for the comparison of the change of color by the photo sensor. PHOTOSENSORA photo sensor is a device which can differentiate colors. Depending upon the variation in wavelength emitted by the object the photo sensor produces various electrical signals. Depending upon the electrical signal the ignition can be controlled.

3.4 NEED FOR CO2 SENSOR.

Initially the color of potassium did chromate is orange. When the driver is not drunken there will be no reaction taking place so there will be no change is color, if the driver is drunken there will be change in color. There is also one more instance in which the driver does not breathe in at all so there will be no change in color. If such is a case then the design is not fool proof. So in order to overcome this defect,CO2 sensors are installed in the system. CERAMIC SENSORSCO2 can be sensed by a ceramic sensor. The circuit consists of a testing chamber which consists of a ceramic sensor which detects the presence of CO2. The sensor consist of a ceramic material like zirconium which compares the carbon-didoxide level in the test chamber with that of pre programmed value and generates voltage as per the co2 content which is sent to the logic circuit. DESIGN OF LOGIC CIRCUIT The various possibilities arising the above circuit are 1. The driver is not drunken. 2. The driver is drunk

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3. The driver does not exhale into the mask at all. Consider the change of color of salt as logic 1 and no color change as logic zero. Consider the presence of co2 as logic 1 and the absence of co2 as logic 0

3.5 TRUTH TABLE FOR THE CIRCUIT

1. So if CO2 is detected and alcohol is is absent then power supply from battery reaches the spark plug.

2. If both alcohol and CO2 is detected then the supply from the battery will not reach the spark plug.

3. If both are undetected then also there will be no supply to the spark plug.

4.

SEQUENCE

OF

OPERATION

FOR

ALCOHOL

DETECTION

SYSTEM

WHILESTARTING

1.The driver puts the ignition key and gives the first step turn. This closes the electrical circuit of the car.

2. The solenoid port opens and the mask is dropped down, at the same time the salt inlet port of alcohol

Testing chamber is opened and exit port is closed.

3. The driver exhales into the mask.

4. Air reaches the testing chamber and detection process is carried out.

5. Depending upon the output the engine is cranked.

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4. DETECTION OF ALCOHOL DURING DRIVING

The fact used in this process is that on consumption of alcohol the pulse rate decreases. But the pulse rate varies significantly for different persons. So after intialtesting the pulse rate of the person is recorded using pulse sensors. The pulse sensors consist of very sensitive miniature pies film which gets deflected by the blood pulses. The number of pulses per minute is recorded by a counter circuit . The initial reading is taken as reference and periodic checks are made by the sensors, if there is significant reduction is pulse rate then the car stops.

4.1 DESIGN OF PULSE SENSORS

The pulse sensors consist of the pies electric transducers. The pies electric transducer can sense small mechanical vibrations produced by the blood pulse which assent to the microprocessor. The pies film was attached to the wrist with cloth athletic tape. The sensor was placed over the pulse point as shown in Figure. The adhesive on this tape is designed to be attached to the skin, and is breathable. It's a fairly weak adhesive which also allows the tape to be removed without damage to the pies element. We know that when a person gets drunk his pulse rate decreases. This principle is used in the detection process while driving. However the pulse rate may vary from person to persons when the driver has passed the test at the time of starting the car, his pulse rate is noted as the reference pulse rate. The pulse rate is then periodically checked and if there is drastic decrease in the pulse rate the car stops and to start the car he has to go through the process again.

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5.

ADVANTAGES

1. It helps in reducing road accident at a large extent.

2. It eradicates the inconvenience caused when a driver is pulled down by the police the check whether he has consumed alcohol.

3. The time taken for the test is maximum ten seconds

4. The cost for installation is very cheap.

5. Huge alteration in design of the car is not required.

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6. Breathalyzer

A law enforcement grade Breathalyzer A breathalyzer or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyser) is a device for estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample. Breathalyzer is the brand name of a series of models made by one manufacturer of breath alcohol testing instruments (originally Smith and Wesson, later sold to National Draeger), and is a registered trademark for such instruments.] In Canada, a preliminary non-evidentiary screening device can be approved by Parliament as an approved screening device, and an evidentiary breath instrument can be similarly designated as an approved instrument. The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for evidentiary use, as well as for preliminary screening use

