Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unidade I
Modelagem Matemtica
Resoluo Analtica e Numrica
Computadores, Algoritmos e Linguagens
Base numrica nos computadores
Tipos de Erros
2
Introduo
A natureza extremamente complexa. Para tentar entend-la,
criam-se modelos que seguem leis mais simples do que a rica
realidade, dando resultados aproximados.
Essas leis, que procuram simular a natureza, so, em geral,
expressas matematicamente. As formulaes matemticas,
embora simplificaes do que se passa na realidade, ainda
assim, com freqncia, so muito complexas para serem
resolvidas analiticamente.
comum a lei fsica ser expressa por uma equao diferencial
cuja soluo exata no possvel de ser obtida. Mesmo um
clculo de raiz, aparentemente simples, pode exigir operaes
que transcendam as contas elementares. Uma integral definida,
nem muito complexa em sua formulao, pode no ser
analiticamente resolvida.
3
Y
Yi
1.
2
X
Yi
X
Yi
i a iterao
Deve-se repetir o processo at obter a preciso desejada
5
Exemplo Numrico:
50
Soluo:
x
50
Yi
50.000000
25.500000
13.730392
8.685974
7.221190
7.072628
7.071068
7.071068
7.071068
7.071068
Yi+1
25.5000000
13.7303922
8.6859744
7.2211905
7.0726283
7.0710680
7.0710678
7.0710678
7.0710678
7.0710678
Iterao (i)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Erro %
49.0000000%
46.1553249%
36.7390656%
16.8637833%
2.0573090%
0.0220610%
0.0000024%
0.0000000%
0.0000000%
0.0000000%
6
Exerccio - Calcule:
Y
x
144
Yi
200.000000
100.360000
50.897417
26.863319
16.111894
12.524695
12.010990
12.000005
12.000000
12.000000
144
Yi+1
100.3600000
50.8974173
26.8633187
16.1118941
12.5246954
12.0109905
12.0000050
12.0000000
12.0000000
12.0000000
Iterao (i)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Erro %
49.8200000%
49.2851561%
47.2206643%
40.0226969%
22.2642893%
4.1015360%
0.0914618%
0.0000419%
0.0000000%
0.0000000%
25
1
25 = 11001
12
10
d) ( 1 0 1 1 1 0 )2
b) ( 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 )2
e) ( 0 1 1 0 1 )2
c) ( 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0)2
f) ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 )2
d) ( 1 )10
b) ( 2 2 )10
e) ( 3 2 5 )10
c) ( 0 )10
f) ( 1 0 1 0 0 1)10
11
12
Unidade II
Isolamento de Razes
Mtodo da Bisseo
Mtodo de Newton-Raphson
Mtodo da Secante (Corda)
13
14
15
2.x 3
F( x)
5
Algbrica
5
4
3
2
1
F( x )
1
2
3
4
5
5
0
0
3
x
5
5
16
F( x)
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
xe
0.00000
0.00000
1.25000
1.25000
1.25000
1.40625
1.48438
1.48438
1.48438
1.49414
1.49902
1.49902
1.49902
1.49963
1.49994
1.49994
1.49994
1.49998
1.50000
2.x 3
xd
5.00000
2.50000
2.50000
1.87500
1.56250
1.56250
1.56250
1.52344
1.50391
1.50391
1.50391
1.50146
1.50024
1.50024
1.50024
1.50009
1.50002
1.50002
1.50002
Bisseo
xm
2.50000
1.25000
1.87500
1.56250
1.40625
1.48438
1.52344
1.50391
1.49414
1.49902
1.50146
1.50024
1.49963
1.49994
1.50009
1.50002
1.49998
1.50000
1.50001
f(xe)
3.00000
3.00000
0.50000
0.50000
0.50000
0.18750
0.03125
0.03125
0.03125
0.01172
0.00195
0.00195
0.00195
0.00073
0.00012
0.00012
0.00012
0.00005
0.00001
f(xd)
-7.00000
-2.00000
-2.00000
-0.75000
-0.12500
-0.12500
-0.12500
-0.04688
-0.00781
-0.00781
-0.00781
-0.00293
-0.00049
-0.00049
-0.00049
-0.00018
-0.00003
-0.00003
-0.00003
f(xm)
-2.00000
0.50000
-0.75000
-0.12500
0.18750
0.03125
-0.04688
-0.00781
0.01172
0.00195
-0.00293
-0.00049
0.00073
0.00012
-0.00018
-0.00003
0.00005
0.00001
-0.00001
erro
----100.00000%
33.33333%
20.00000%
11.11111%
5.26316%
2.56410%
1.29870%
0.65359%
0.32573%
0.16260%
0.08137%
0.04070%
0.02035%
0.01017%
0.00509%
0.00254%
0.00127%
0.00064%
17
F( x) e
1
3.x
Transcendente!!!
0.5
F( x )
0
0.5
1
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
x
1.6
2
18
Bisseo
F( x) e
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
xe
0.00000
0.50000
0.50000
0.50000
0.56250
0.59375
0.60938
0.61719
0.61719
0.61719
0.61816
0.61865
0.61890
0.61902
0.61902
0.61905
0.61905
0.61906
0.61906
3.x
xd
1.00000
1.00000
0.75000
0.62500
0.62500
0.62500
0.62500
0.62500
0.62109
0.61914
0.61914
0.61914
0.61914
0.61914
0.61908
0.61908
0.61906
0.61906
0.61906
xm
0.50000
0.75000
0.62500
0.56250
0.59375
0.60938
0.61719
0.62109
0.61914
0.61816
0.61865
0.61890
0.61902
0.61908
0.61905
0.61906
0.61906
0.61906
0.61906
f(xe)
1.00000
0.14872
0.14872
0.14872
0.06755
0.02952
0.01116
0.00214
0.00214
0.00214
0.00103
0.00047
0.00019
0.00005
0.00005
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00000
f(xd)
-0.28172
-0.28172
-0.13300
-0.00675
-0.00675
-0.00675
-0.00675
-0.00675
-0.00232
-0.00009
-0.00009
-0.00009
-0.00009
-0.00009
-0.00002
-0.00002
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
f(xm)
0.14872
-0.13300
-0.00675
0.06755
0.02952
0.01116
0.00214