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7. Origins
A 1927 paper produced by Emil Bogen,[4] who collected air in a football bladder and then tested this air for traces of alcohol, discovered that the alcohol content of 2 litres of expired air was a little greater than that of 1 cc of urine. However, research into the possibilities of using breath to test for alcohol in a person's body dates as far back as 1874, when Anstie made the observation that small amounts of alcohol were excreted in breath.[5] Also, in 1927 a Chicago chemist, W.D. McNalley, invented a breathalizer in which the breath moving through chemicals in water would change color. One use for his invention was for house wives to test whether their husbands had been drinking before letting them in the house.[6] The first practical roadside breath-testing device intended for use by the police was the drunkometer. The drunkometer was developed by Professor Rolla N. Harger in 1938.[7] The drunkometer collected a motorist's breath sample directly into a balloon inside the machine. The breath sample was then pumped through an acidified potassium permanganate solution. If there was alcohol in the breath sample, the solution changed colour. The greater the colour change, the more alcohol there was present in the breath. In late 1927, in a case in Marlborough, England, a Dr. Gorsky, Police Surgeon, asked a suspect to inflate a football bladder with his breath. Since the 2 liters of the man's breath contained 1.5 ml of ethanol,[dubious discuss] Dr. Gorsky testified before the court that the defendant was "50% drunk".[8] Though technologies for detecting alcohol vary, it is widely accepted that Dr. Robert Borkenstein (19122002), a captain with the Indiana State Police and later a professor at Indiana University at Bloomington, is regarded as the first to create a device that measures a subject's blood alcohol level based on a breath sample. In 1954, Borkenstein invented his Breathalyzer, which used chemical oxidation and photometry to determine alcohol concentration. Subsequent breath analyzers have converted primarily to infrared spectroscopy. The invention of the Breathalyzer provided law enforcement with a non-invasive test providing immediate results to determine an individual's breath alcohol concentration at the time of testing. Also, the breath alcohol concentration test result itself can vary between individuals consuming identical amounts of alcohol due to gender, weight, and genetic pre-disposition.
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It was in Britain, in 1967, that Tom Parry Jones developed and marketed the first electronic breathalyser. He established Lion Laboratories in Cardiff with his colleague, electrical engineer Bill Dulcie.[9] The Road Safety Act 1967 introduced the first legally enforceable maximum blood alcohol level for drivers in the UK, above which it became an offence to be in charge of a motor vehicle; and introduced the roadside breathalyser, made available to police forces across the country.[10] In 1979, Lion Laboratories' version of the breathalyser, known as the Alcolyser and incorporating crystal-filled tubes that changed colour above a certain level of alcohol in the breath, was approved for police use. Lion Laboratories won the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for the product in 1980, and it began to be marketed worldwide.[9] The Alcolyser was superseded by the Lion Intoximeter 3000 in 1983, and later by the Lion Alcolmeter and Lion Intoxilyser.[11] These later models used a fuel cell alcohol sensor rather than crystals, providing a more reliable kerbside test and removing the need for blood or urine samples to be taken at a police station. In 1991, Lion Laboratories was sold to the American company MPD, Inc.[9]

Chemistry
When the user exhales into a breath analyzer, any ethanol present in their breath is oxidized to acetic acid at the anode: CH3CH2OH(g) + H2O(l) CH3CO2H(l) + 4H+(aq) + 4eAt the cathode, atmospheric oxygen is reduced: O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- 2H2O(l) The overall reaction is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and water. CH3CH2OH(l) + O2(g) CH3COOH(l) + H2O(l)

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The electrical current produced by this reaction is measured by a microprocessor, and displayed as an approximation of overall blood alcohol content (BAC) by the Alcosensor. People who have drunk alcohol will release special gases. It will approach silica gel of strong oxidizing agent K2Cr2O7 .If the released gas contains ethanol (CH3CH2OH) steam , ethanol will be oxidized by chromium trioxide to form acetaldehyde. Meanwhile, CrO3 is restored as acetic acid [CH3COOH].

Law enforcement
Breath analyzers do not directly measure blood alcohol content or concentration, which requires the analysis of a blood sample. Instead, they estimate BAC indirectly by measuring the amount of alcohol in one's breath. Two breathalyzer technologies are most prevalent.

Desktop analyzers generally use infrared spectrophotometer technology, electrochemical fuel cell technology, or a combination of the two. Hand-held field testing devices are generally based on electrochemical platinum fuel cell analysis and, depending upon jurisdiction, may be used by officers in the field as a form of "field sobriety test" commonly called PBT (preliminary breath test) or PAS (preliminary alcohol screening) or as evidential devices in POA (point of arrest) testing.

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Consumer use
There are many models of consumer or personal breath alcohol testers on the market. These hand-held devices are generally less expensive than the devices used by law enforcement. Most retail consumer breath testers use semiconductor-based sensing technology, which is less expensive, less accurate, and less reliable than fuel cell and infrared devices.[12]

All breath alcohol testers sold to consumers in the United States are required to be certified by the Food and Drug Administration,[13] while those used by law enforcement must be approved by the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.[14]

Manufacturers of over-the-counter consumer breath analyzers must submit an FDA 510(k) Premarket Clearance to demonstrate that the device to be marketed is at least as safe and effective, that is, substantially equivalent, to a legally marketed device (21 CFR 807.92(a) (3)) that is not subject to Premarket Approval (PMA). Submitters must compare their device to one or more similar legally marketed devices and make and support their substantial equivalency claims.[15] The devices are cleared as "screeners" which means they have met the requirements used by the FDA for detecting the presence of alcohol in the breath. Screener certification does not mean that the device can measure breath alcohol content accurately. Many breath analyzers cleared by the FDA are very inaccurate when it comes to BAC measurement. No semiconductor device has ever been approved for evidential use (to stand-up in a court of law) by any State Law Enforcement Agencies or the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Public Breathalyzers are starting to become a popular method for consumers to test themselves at the source of alcohol consumption. They are now able to be found in almost any type of licensed
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business. Canadian Breath Analyzer Company[16] and ACS Corporation manufacture and distribute two separate and competing fuel cell models for public use. Canadian Breath Analyzer's unit utilizes a electrochemical fuel cell sensor which is the latest representation of public and mobile scanner technology. Fuel Cells are more expensive and also much more reliable than their semiconductor counterparts. CBA Company's unit is the CBA-FC-Multi and ACS Corp manufactures the Alcolab. These units are tested by the R.C.M.P. and endorsed to be as accurate as their handheld, roadside scanners.

In France, possession of such a device is a legal obligation from 1 July 2012. All drivers of terrestrial motor vehicles (with the exception of mopeds) must be in possession of an unexpired device, and be able to show that it is immediately available for use. Drivers of vehicles that are equipped with an electronic immobilizer breathalyzer are exempt from this requirement. Failure to carry a breathalyzer becomes a punishable offence from 1 November 2012. To be in compliance with this decree, the breathalyzer must conform to NF (NFX 20702).

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Breath test evidence in the United States

A Breathalyzer in action. The breath alcohol content reading is used in criminal prosecutions in two ways. The operator of a vehicle whose reading indicates a BAC over the legal limit for driving will be charged with having committed an illegal per se offense: that is, it is automatically illegal throughout the United States to drive a vehicle with a BrAC of 0.08 or higher. One exception is the state of Wisconsin, where a first time drunk driving offense is normally a civil ordinance violation. The uniformity is due to federal guidelines, since motor vehicle laws are states'; in earlier years the range of the threshold varied considerably between States. The breath analyzer reading will be offered as evidence of that crime, although the issue is what the BrAC was at the time of driving rather than at the time of the test. Some jurisdictions now allow the use of breath analyzer test results without regard as to how much time passed between operation of the vehicle and the time the test was administered.

The suspect will also be charged with driving under the influence of alcohol (sometimes referred to as driving or operating while intoxicated). While BrAC tests are not necessary to prove a defendant was under the influence, laws in most states require the jury to presume that he was under the influence if his

30

BrAC is found and believed to be over 0.08 (grams of alcohol/210 liters breath) when driving.[citation needed] This is a rebuttable presumption, however: the jury can disregard the test if they find it unreliable or if other evidence establishes a reasonable doubt. Infrared instruments are also known as "evidentiary breath testers" and generally produce courtadmissible results.[18] Other instruments, usually hand held in design, are known as "preliminary breath testers" (PBT), and their results, while valuable to an officer attempting to establish probable cause for a drunk driving arrest, are generally not admissible in court. Some states, such as Idaho, permit data or "readings" from hand-held PBTs to be presented as evidence in court.