-0.00232
-0.00009
0.00103
0.00047
0.00019
0.00005
-0.00002
0.00001
0.00000
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
erro
--33.3333%
20.0000%
11.1111%
5.2632%
2.5641%
1.2658%
0.6289%
0.3155%
0.1580%
0.0789%
0.0394%
0.0197%
0.0099%
0.0049%
0.0025%
0.0012%
0.0006%
0.0003%
19
Bisseo
F( x) e
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
xe
1.00000
1.50000
1.50000
1.50000
1.50000
1.50000
1.50000
1.50781
1.51172
1.51172
1.51172
1.51172
1.51196
1.51208
1.51208
1.51212
1.51213
1.51213
1.51213
3.x
xd
2.00000
2.00000
1.75000
1.62500
1.56250
1.53125
1.51563
1.51563
1.51563
1.51367
1.51270
1.51221
1.51221
1.51221
1.51215
1.51215
1.51215
1.51214
1.51213
xm
1.50000
1.75000
1.62500
1.56250
1.53125
1.51563
1.50781
1.51172
1.51367
1.51270
1.51221
1.51196
1.51208
1.51215
1.51212
1.51213
1.51214
1.51213
1.51213
f(xe)
-0.28172
-0.01831
-0.01831
-0.01831
-0.01831
-0.01831
-0.01831
-0.00660
-0.00064
-0.00064
-0.00064
-0.00064
-0.00026
-0.00008
-0.00008
-0.00003
-0.00001
-0.00001
-0.00001
f(xd)
1.38906
1.38906
0.50460
0.20342
0.08323
0.03020
0.00539
0.00539
0.00539
0.00237
0.00086
0.00011
0.00011
0.00011
0.00002
0.00002
0.00002
0.00001
0.00000
f(xm)
-0.01831
0.50460
0.20342
0.08323
0.03020
0.00539
-0.00660
-0.00064
0.00237
0.00086
0.00011
-0.00026
-0.00008
0.00002
-0.00003
-0.00001
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
erro
--14.2857%
7.6923%
4.0000%
2.0408%
1.0309%
0.5181%
0.2584%
0.1290%
0.0646%
0.0323%
0.0161%
0.0081%
0.0040%
0.0020%
0.0010%
0.0005%
0.0003%
0.0001%
20
Resumo
Mtodo da bisseo
aplicao simples
convergncia garantida
exige intervalo vlido para iniciar
convergncia lenta
encontra somente uma raiz no intervalo
obter uma primeira aproximao
resolver problema nico
21
22
2.x 3
F( x)
i
0
1
2
xi
5.00000
1.50000
1.50000
F( x) e
Newton-Raphson
f(xi)
-7.00000
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
-2.00000
-2.00000
-2.00000
x i+1
1.50000
1.50000
1.50000
erro
---233.33333%
0.00000
3.x
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
xi
-1.00000
0.27953
0.56801
0.61717
0.61906
0.61906
f(xi)
3.36788
0.48392
0.06072
0.00217
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
-2.63212
-1.67749
-1.23525
-1.14633
-1.14282
-1.14282
x i+1
0.27953
0.56801
0.61717
0.61906
0.61906
0.61906
erro
---457.742%
50.787%
7.965%
0.305%
0.000%
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
xi
2.00000
1.68352
1.54348
1.51349
1.51214
1.51213
f(xi)
1.38906
0.33391
0.05041
0.00208
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
4.38906
2.38447
1.68086
1.54255
1.53642
1.53640
x i+1
1.68352
1.54348
1.51349
1.51214
1.51213
1.51213
erro
---18.799%
9.073%
1.982%
0.089%
0.000%
23
Resumo
Mtodo de Newton-Raphson
convergncia muito rpida
Requer o conhecimento da forma
analtica da derivada da funo
Indicado para qualquer funo sempre que
for possvel determinar a sua derivada
24
25
Cordas (Secante)
3.x
a
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
f(a)
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
F( x) e
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
b
1.00000
0.78020
0.67335
0.63568
0.62399
0.62051
0.61949
0.61919
0.61910
0.61907
0.61906
f(b)
-0.28172
-0.15869
-0.05925
-0.01874
-0.00561
-0.00165
-0.00048
-0.00014
-0.00004
-0.00001
0.00000
Ze
0.78020
0.67335
0.63568
0.62399
0.62051
0.61949
0.61919
0.61910
0.61907
0.61906
0.61906
f(Ze)
-0.15869
-0.05925
-0.01874
-0.00561
-0.00165
-0.00048
-0.00014
-0.00004
-0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
erro
---15.869%
5.925%
1.874%
0.561%
0.165%
0.048%
0.014%
0.004%
0.001%
0.000%
26
F( x) e
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
a
1.00000
1.16862
1.31152
1.40666
1.46017
1.48741
1.50057
1.50677
1.50966
1.51099
1.51161
1.51189
1.51202
1.51208
1.51211
1.51212
3.x
Cordas (Secante)
f(a)
-0.28172
-0.28831
-0.22275
-0.13768
-0.07382
-0.03661
-0.01746
-0.00817
-0.00379
-0.00175
-0.00081
-0.00037
-0.00017
-0.00008
-0.00004
-0.00002
b
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
f(b)
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
1.38906
Ze
1.16862
1.31152
1.40666
1.46017
1.48741
1.50057
1.50677
1.50966
1.51099
1.51161
1.51189
1.51202
1.51208
1.51211
1.51212
1.51213
f(Ze)
-0.28831
-0.22275
-0.13768
-0.07382
-0.03661
-0.01746
-0.00817
-0.00379
-0.00175
-0.00081
-0.00037
-0.00017
-0.00008
-0.00004
-0.00002
-0.00001
erro
---10.896%
6.764%
3.664%
1.831%
0.877%
0.411%
0.191%
0.088%
0.041%
0.019%
0.009%
0.004%
0.002%
0.001%
0.000%
27
Resumo
Mtodo de Cordas (Secante)
No requer conhecimento da derivada
Se o zero estimado estiver prximo do
verdadeiro, tem convergncia rpida
Dependendo da estimativa inicial, pode
at ser mais lento que a bisseo
Indicado quando se tem uma idia da
posio da raiz.