If at all, they are generally only admissible to show the presence of alcohol or as a pass-fail field sobriety test to help determine probable cause to arrest. South Dakota does not permit data from any type of breath tester, and relies entirely on blood tests to ensure accuracy.

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8.Common sources of error

Breath testers can be very sensitive to temperature, for example, and will give false readings if not adjusted or recalibrated to account for ambient or surrounding air temperatures. The temperature of the subject is also very important. Breathing pattern can also significantly affect breath test results. One study found that the BAC readings of subjects decreased 1114% after running up one flight of stairs and 2225% after doing so twice[citation needed]. Another study found a 15% decrease in BAC readings after vigorous exercise or hyperventilation[citation
needed]

. Hyperventilation for 20 seconds has been shown to

lower the reading by approximately 11%. On the other hand, holding one's breath for 30 seconds can increase the breath test result by about 16%.[19] Some breath analysis machines assume a hematocrit (cell volume of blood) of 47%. However, hematocrit values range from 42 to 52% in men and from 37 to 47% in women. It has been theorized that a person with a lower hematocrit will have a falsely high BAC reading. Research indicates that breath tests can vary at least 15% from actual blood alcohol concentration. An estimated 23% of individuals tested will have a BAC reading higher than their true BAC. Police in Victoria, Australia, use breathalyzers that give a recognized 20% tolerance on readings. Noel Ashby, former Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner (Traffic & Transport), claims that this tolerance is to allow for different body types.

Calibration
Many handheld breath analyzers sold to consumers use a silicon oxide sensor (also called a semiconductor sensor) to determine the blood alcohol concentration. These sensors are far more prone to contamination and interference from substances other than breath alcohol. The sensors require recalibration or replacement every six months. Higher end personal breath analyzers and professional-use breath alcohol testers use platinum fuel cell sensors. These too require recalibration but at less frequent intervals than semiconductor devices, usually once a year.
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Calibration is the process of checking and adjusting the internal settings of a breath analyzer by comparing and adjusting its test results to a known alcohol standard. Law enforcement breath analyzers are meticulously maintained and re-calibrated frequently to ensure accuracy. There are two methods of calibrating a precision fuel cell breath analyzer, the Wet Bath and the Dry Gas method. Each method requires specialized equipment and factory trained technicians. It is not a procedure that can be conducted by untrained users or without the proper equipment. The Dry-Gas Method utilizes a portable calibration standard which is a precise mixture of alcohol and inert nitrogen available in a pressurized canister. Initial equipment costs are less than alternative methods and the steps required are fewer. The equipment is also portable allowing calibrations to be done when and where required. The Wet Bath Method utilizes an alcohol/water standard in a precise specialized alcohol concentration, contained and delivered in specialized simulator equipment. Wet bath apparatus has a higher initial cost and is not intended to be portable. The standard must be fresh and replaced regularly. Some semiconductor models are designed specifically to allow the sensor module to be replaced without the need to send the unit to a calibration lab.

Non-specific analysis
One major problem with older breath analyzers is non-specificity: the machines not only identify the ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) found in alcoholic beverages, but also other substances similar in molecular structure or reactivity. The oldest breath analyzer models pass breath through a solution of potassium dichromate, which oxidizes ethanol into acetic acid, changing color in the process. A monochromatic light beam is passed through this sample, and a detector records the change in intensity and, hence, the
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change in color, which is used to calculate the percent alcohol in the breath. However, since potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by it, producing false positives. This source of false positives is unlikely as very few other substances found in exhaled air are oxidizable. Infrared-based breath analyzers project an infrared beam of radiation through the captured breath in the sample chamber and detect the absorbance of the compound as a function of the wavelength of the beam, producing an absorbance spectrum that can be used to identify the compound, as the absorbance is due to the harmonic vibration and stretching of specific bonds in the molecule at specific wavelengths (see infrared spectroscopy). The characteristic bond of alcohols in infrared is the O-H bond, which gives a strong absorbance at a short wavelength. The more light is absorbed by compounds containing the alcohol group, the less reaches the detector on the other sideand the higher the reading. Other groups, most notably aromatic rings and carboxylic acids can give similar absorbance readings.