28
Outros Mtodos:
Pgaso
Iterao Linear
29
Exerccios:
1) F( x) e
20
0.1 .x
10
20
10
F( x )
0
0
10 10
5
5
2.5
0
x
2.5
5
5
Soluo (Bisseo):
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
xe
2.50000
3.00000
3.00000
3.00000
3.00000
3.03125
3.03125
3.03906
3.04297
3.04297
3.04297
3.04297
3.04321
3.04333
3.04340
3.04340
3.04341
xd
3.50000
3.50000
3.25000
3.12500
3.06250
3.06250
3.04688
3.04688
3.04688
3.04492
3.04395
3.04346
3.04346
3.04346
3.04346
3.04343
3.04343
xm
3.00000
3.25000
3.12500
3.06250
3.03125
3.04688
3.03906
3.04297
3.04492
3.04395
3.04346
3.04321
3.04333
3.04340
3.04343
3.04341
3.04342
f(xe)
-2.97120
-0.25918
-0.25918
-0.25918
-0.25918
-0.07302
-0.07302
-0.02617
-0.00270
-0.00270
-0.00270
-0.00270
-0.00123
-0.00050
-0.00013
-0.00013
-0.00004
f(xd)
2.95469
2.95469
1.28503
0.49724
0.11511
0.11511
0.02080
0.02080
0.02080
0.00905
0.00317
0.00024
0.00024
0.00024
0.00024
0.00005
0.00005
f(xm)
-0.25918
1.28503
0.49724
0.11511
-0.07302
0.02080
-0.02617
-0.00270
0.00905
0.00317
0.00024
-0.00123
-0.00050
-0.00013
0.00005
-0.00004
0.00001
erro
--7.6923%
4.0000%
2.0408%
1.0309%
0.5128%
0.2571%
0.1284%
0.0641%
0.0321%
0.0160%
0.0080%
0.0040%
0.0020%
0.0010%
0.0005%
0.0003%
31
Soluo (Newton-Raphson):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi
10.00000
5.47328
3.58736
3.08521
3.04371
3.04342
3.04342
f(xi)
90.36788
20.53528
3.56768
0.25305
0.00173
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
19.96321
10.88871
7.10485
6.09696
6.01365
6.01307
6.01307
x i+1
5.47328
3.58736
3.08521
3.04371
3.04342
3.04342
3.04342
erro
--82.70581%
52.57144%
16.27593%
1.36359%
0.00945%
0.00000%
Soluo (Secante):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
2.50000
3.00139
3.04042
3.04321
3.04340
3.04342
3.04342
f(a)
-2.97120
-0.25092
-0.01800
-0.00128
-0.00009
-0.00001
0.00000
b
3.50000
3.50000
3.50000
3.50000
3.50000
3.50000
3.50000
f(b)
2.95469
2.95469
2.95469
2.95469
2.95469
2.95469
2.95469
Ze
3.00139
3.04042
3.04321
3.04340
3.04342
3.04342
3.04342
f(Ze)
-0.25092
-0.01800
-0.00128
-0.00009
-0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
erro
---1.28368%
0.09145%
0.00648%
0.00046%
0.00003%
0.00000%
32
Exerccios:
0.1 .x
2) F( x) e
20
10
20
10
F( x )
0
0
10 10
5
5
2.5
0
x
2.5
5
5
Soluo (Bisseo):
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
xe
-3.50000
-3.00000
-3.00000
-3.00000
-3.00000
-2.96875
-2.95313
-2.94531
-2.94531
-2.94336
-2.94336
-2.94287
-2.94263
-2.94250
-2.94244
-2.94244
-2.94244
xd
-2.50000
-2.50000
-2.75000
-2.87500
-2.93750
-2.93750
-2.93750
-2.93750
-2.94141
-2.94141
-2.94238
-2.94238
-2.94238
-2.94238
-2.94238
-2.94241
-2.94243
xm
-3.00000
-2.75000
-2.87500
-2.93750
-2.96875
-2.95313
-2.94531
-2.94141
-2.94336
-2.94238
-2.94287
-2.94263
-2.94250
-2.94244
-2.94241
-2.94243
-2.94244
f(xe)
3.66907
0.34986
0.34986
0.34986
0.34986
0.15912
0.06449
0.01736
0.01736
0.00560
0.00560
0.00266
0.00119
0.00046
0.00009
0.00009
0.00009
f(xd)
-2.46597
-2.46597
-1.12097
-0.40128
-0.02965
-0.02965
-0.02965
-0.02965
-0.00616
-0.00616
-0.00028
-0.00028
-0.00028
-0.00028
-0.00028
-0.00010
0.00000
f(xm)
0.34986
-1.12097
-0.40128
-0.02965
0.15912
0.06449
0.01736
-0.00616
0.00560
-0.00028
0.00266
0.00119
0.00046
0.00009
-0.00010
0.00000
0.00004
erro
---9.0909%
-4.3478%
-2.1277%
-1.0526%
-0.5291%
-0.2653%
-0.1328%
-0.0664%
-0.0332%
-0.0166%
-0.0083%
-0.0041%
-0.0021%
-0.0010%
-0.0005%
-0.0003%
34
Soluo (Newton-Raphson):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi
-10.00000
-5.42625
-3.50647
-2.98720
-2.94276
-2.94243
-2.94243
f(xi)
92.71828
21.16470
3.71532
0.27152
0.00199
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
-20.27183
-11.02455
-7.15494
-6.10922
-6.01973
-6.01907
-6.01907
x i+1
-5.42625
-3.50647
-2.98720
-2.94276
-2.94243
-2.94243
-2.94243
erro
--84.28935%
54.74961%
17.38303%
1.51029%
0.01123%
0.00000%
Soluo (Secante):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
-3.50000
-3.50000
-3.50000
-3.50000
-3.50000
-3.50000
-3.50000
f(a)
3.66907
3.66907
3.66907
3.66907
3.66907
3.66907
3.66907
b
-2.50000
-2.90195
-2.93895
-2.94213
-2.94240
-2.94243
-2.94243
f(b)
-2.46597
-0.24200
-0.02090
-0.00179
-0.00015
-0.00001
0.00000
Ze
-2.90195
-2.93895
-2.94213
-2.94240
-2.94243
-2.94243
-2.94243
f(Ze)
-0.24200
-0.02090
-0.00179
-0.00015
-0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
erro
----1.25913%
-0.10803%
-0.00922%
-0.00079%
-0.00007%
-0.00001%
35
Exerccios:
3) F( x) e
sin ( x)
F( x )
0
5
20
20
15
10
5
5
Intervalo: [0 a 5]
36
Soluo (Bisseo):
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
xe
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.62500
0.93750
0.93750
1.01563
1.01563
1.03516
1.04492
1.04980
1.05225
1.05347
1.05408
1.05408
1.05408
1.05408
1.05412
1.05412
xd
5.00000
2.50000
1.25000
1.25000
1.25000
1.09375
1.09375
1.05469
1.05469
1.05469
1.05469
1.05469
1.05469
1.05469
1.05438
1.05423
1.05415
1.05415
1.05413
xm
2.50000
1.25000
0.62500
0.93750
1.09375
1.01563
1.05469
1.03516
1.04492
1.04980
1.05225
1.05347
1.05408
1.05438
1.05423
1.05415
1.05412
1.05413
1.05412
f(xe)
-1.00000
-1.00000
-1.00000
-0.71685
-0.25249
-0.25249
-0.08872
-0.08872
-0.04440
-0.02171
-0.01023
-0.00446
-0.00157
-0.00012
-0.00012
-0.00012
-0.00012
-0.00003
-0.00003
f(xd)
147.37208
9.58402
0.54136
0.54136
0.54136
0.09709
0.09709
0.00133
0.00133
0.00133
0.00133
0.00133
0.00133
0.00133
0.00061
0.00024
0.00006
0.00006
0.00002
f(xm)
9.58402
0.54136
-0.71685
-0.25249
0.09709
-0.08872
0.00133
-0.04440
-0.02171
-0.01023
-0.00446
-0.00157
-0.00012
0.00061
0.00024
0.00006
-0.00003
0.00002
-0.00001
erro
--100.0000%
100.0000%
33.3333%
14.2857%
7.6923%
3.7037%
1.8868%
0.9346%
0.4651%
0.2320%
0.1159%
0.0579%
0.0289%
0.0145%
0.0072%
0.0036%
0.0018%
0.0009%
37
Soluo (Newton-Raphson):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
xi
5.00000
4.00511
3.03914
2.18068
1.54062
1.18094
1.06539
1.05423
1.05413
1.05413
f(xi)
147.37208
53.63817
18.78508
6.03257
1.66793
0.33248
0.02700
0.00023
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
148.12950
55.52780
21.88210
9.42506
4.63731
2.87739
2.41782
2.37585
2.37548
2.37548
x i+1
4.00511
3.03914
2.18068
1.54062
1.18094
1.06539
1.05423
1.05413
1.05413
1.05413
erro
--24.84042%
31.78427%
39.36704%
41.54542%
30.45683%
10.84556%
1.05934%
0.00937%
0.00000%
38
Soluo (Secante): [0 a 5]
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
a
0.00000
0.03370
0.06715
0.10032
0.13317
0.16565
0.19774
0.22939
0.26058
0.29125
0.32138
0.35093
0.37988
0.40819
0.43584
0.46281
0.48907
0.51461
0.53940
f(a)
-1.00000
-0.99942
-0.99764
-0.99463
-0.99033
-0.98473
-0.97781
-0.96955
-0.95996
-0.94905
-0.93685
-0.92338
-0.90870
-0.89285
-0.87591
-0.85793
-0.83900
-0.81921
-0.79864
b
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
f(b)
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
147.37208
Ze
0.03370
0.06715
0.10032
0.13317
0.16565
0.19774
0.22939
0.26058
0.29125
0.32138
0.35093
0.37988
0.40819
0.43584
0.46281
0.48907
0.51461
0.53940
0.56345
f(Ze)
-0.99942
-0.99764
-0.99463
-0.99033
-0.98473
-0.97781
-0.96955
-0.95996
-0.94905
-0.93685
-0.92338
-0.90870
-0.89285
-0.87591
-0.85793
-0.83900
-0.81921
-0.79864
-0.77739
erro
---49.81651%
33.06274%
24.66578%
19.61114%
16.22743%
13.79838%
11.96596%
10.53130%
9.37515%
8.42167%
7.62034%
6.93624%
6.34446%
5.82675%
5.36947%
4.96219%
4.59685%
4.26707%
39
Soluo (Secante): [0 a 2]
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
a
0.00000
0.36498
0.64266
0.82559
0.93317
0.99189
1.02260
1.03828
1.04620
1.05017
1.05215
1.05314
1.05364
1.05388
1.05401
1.05407
1.05410
1.05411
1.05412
f(a)
-1.00000
-0.91645
-0.69780
-0.45172
-0.26096
-0.14073
-0.07306
-0.03717
-0.01872
-0.00938
-0.00469
-0.00234
-0.00117
-0.00058
-0.00029
-0.00014
-0.00007
-0.00004
-0.00002
b
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
f(b)
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
4.47976
Ze
0.36498
0.64266
0.82559
0.93317
0.99189
1.02260
1.03828
1.04620
1.05017
1.05215
1.05314
1.05364
1.05388
1.05401
1.05407
1.05410
1.05411
1.05412
1.05412
f(Ze)
-0.91645
-0.69780
-0.45172
-0.26096
-0.14073
-0.07306
-0.03717
-0.01872
-0.00938
-0.00469
-0.00234
-0.00117
-0.00058
-0.00029
-0.00014
-0.00007
-0.00004
-0.00002
-0.00001
erro
---43.20777%
22.15791%
11.52792%
5.92060%
3.00266%
1.51059%
0.75655%
0.37801%
0.18864%
0.09408%
0.04691%
0.02338%
0.01166%
0.00581%
0.00290%
0.00144%
0.00072%
0.00036%
40
Unidade III
Polinmios
Caractersticas
Isolamento de Razes
41
Caractersticas:
Um polinmio de grau m tem exatamente m razes, reais ou
complexas;
Se os coeficientes so reais, ento as razes complexas que existirem
so dadas em pares complexos conjugados;
Um polinmio de grau mpar, com coeficientes reais tem, no mnimo, uma
raiz real;
Dividindo-se um polinmio de grau m por ( x - a ), onde a uma raiz
conhecida do polinmio, obtm-se um polinmio de grau m -1 e o resto da
diviso nulo;
Existem critrios que permitem descobrir o intervalo onde uma
determinada raz do polinmio se localiza;
42
2
.
4x
Exemplo: F( x) x
50
11 . x 30
50
25
f( x )
0
25
50 50
4
4
2
x
8
8
43
Soluo (Newton-Raphson):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
xi
f(xi)
-10.00000 -1260.00000
-6.58537 -356.61700
-4.50940
-93.43302
-3.42398
-19.37213
-3.04828
-1.96147
-3.00074
-0.02960
-3.00000
-0.00001
-3.00000
0.00000
xi
0.00000
2.72727
1.82605
1.99680
2.00000
2.00000
f(xi)
30.00000
-9.46657
2.66451
0.04807
0.00002
0.00000
f'(xi)
369.00000
171.78406
86.07944
51.56267
41.26218
40.01923
40.00000
40.00000
x i+1
-6.58537
-4.50940
-3.42398
-3.04828
-3.00074
-3.00000
-3.00000
-3.00000
erro
--51.85185%
46.03625%
31.70079%
12.32502%
1.58416%
0.02465%
0.00001%
f'(xi)
-11.00000
-10.50413
-15.60503
-15.01278
-15.00001
-15.00000
x i+1
2.72727
1.82605
1.99680
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
erro
--100.00000%
49.35370%
8.55104%
0.16011%
0.00007%
44
Soluo (Newton-Raphson):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
xi
10.00000
7.51196
6.02971
5.27786
5.02940
5.00039
5.00000
5.00000
f(xi)
520.00000
145.54691
37.46810
7.53929
0.71516
0.00931
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
209.00000
98.19301
49.83449
30.34448
24.64941
24.00853
24.00000
24.00000
x i+1
7.51196
6.02971
5.27786
5.02940
5.00039
5.00000
5.00000
5.00000
erro
--33.12102%
24.58250%
14.24538%
4.94009%
0.58022%
0.00775%
0.00000%
45
F( x) x
2
.
4x
11 . x 30
2
.
4x
11 . x 30
( x 5)
x 6
46
1) F( x) x
90
4
.
3x
3
.
11 x
2
.