Interfering compounds
Some natural and volatile interfering compounds do exist, however. For example, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has found that dieters and diabetics may have acetone levels hundreds or even thousand of times higher than those in others. Acetone is one of the many substances that can be falsely identified as ethyl alcohol by some breath machines. However, fuel cell based systems are non-responsive to substances like acetone. Substances in the environment can also lead to false BAC readings. For example, methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE), a common gasoline additive, has been alleged anecdotally to cause false positives in persons exposed to it. Tests have shown this to be true for older machines; however, newer machines detect this interference and compensate for it.[22] Any number of other products found in the environment or workplace can also cause erroneous BAC results. These include

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compounds found in lacquer, paint remover, celluloid, gasoline, and cleaning fluids, especially ethers, alcohols, and other volatile compounds.

Homeostatic variables
Breath analyzers assume that the subject being tested has a 2100-to-1 partition ratio[23] in converting alcohol measured in the breath to estimates of alcohol in the blood. If the instrument estimates the BAC, then it measures weight of alcohol to volume of breath, so it will effectively measure grams of alcohol per 2100 ml of breath given. This measure is in direct proportion to the amount of grams of alcohol to every 1 ml of blood. Therefore, there is a 2100-to-1 ratio of alcohol in blood to alcohol in breath. However, this assumed partition ratio varies from 1300:1 to 3100:1 or wider among individuals and within a given individual over time. Assuming a true (and US legal) blood-alcohol concentration of .07%, for example, a person with a partition ratio of 1500:1 would have a breath test reading of .10%over the legal limit. Most individuals do, in fact, have a 2100-to-1 partition ratio in accordance with William Henry's law, which states that when the water solution of a volatile compound is brought into equilibrium with air, there is a fixed ratio between the concentration of the compound in air and its concentration in water. This ratio is constant at a given temperature. The human body is 37 degrees Celsius on average. Breath leaves the mouth at a temperature of 34 degrees Celsius. Alcohol in the body obeys Henry's Law as it is a volatile compound and diffuses in body water. To ensure that variables such as fever and hypothermia could not be pointed out to influence the results in a way that was harmful to the accused, the instrument is calibrated at a ratio of 2100:1, underestimating by 9 percent. In order for a person running a fever to significantly overestimate, he would have to have a fever that would likely see the subject in the hospital rather than driving in the first place. Studies suggest that about 1.8% of the population have a partition ratio below 2100:1. Thus, a machine using a 2100-to-1 ratio could actually overestimate the BAC. As much as 14% of the population has a partition ratio above 2100, thus causing the machine to under35

report the BAC. Further, the assumption that the test subject's partition ratio will be average that there will be 2100 parts in the blood for every part in the breathmeans that accurate analysis of a given individual's blood alcohol by measuring breath alcohol is difficult, as the ratio varies considerably. Variance in how much one breathes out can also give false readings, usually low. This is due to biological variance in breath alcohol concentration as a function of the volume of air in the lungs, an example of a factor which interferes with the liquid-gas equilibrium assumed by the devices. The presence of volatile components is another example of this; mixtures of volatile compounds can be more volatile than their components, which can create artificially high levels of ethanol (or other) vapors relative to the normal biological blood/breath alcohol equilibrium.

Mouth alcohol
One of the most common causes of falsely high breath analyzer readings is the existence of mouth alcohol. In analyzing a subject's breath sample, the breath analyzer's internal computer is making the assumption that the alcohol in the breath sample came from alveolar airthat is, air exhaled from deep within the lungs. However, alcohol may have come from the mouth, throat or stomach for a number of reasons. To help guard against mouth-alcohol contamination, certified breath-test operators are trained to observe a test subject carefully for at least 1520 minutes before administering the test. The problem with mouth alcohol being analyzed by the breath analyzer is that it was not absorbed through the stomach and intestines and passed through the blood to the lungs. In other words, the machine's computer is mistakenly applying the partition ratio (see above) and multiplying the result. Consequently, a very tiny amount of alcohol from the mouth, throat or stomach can have a significant impact on the breath-alcohol reading. Other than recent drinking, the most common source of mouth alcohol is from belching or burping[citation
needed]