27 x
0.4
1.4
10 . x 24
90
52.5
f( x )
15
22.5
60
60
4
4
2.2
3.2
475
Soluo (Newton-Raphson):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi
-4.00000
-3.45205
-3.13582
-3.01688
-3.00030
-3.00000
-3.00000
f(xi)
-720.00000
-200.50167
-43.96718
-4.81358
-0.08514
-0.00003
0.00000
f'(xi)
1314.00000
634.01959
369.66525
290.42799
280.18606
280.00006
280.00000
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi
-2.00000
-0.66667
-1.11324
-1.00561
-1.00002
-1.00000
-1.00000
f(xi)
72.00000
-16.13169
7.18728
0.33738
0.00100
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
-54.00000
-36.12346
-66.77677
-60.35775
-60.00106
-60.00000
-60.00000
x i+1
-3.45205
-3.13582
-3.01688
-3.00030
-3.00000
-3.00000
-3.00000
erro
--15.87302%
10.08474%
3.94241%
0.55241%
0.01013%
0.00000%
x i+1
erro
-0.66667
---1.11324 200.00000%
-1.00561 40.11461%
-1.00002 10.70314%
-1.00000 0.55895%
-1.00000 0.00166%
-1.00000 0.00000%
48
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi
0.20000
1.28356
0.87271
0.99362
0.99998
1.00000
1.00000
f(xi)
-21.01248
5.39817
-3.25441
-0.15372
-0.00056
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
19.39200
13.13899
26.91697
24.17709
24.00065
24.00000
24.00000
x i+1
1.28356
0.87271
0.99362
0.99998
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
erro
--84.41839%
47.07748%
12.16821%
0.63582%
0.00233%
0.00000%
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi
3.00000
1.90909
2.01081
2.00012
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
f(xi)
-48.00000
2.46779
-0.32798
-0.00353
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
-44.00000
-24.26036
-30.66855
-30.00730
-30.00000
-30.00000
-30.00000
x i+1
1.90909
2.01081
2.00012
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
erro
--57.14286%
5.05871%
0.53468%
0.00589%
0.00000%
0.00000%
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi
5.00000
4.46667
4.14957
4.02141
4.00052
4.00000
4.00000
f(xi)
576.00000
162.88410
37.28095
4.60961
0.10966
0.00007
0.00000
f'(xi)
1080.00000
513.66795
290.89413
220.71449
210.25788
210.00016
210.00000
x i+1
4.46667
4.14957
4.02141
4.00052
4.00000
4.00000
4.00000
erro
--11.94030%
7.64176%
3.18694%
0.52206%
0.01304%
0.00001%
49
2) F( x) x
2000
3
.
3x
2
.
33 x
181 . x 546
2000
1000
f( x )
0
1000
2000
2000
10
10
0
x
10
10
50
Soluo (Newton-Raphson):
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
xi
-10.00000
-8.19069
-7.27403
-7.01892
-7.00010
-7.00000
-7.00000
f(xi)
7344.00000
1906.79129
345.59466
22.24713
0.11514
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
-4059.00000
-2080.16722
-1354.64048
-1182.29047
-1170.06377
-1170.00000
-1170.00000
x i+1
-8.19069
-7.27403
-7.01892
-7.00010
-7.00000
-7.00000
-7.00000
erro
--22.08988%
12.60171%
3.63474%
0.26881%
0.00141%
0.00000%
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
xi
10.00000
8.10607
6.86363
6.20914
6.01580
6.00010
6.00000
6.00000
f(xi)
4964.00000
1472.49819
390.97779
73.80798
5.16801
0.03198
0.00000
0.00000
f'(xi)
2621.00000
1185.16857
597.38158
381.75109
329.09272
325.02538
325.00000
325.00000
x i+1
8.10607
6.86363
6.20914
6.01580
6.00010
6.00000
6.00000
6.00000
erro
--23.36440%
18.10176%
10.54068%
3.21388%
0.26173%
0.00164%
0.00000%
51
3.x
33 . x
181 . x 546
( x 7)
3
2
.
10 x
37 . x 78
( x 6)
2
.
10 x
37 . x 78
4 . x 13
2
2
3.i
3.i
7
6
As 4 razes so:
2
2
3.i
3.i
53
Unidade IV
Resoluo de Sistemas Lineares
Mtodo Direto;
Mtodo Iterativo;
54
Forma Matricial
55
Sistema Linear:
Soluo nica
Infinitas Solues
No ter Soluo
Mtodos Diretos - permitem obter a soluo de um sistema
linear atravs da realizao de um nmero finito de operaes
sobre o sistema
Mtodos Iterativos - permitem calcular uma sequncia de
aproximaes para os valores de x at que uma preciso prestabelecida seja alcanada.
56
57
Fator_2,1:
Fator_3,1:
Fator_3,2:
1
-1
3
1
-2
-7
2
3
4
8
1
10
1
0
3
1
-1
-7
2
5
4
8
9
10
-3
1
0
0
1
-1
-10
2
5
-2
8
9
-14
-10
1
0
0
1
-1
0
2
5
-52
8
9
-104
X1:
X2:
X3:
3
1
2 58
4
-2
1
3
-4
2
-1
5
6
-2
20
7
4
0
1
3
-2.5
2
-1
4.5
6
-2
19
7
Fator_3,1: -0.25
4
0
0
3
-2.5
1.25
-1
4.5
6.25
-2
19
7.5
Fator_3,2:
4
0
0
3
-2.5
0
-1
4.5
8.5
-2
19
17
Fator_2,1:
0.5
0.5
X1:
X2:
X3:
3
-4
259
60
Col. 2
3
1
1
-5
Col. 3
1
-4
1
1
Col. 4
-1
1
1
-2
B
6.9
-6.6
10.2
-12.3
Fator_2,1: 0.5
Fator_3,1: -0.5
Fator_4,1: -2
2
0
0
0
3
2.5
-0.5
-11
1
-3.5
0.5
-1
-1
0.5
1.5
0
6.9
-3.15
6.75
-26.1
Fator_3,2:
Fator_4,2:
0.2
4.4
2
0
0
0
3
2.5
0
0
1
-3.5
-0.2
-16.4
-1
0.5
1.6
2.2
6.9
-3.15
6.12
-39.96
-82
2
0
0
0
3
2.5
0
0
1
-3.5
-0.2
0
-1
0.5
1.6
-129
6.9
-3.15
6.12
-541.8
Lin. 1
Lin. 2
Lin. 3
Lin. 4
Fator_4,3:
X1:
X2:
X3:
X4:
0.9
2.1
3
4.2
61
62
Col. 2
0.32
0.15
0.24
0.40
Col. 3
0.12
0.24
0.46
0.32
Col. 4
0.30
0.32
0.36
0.20
B
0.94
0.81
1.26
1.52
Fator_2,1: -0.5
Fator_3,1: -1
Fator_4,1: -3
0.2
0
0
0
0.32
-0.01
-0.08
-0.56
0.12
0.18
0.34
-0.04
0.3
0.17
0.06
-0.7
0.94
0.34
0.32
-1.3
Fator_3,2:
Fator_4,2:
-8
-56
0.2
0
0
0
0.32
-0.01
0
0
0.12
0.18
-1.1
-10.12
0.3
0.17
-1.3
-10.22
0.94
0.34
-2.4
-20.34
Fator_4,3: -9.2
0.2
0
0
0
0.32
-0.01
0
0
0.12
0.18
-1.1
0
0.3
0.17
-1.3
1.74
0.94
0.34
-2.4
1.74
Lin. 1
Lin. 2
Lin. 3
Lin. 4
X1:
X2:
X3:
X4:
1
1
1
1
63
Pivotao
Jordan
Decomposio LU
64
65
66
Soluo:
Lin. 1
Lin. 2
Lin. 3
Col. 1
4
0.09
0.04
Col. 2
0.24
3
-0.08
Col. 3
-0.08
-0.15
4
B
8
9
20
X1:
X2:
X3:
i=0
0
0
0
i=1
2
3
5
i=2
1.92
3.19
5.04
i=3
1.9094
3.1944
5.0446
X1:
X2:
X3:
Erro i = 0
----------
Erro i = 1
100.0000%
100.0000%
100.0000%
Erro i = 2
4.1667%
5.9561%
0.7937%
Erro i = 3
0.5551%
0.1377%
0.0912%
i=4
i=5
i=6
i=7
1.909228 1.909199 1.909198 1.9091983
3.194948 3.194963 3.194964 3.1949644
5.044794 5.044807 5.044807 5.0448073
Erro i = 4
0.0090%
0.0172%
0.0038%
Erro i = 5 Erro i = 6
0.0015% 0.0000%
0.0005% 0.0000%
0.0003% 0.0000%
Erro i = 7
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
67
Mtodo de Gauss-Seidel:
Melhoramento do Mtodo de Jacobi. No clculo de X2 j
utiliza-se o valor calculado de X1 da primeira iterao e assim
por diante.
Acelera a convergncia.
Exemplo:
20 . x 1
1 .x 2
1 .x 3
2 . x 4 = 33
1 .x 1
10 . x 2
2 .x 3
4 . x 4 = 38.4
1 .x 1
2 .x 2
10 . x 3
1 . x 4 = 43.5
1 .x 3
20 . x 4 = 45.6
2 .x 1
4 .x 2
68
Soluo:
Lin.
Lin.
Lin.
Lin.
X1:
X2:
X3:
X4:
X1:
X2:
X3:
X4:
1
2
3
4
Col. 1
20
1
1
2
Col. 2
1
10
2
4
Col. 3
1
2
10
1
i=0
0
0
0
0
i=1
1.65
3.675
3.45
1.2075
i=2
1.173
2.5497
3.60201
1.47266
B
33
38.4
43.5
45.6
i=3
i=4
i=5
i=6
1.195149 1.199575 1.199974 1.199999
2.411019 2.400547 2.40001 2.399998
3.601015 3.60011 3.600008
3.6
1.498231 1.499928
1.5
1.5
Erro i = 4
0.3690%
0.4362%
0.0251%
0.1131%
Erro i = 5
0.0333%
0.0224%
0.0028%
0.0048%
Erro i = 6
0.0021%
0.0005%
0.0002%
0.0000%
i=7
1.2
2.4
3.6
1.5
Erro i = 7
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0000%
0.0000%
69
Resumo:
Mtodos Diretos - Baseiam-se em transformaes elementares
sobre a matriz de coeficientes. So indicados para sistemas de
pequeno porte e com matrizes densas
Mtodos Iterativos - Dependendo dos coeficientes, podem
no convergir. Indicados para sistemas de grande porte com
matrizes esparsas (grande proporo de zeros entre os seus
elementos)
70
71
HomeWork:
Resolver o sistema pelos mtodos de Gauss e Gauss-Seidel:
5 .x 1
1 .x 2
2 .x 3
1 .x 4 = 5
1 .x 1
9 .x 2
3 .x 3
4 . x 4 = 26
0 .x 1
3 .x 2
7 .x 3
2 .x 4 = 7
2 .x 1
2 .x 2
3 .x 3
10 . x 4 = 33
72
Unidade V
Ajuste de Curvas
73
Introduo:
Seja um conjunto de dados contendo n pares de valores
(x,y), obtidos numrica ou experimentalmente, deseja-se
calcular qualquer valor de y diferente dos valores
tabelados. Deve-se, ento descobrir uma funo y = F(x)
que mais se aproxime dos dados existentes.
74
76
Ajuste Linear
0
0.134
1.2
0.275
2.5
0.339
3.7
0.401
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2
78
Soluo:
n
x.y
1
2
3
4
0
1.2
2.5
3.7
0.134
0.275
0.339
0.401
0
1.44
6.25
13.69
0
0.33
0.8475
1.4837
7.4
1.149
21.38
2.6612
79
Soluo:
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
y = 0.0696x + 0.1584
4
80
0
90
10
70
20
60
30
55
40
45
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
81
Soluo:
x.y
1
2
3
4
5
0
10
20
30
40
90
70
60
55
45
0
100
400
900
1600
0
700
1200
1650
1800
100
320
3000
5350
100
80
60
40
y = -1.05x + 85
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
82
-5
6
-2
9
0
12
1
20
2
22
5
30
40
30
20
10
0
-5
-3
-1
83
Soluo:
x.y
1
2
3
4
5
6
-5
-2
0
1
2
5
6
9
12
20
22
30
25
4
0
1
4
25
-30
-18
0
20
44
150
99
59
166
40
30
20
10
y = 2.5411x + 16.076
0
-5
-3
-1
5
84
Ajuste Exponencial
85
0
6
1
20
2
50
3
90
4
150
5
350
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
5
86
Soluo:
X
Y
ln(y)
0
1
2
6
20
50
1.791759 2.995732 3.912023
a0
a1
3
4
5
90
150
350
4.49981 5.010635 5.857933
ln(y)
x.ln(y)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
1.791759
2.995732
3.912023
4.49981
5.010635
5.857933
0
1
4
9
16
25
0
2.995732
7.824046
13.49943
20.04254
29.28967
15
24.06789
55
73.65141
2.085361
0.770382
a
b
8.047495
0.770382
87
Soluo:
350
300
250
200
y = 8.0475e
150
0.7704x
100
50
0
0
5
88
0
500
1
200
2
50
3
10
4
2
5
1
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
5
89
Soluo:
X
Y
ln(y)
0
1
2
3
4
500
200
50
10
2
6.214608 5.298317 3.912023 2.302585 0.693147
a0
a1
ln(y)
x.ln(y)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6.214608
5.298317
3.912023
2.302585
0.693147
0
0
1
4
9
16
25
0
5.298317
7.824046
6.907755
2.772589
0
15
18.42068
55
22.80271
6.391398
-1.328514
a
b
5
1
0
596.6904
-1.328514
90
Soluo:
500
400
300
y = 596.69e
-1.3285x
200
100
0
0
91
0
3
2
8
4
20
6
100
8
300
10
900
1000
800
600
400
200
0
4
10
92
Soluo:
X
Y
ln(y)
0
2
4
3
8
20
1.098612 2.079442 2.995732
6
8
10
100
300
900
4.60517 5.703782 6.802395
ln(y)
x.ln(y)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
2
4
6
8
10
1.098612
2.079442
2.995732
4.60517
5.703782
6.802395
0
4
16
36
64
100
0
4.158883
11.98293
27.63102
45.63026
68.02395
30
23.28513
220
157.427
a0
a1
0.952186
0.585734
a
b
2.591368
0.585734
93
Soluo:
1000
800
y = 2.5914e
0.5857x
600
400
200
0
0
10
94
Ajuste Polinomial
95
96
10
2
15
7
20
16
25
26
30
37
40
57
50
73
60
84
70
92
80
99
90
104
100
108
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
97
Soluo:
x
x4
x.y
x.y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2