. This causes the liquids and/or gases from the stomachincluding any

alcoholto rise up into the soft tissue of the esophagus and oral cavity, where it will stay until it has dissipated. The American Medical Association concludes in its Manual for Chemical Tests for Intoxication (1959): "True reactions with alcohol in expired breath from sources other than
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the alveolar air (eructation, regurgitation, vomiting) will, of course, vitiate the breath alcohol results." For this reason, police officers are supposed to keep a DUI suspect under observation for at least 15 minutes prior to administering a breath test. Instruments such as the Intoxilyzer 5000 also feature a "slope" parameter. This parameter detects any decrease in alcohol concentration of 0.006 g per 210 L of breath in 0.6 second, a condition indicative of residual mouth alcohol, and will result in an "invalid sample" warning to the operator, notifying the operator of the presence of the residual mouth alcohol. PBT's, however, feature no such safeguard. Acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, can greatly exacerbate the mouth-alcohol problem. The stomach is normally separated from the throat by a valve, but when this valve becomes herniated, there is nothing to stop the liquid contents in the stomach from rising and permeating the esophagus and mouth. The contentsincluding any alcoholare then later exhaled into the breathalyzer. Experiments on individuals suffering from this condition did not find any actual increase in Breath Ethanol. Mouth alcohol can also be created in other ways. Dentures, some have theorized, will trap alcohol, although experiments have shown no difference if the normal 15 minute observation period is observed.[26] Periodontal disease can also create pockets in the gums which will contain the alcohol for longer periods Also known to produce false results due to residual alcohol in the mouth is passionate kissing with an intoxicated person[citation needed]. Recent use of mouthwash or breath fresheners can skew results upward as they can contain fairly high levels of alcohol

Testing during absorptive phase

Absorption of alcohol continues for anywhere from 20 minutes (on an empty stomach) to twoand-one-half hours (on a full stomach) after the last consumption. Peak absorption generally occurs within an hour. During the initial absorptive phase, the distribution of alcohol throughout the body is not uniform. Uniformity of distribution, called equilibrium, occurs just as absorption completes. In other words, some parts of the body will have a higher blood alcohol content (BAC) than others. One aspect of the non-uniformity before absorption is complete is that the BAC in arterial blood will be higher than in venous blood. Other false positive of high BAC and
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also blood reading are related to Patients with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney metabolization and failure. The metabolization rate of related patients with kidney damage is abnormal in relation to percent in alcohol in the breath. However, since potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by kidney and blood filtration, producing false positives. During the initial absorption phase, arterial blood alcohol concentrations are higher than venous. After absorption, venous blood is higher. This is especially true with bolus dosing. With additional doses of alcohol, the body can reach a sustained equilibrium when absorption and elimination are proportional, calculating a general absorption rate of 0.02/drink and a general elimination rate of 0.015/hour. (One drink is equal to 1.5 ounces of liquor, 12 ounces of beer, or 5 ounces of wine. Breath alcohol is a representation of the equilibrium of alcohol concentration as the blood gases (alcohol) pass from the (arterial) blood into the lungs to be expired in the breath. Arterial blood distributes oxygen throughout the body. Breath alcohol concentrations are generally lower than blood alcohol concentrations, because a true representation of blood alcohol concentration is only possible if the lungs were able to completely deflate. Vitreous (eye) fluid provides the most accurate account of blood alcohol concentration

Retrograde extrapolation
The breath analyzer test is usually administered at a police station, commonly an hour or more after the arrest. Although this gives the BrAC at the time of the test, it does not by itself answer the question of what it was at the time of driving. The prosecution typically provides an estimated alcohol concentration at the time of driving utilizing retrograde extrapolation, presented by expert opinion. This involves projecting back in time to estimate the BrAC level at the time of driving, by applying the physiological properties of absorption and elimination rates in the human body.

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9.Photovoltaic assay
The photovoltaic assay, used only in the dated Photo Electric Intoximeter (PEI), is a form of breath testing rarely encountered today. The process works by using photocells to analyze the color change of a redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction. A breath sample is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate, and silver nitrate. The silver nitrate acts as a catalyst, allowing the alcohol to be oxidized at an appreciable rate. The requisite acidic condition needed for the reaction might also be provided by the sulfuric acid. In solution, ethanol reacts with the potassium dichromate, reducing the dichromate ion to the chromium (III) ion. This reduction results in a change of the solution's color from red-orange to green. The reacted solution is compared to a vial of non-reacted solution by a photocell, which creates an electric current proportional to the degree of the color change; this current moves the needle that indicates BAC. Like other methods, breath testing devices using chemical analysis are somewhat prone to false readings. Compounds that have compositions similar to ethanol, for example, could also act as reducing agents, creating the necessary color change to indicate increased BAC.