7
16
26
37
57
73
84
92
99
104
108
100
225
400
625
900
1600
2500
3600
4900
6400
8100
10000
1000
10000
3375
50625
8000
160000
15625
390625
27000
810000
64000
2560000
125000
6250000
216000 12960000
343000 24010000
512000 40960000
729000 65610000
1000000 100000000
20
105
320
650
1110
2280
3650
5040
6440
7920
9360
10800
200
1575
6400
16250
33300
91200
182500
302400
450800
633600
842400
1080000
590
705
39350
3044000 253771250
47695
3640625
98
590
39350
705
39350
3044000
47695
3044000 253771250 3640625
12
0
39350
590
39350
705
10341.67 1109291.7 13032.5
3044000 253771250 3640625
Fator_3,1: -3279.167
12
0
0
590
39350
705
10341.67 1109291.7 13032.5
1109292 124736042 1328813
Fator_3,2: -107.2643
12
0
0
590
39350
705
10341.67 1109291.7 13032.5
0
5748644.2 -69109.53
Fator_2,1: -49.16667
X1:
X2:
X3:
-27.1891
2.549712
-0.012022
99
Soluo:
Y
2.549712296 . X
27.18909646
2
.
0.012021883 X
120
2
20
40
60
80
100
100
Ajuste Potencial
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
101
102
200
150
100
50
0
1
103
X
Y
ln(x)
ln(y)
1
20
0,000000
2,995732
ln(x)
1
2
3
4
0,000000
0,693147
1,098612
1,386294
3,178054
a0
a1
2
50
0,693147
3,912023
ln(y)
2,995732
3,912023
4,499810
5,010635
16,418200
2,963653
1,435969
3
90
1,098612
4,499810
[ln(x)]
0,0000000
0,4804530
1,2069490
1,9218121
3,6092140
a
b
4
150
1,386294
5,010635
ln(x).ln(y)
0
2,711607716
4,9435462
6,946215454
14,60136937
19,3686
1,435969
104
Soluo:
200
1,436
y = 19,369x
150
100
50
0
1
105
Exemplo 2:
Aplicao em Custos: Curva de Aprendizagem
Unidades Produzidas
(cumulativamente)
45
60
75
120
150
536
500
464
416
387
550
530
510
490
470
450
430
410
390
370
106
350
40
60
80
100
120
140
X
Y
ln(x)
ln(y)
45
536
3,806662
6,284134
ln(x)
1
2
3
4
5
3,806662
4,094345
4,317488
4,787492
5,010635
a0
a1
60
500
4,094345
6,214608
22,016622
7,305376
-0,26794
ln(y)
6,284134
6,214608
6,139885
6,030685
5,958425
30,627737
75
464
4,317488
6,139885
120
150
416
387
4,787492 5,010635
6,030685 5,958425
[ln(x)]
ln(x).ln(y)
14,4906793
16,7636574
18,6407036
22,9200772
25,1064661
97,9215836
a
b
23,92157779
25,44474687
26,50887857
28,87185589
29,85549306
134,6025522
1488,279
-0,26794
107
550
530
-0,2679
y = 1488,3x
510
490
470
450
430
410
390
370
350
40
60
80
100
120
140
108
Avaliao do Ajuste
O R denominado de coeficiente de determinao
varia entre 0 e 1. Quanto mais prximo de 1
significa que grande parte da variao de Y (a
varivel dependente) explicvel pela variao de
X (a varivel independente). Por exemplo: um R
igual a 0,96 significa que 96% da varivel Y
explicada pela varivel X deixando apenas 4%
para outras variveis omitidas ou para flutuaes
ao acaso.
109
y
0,525
0,8448
1,2807
1,8634
2,6326
3,6386
4,944
6,6258
8,7768
11,5076
14,9484
112
16
16
14
14
y = 6,7769x - 8,3186
R2 = 0,8940
12
10
12
10
4
2
-2 1
1,5
2,5
-4
1,5
2,5
2,5
16
18
16
14
y = 0,1235e1,6424x
R2 = 0,9918
14
12
y = 0,4723x3,0463
R2 = 0,9963
12
10
10
6
4
1,5
2,5
1,5
113
Unidade VI
Integrao Numrica
114
115
116
1
x
Exemplo:
e dx
0
n
1
a
0
b
1
h (b-a)/n
1
f(0)
f(1)
n
2
a
0
b
1
h (b-a)/n
0.5
n
4
a
0
b
1
h (b-a)/n
0.25
1
Integral
2.7183 1.859141
Exato
1.718282
Erro
8.20%
f(0)
f(0.5)
f(1)
1
Integral
Exato
1.6487 1.7539311 1.718282
2.7183
Erro
2.07%
f(0)
f(0.25)
f(0.5)
f(0.75)
f(1)
1
Integral
Exato
1.2840 1.7272219 1.718282
1.6487
2.1170
2.7183
Erro
0.52%
117
Exerccio:
x
dx
1
1
n
15
a
1
b
4
h (b-a)/n
0.2
f(1.0)
f(1.2)
f(1.4)
f(1.6)
f(1.8)
f(2.0)
f(2.2)
f(2.4)
f(2.6)
f(2.8)
f(3.0)
f(3.2)
f(3.4)
f(3.6)
f(3.8)
f(4.0)
0.7071068
0.6741999
0.6454972
0.6201737
0.5976143
0.5773503
0.5590170
0.5423261
0.5270463
0.5129892
0.5000000
0.4879500
0.4767313
0.4662524
0.4564355
0.4472136
Integral
1.644149
Exato
1.643709
Erro
0.03%
118
Exerccio:
(x
1 ) dx
2
n
20
a
2
b
4
h (b-a)/n
0.1
f(2.0)
f(2.1)
f(2.2)
f(2.3)
f(2.4)
f(2.5)
f(2.6)
f(2.7)
f(2.8)
f(2.9)
f(3.0)
f(3.1)
f(3.2)
f(3.3)
f(3.4)
f(3.5)
f(3.6)
f(3.7)
f(3.8)
f(3.9)
f(4.0)
9.0000
9.6100
10.2400
10.8900
11.5600
12.2500
12.9600
13.6900
14.4400
15.2100
16.0000
16.8100
17.6400
18.4900
19.3600
20.2500
21.1600
22.0900
23.0400
24.0100
25.0000
Integral
32.670
Exato
32.66667
Erro
0.01%
119
Regra de Simpson
Aproximao da funo por uma parbola.