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Breath analyzer myths

There are a number of substances or techniques that can supposedly "fool" a breath analyzer (i.e., generate a lower blood alcohol content). A 2003 episode of the popular science television show MythBusters tested a number of methods that supposedly allow a person to fool a breath analyzer test.

The methods tested included breath mints, onions, denture cream, mouthwash, pennies and batteries; all of these methods proved ineffective. The show noted that using items such as breath mints, onions, denture cream and mouthwash to cover the smell of alcohol may fool a person, but, since they will not actually reduce a person's BAC, there will be no effect on a breath analyzer test regardless of the quantity used, if any, it appeared that using mouthwash only raised the BAC. Pennies supposedly produce a chemical reaction, while batteries supposedly create an electrical charge, yet neither of these methods affected the breath analyzer results. The Mythbusters episode also pointed out another complication: It would be necessary to insert the item into one's mouth (e.g. eat an onion, rinse with mouthwash, conceal a battery), take the breath test, and then possibly remove the item all of which would have to be accomplished discreetly enough to avoid alerting the police officers administering the test (who would obviously become very suspicious if they noticed that a person was inserting items into their mouth prior to taking a breath test). It would likely be very difficult, especially for someone in an intoxicated state, to be able to accomplish such a feat.

40

In addition, the show noted that breath tests are often verified with blood tests (which are more accurate) and that even if a person somehow managed to fool a breath test, a blood test would certainly confirm a person's guilt. However, it is not clear why a negative breath test would be verified by a subsequent blood test. Other substances that might reduce the BAC reading include a bag of activated charcoal concealed in the mouth (to absorb alcohol vapor), an oxidizing gas (such as N2O, Cl2, O3, etc.) that would fool a fuel cell type detector, or an organic interfering to fool an infrared absorption detector. The infrared absorption detector is more vulnerable to interference than a laboratory instrument measuring a continuous absorption spectrum since it only makes measurements at particular discrete wavelengths. However, due to the fact that any interference can only cause higher absorption, not lower, the estimated blood alcohol content will be overestimated. Additionally, Cl2 is rather toxic and corrosive. A 2007 episode of the Spike network's show Manswers showed some of the more common and not-so-common ways of attempts to beat the breath analyzer, none of which work. Test 1 was to suck on a copper-coated coin such as a penny. Test 2 was to hold a battery on the tongue. Test 3 was to chew gum. None of these tests showed a "pass" reading if the subject had consumed alcohol.

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10.Products that interfere with testing

On the other hand, products such as mouthwash or breath spray can "fool" breath machines by significantly raising test results. Listerine mouthwash, for example, contains 27% alcohol. The breath machine is calibrated with the assumption that the alcohol is coming from alcohol in the blood diffusing into the lung rather than directly from the mouth, so it applies a partition ratio of 2100:1 in computing blood alcohol concentrationresulting in a false high test reading. To counter this, officers are not supposed to administer a PBT for 15 minutes after the subject eats, vomits, or puts anything in their mouth. In addition, most instruments require that the individual be tested twice at least two minutes apart. Mouthwash or other mouth alcohol will have somewhat dissipated after two minutes and cause the second reading to disagree with the first, requiring a retest. (Also see the discussion of the "slope parameter" of the Intoxilyzer 5000 in the "Mouth Alcohol" section above.) This was clearly illustrated in a study conducted with Listerine mouthwash on a breath machine and reported in an article entitled "Field Sobriety Testing: Intoxilyzers and Listerine Antiseptic" published in the July 1985 issue of The Police Chief (p. 70). Seven individuals were tested at a police station, with readings of 0.00%. Each then rinsed his mouth with 20 milliliters of Listerine mouthwash for 30 seconds in accordance with directions on the label. All seven were then tested on the machine at intervals of one, three, five and ten minutes. The results indicated an average reading of 0.43 blood-alcohol concentration, indicating a level that, if accurate, approaches lethal proportions. After three minutes, the average level was still 0.020, despite the absence of any alcohol in the system. Even after five minutes, the average level was 0.011. In another study, reported in 8(22) Drinking/Driving Law Letter 1, a scientist tested the effects of Binaca breath spray on an Intoxilyzer 5000. He performed 23 tests with subjects who sprayed their throats and obtained readings as high as 0.81far beyond lethal levels. The scientist also noted that the effects of the spray did not fall below detectable levels until after 18 minutes.

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11.CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

Our system efficiently checks the wearing of helmet and drunken driving. By implementing this system a safe two wheeler journey is possible which would decrease the head injuries during accidents and also reduce the accident rate due to drunken driving. This system also indicates No parking area which would reduce the crowd of the vehicle in those areas. No entry area is mainly allocated during the construc-tion or repairing of the road, if the rider enters in such area this system would immediately intimate as No entry area and vehicle will stop automatically. In case of any accident it would send the messages to the friends continuously about the location of the accident happened till the first aid reaches the rider. Our system helps to know the location of the vehicle for rescuing in the case of theft incidents.

Thus a design to efficiently check drunken driving has been developed. By implementing this design a safe car journey is possible decreasing the accident rate due to drinking. By implementing this design drunken drivers can be controlled so are the accidents due to drunken driving. Government must enforce laws to install such circuit is every car which are already on road and must regulate all car companies to preinstall such mechanisms while manufacturing the car itself. If this is achieved the deaths due to drunken drivers can be brought to zero percent.

In future we planned to fabricate our intelligent system in a compact size and as well as globally acceptable to notify the No entry and No parking areas. Government must enforce laws to install such system in every two wheeler. By imple-menting such mechanism in two wheelers, the deaths due to drunken driving and other road fatalities can be brought to zero percent.

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12.References
[1] Road accidents in India [online] 2007 June 25. Available from: URL:

http://www.easydriveforum.com/f44-share-your-road-experience/road-accidents-in-india834.html

[2] Articles base directory [online] 2011 Feb. 16 Available from: URL: http://www.dwworld.de/dw/article/0,,5519345,00.html

[3] Article

from

The

Hindu

[online]

2011

Feb.

10

Available

from:

URL:http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/10/stories/201102106374050 0.htm [4] Yue Cheng Wu, Yun-qing Xia &, Zhegiang, Multichannel reflective PPG earpiece sensor with passive motion cancellation Biomedical

Circuits &System, IEEE, 2007, PP 235-241.

[5] Drunk Drivers Beware Of Saab De-vice,[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/drunk-driversbeware-saab-device.html] driveproof

[6] Nissan

to

drink

its

vehicles,September

2006,[http://www.nissanglobal.com/EN/NEWS/2007/_STORY/07 0723-01] [7] Honglie Leng,Yingzi Lin, Design & Experimental study of CNT sensor for measuring alcohol content with short response delay

IEEE Sensor Journal, 2010, PP 1091-1097. [8] William R. Reagen, (1979) Auto theft detection system US4177466

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[9] Shegeyki Kojima, Shinitirou Maeda, Yumi Ogura, Non-invasive biological sensor system for detection of drunk driving Information

Technology & applications in biomedicine, 9th international confe-rence, 2009, PP 1-4. Jiangpeng Dai, Jin Teng, Xiaole Bai, Zhaohui Shen Mobile Phone based Drunk

[10]

Driving Detection Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare 2010, 4th International IEEE Conference, March 2010,PP 1-8. Lei Wang, Benny PL Lo and Guang-Zhong Yang Multichannel Ref-lective PPG

[11]

Earpiece Sensor with Passive Motion Cancellation IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems, December 2007, PP 235-242.

[12]

I.V.N.S Aditya, Radha Krishna Murthy, Lt. Ravindra Babu Kallam,

Alternate Method for the Failure of Antitheft Device used in Motor Vehicles International Journal of Computer Applications, Volume 13, No.6, January 2011,PP 023-026.

[13]

Darnell; Ralph D. (Friendswood, TX), Douglas; Claude C. (Houston, TX) (1991),

Cellular Position Locating System US 5,043,736 (US Pa-tent) Heng K W J, Lee A H P, Zhu S, Tham K Y, Helmet use and bicycle-related trauma in

[14]

patients presenting to an acute hospital in Singa-pore, Singapore Med J 2006, PP 367-372 Alex Tay, Javier Ibanez Guzman, A Global Path Planning System using Local

[15]

Navigation Strategies, Proceedings of the 32nd Interna-tional Symposium on Robotics, April 2001,PP 329-336.

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