Frmula Geral:
1
x
Exemplo:
e dx
0
n
4
a
0
b
1
h (b-a)/n
0.25
f(0)
f(0.25)
f(0.5)
f(0.75)
f(1)
1
Integral
Exato
1.2840 1.7183188 1.718282
1.6487
2.1170
2.7183
Erro
0.002%
121
Exerccio:
x
dx
1
n
10
a
1
b
4
h (b-a)/n
0.3
f(1.0)
f(1.3)
f(1.6)
f(1.9)
f(2.2)
f(2.5)
f(2.8)
f(3.1)
f(3.4)
f(3.7)
f(4.0)
0.7071
0.6594
0.6202
0.5872
0.5590
0.5345
0.5130
0.4939
0.4767
0.4613
0.4472
Integral
Exato
Erro
1.6437157 1.6437088 0.00042%
122
Exerccio:
(x
1 ) dx
2
n
20
a
2
b
4
h (b-a)/n
0.1
f(2.0)
f(2.1)
f(2.2)
f(2.3)
f(2.4)
f(2.5)
f(2.6)
f(2.7)
f(2.8)
f(2.9)
f(3.0)
f(3.1)
f(3.2)
f(3.3)
f(3.4)
f(3.5)
f(3.6)
f(3.7)
f(3.8)
f(3.9)
f(4.0)
9.0000
9.6100
10.2400
10.8900
11.5600
12.2500
12.9600
13.6900
14.4400
15.2100
16.0000
16.8100
17.6400
18.4900
19.3600
20.2500
21.1600
22.0900
23.0400
24.0100
25.0000
Integral
32.66667
Exato
Erro
32.66667 0.00000%
123
Unidade VII
Soluo Numrica de Equaes Diferenciais
124
Exemplo:
d
Vc
dt
Vc
0
R .C
Vc ( 0 ) Vo
Soluo Analtica:
Vc ( t ) Vo . e
t
R .C
125
Vc ( t ) Vo . e
t
R .C
10 . K
5 . F
Vo
30 . volt
30 30
20
Vc( t )
10
0
0
0
0.05
0.1 0.15
t
0.2 0.25
0.3
126
Mtodo de Euler
127
Exemplo: d
dt
Vc ( t )
t
Vc
0
R .C
Vc
Y( x)
d
Y( x)
dx
d
Y( x)
dx
Y( x)
0
R .C
Y( x)
R .C
Condio Inicial:
Y ( 0 ) 30
128
Yi 1 Yi
h.
Yi
R .C
H=0.01
h
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
i
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
yi
30.00000
24.00000
19.20000
15.36000
12.28800
9.83040
7.86432
6.29146
5.03316
4.02653
3.22123
yi+h
24.00000
19.20000
15.36000
12.28800
9.83040
7.86432
6.29146
5.03316
4.02653
3.22123
2.57698
analtica
24.56192
20.10960
16.46435
13.47987
11.03638
9.03583
7.39791
6.05690
4.95897
4.06006
3.32409
Erro
2.2878%
4.5232%
6.7075%
8.8418%
10.9273%
12.9651%
14.9563%
16.9019%
18.8030%
20.6606%
22.4757%
129
H=0.01
30.0
25.0
20.0
yi+h
15.0
analtica
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.000
0.050
0.100
130
H=0.001
h
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
i
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
0.017
0.018
0.019
yi
30.00000
29.40000
28.81200
28.23576
27.67104
27.11762
26.57527
26.04377
25.52289
25.01243
24.51218
24.02194
23.54150
23.07067
22.60926
22.15707
21.71393
21.27965
20.85406
20.43698
yi+h
29.4
28.8
28.2
27.7
27.1
26.6
26.0
25.5
25.0
24.5
24.0
23.5
23.1
22.6
22.2
21.7
21.3
20.9
20.4
20.0
analtica
29.4
28.8
28.3
27.7
27.1
26.6
26.1
25.6
25.1
24.6
24.1
23.6
23.1
22.7
22.2
21.8
21.4
20.9
20.5
20.1
Erro
0.0203%
0.0405%
0.0608%
0.0811%
0.1013%
0.1216%
0.1418%
0.1620%
0.1823%
0.2025%
0.2227%
0.2430%
0.2632%
0.2834%
0.3036%
0.3238%
0.3440%
0.3642%
0.3844%
0.4046%
131
H=0.001
30.0
25.0
20.0
yi+h
15.0
analtica
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.000
0.050
0.100
132
d
Y
Exerccio:
dx
2
.
2Y x
x
Soluo Analtica: Y ( x )
2
x
2
1
4
133
Soluo:
d
2
Y x
dx
Yi 1 Yi
2 .Y
2
.
h xi
2 . Yi
H=0.1
h
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
i
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
yi
0.25000
0.20000
0.16100
0.13280
0.11524
0.10819
0.11155
0.12524
0.14919
0.18336
0.22768
yi+h
0.20000
0.16100
0.13280
0.11524
0.10819
0.11155
0.12524
0.14919
0.18336
0.22768
0.28215
analtica
0.20500
0.17000
0.14500
0.13000
0.12500
0.13000
0.14500
0.17000
0.20500
0.25000
0.30500
Erro
2.4390%
5.2941%
8.4138%
11.3538%
13.4464%
14.1895%
13.6256%
12.2386%
10.5583%
8.9263%
134
7.4926%
H=0.05
h
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
i
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
1.000
1.050
yi
0.25000
0.22500
0.20263
0.18286
0.16570
0.15113
0.13914
0.12973
0.12288
0.11859
0.11686
0.11767
0.12103
0.12693
0.13536
0.14632
0.15982
0.17583
0.19438
0.21544
0.23902
0.26512
yi+h
0.22500
0.20263
0.18286
0.16570
0.15113
0.13914
0.12973
0.12288
0.11859
0.11686
0.11767
0.12103
0.12693
0.13536
0.14632
0.15982
0.17583
0.19438
0.21544
0.23902
0.26512
0.29373
analtica
0.22625
0.20500
0.18625
0.17000
0.15625
0.14500
0.13625
0.13000
0.12625
0.12500
0.12625
0.13000
0.13625
0.14500
0.15625
0.17000
0.18625
0.20500
0.22625
0.25000
0.27625
0.30500
Erro
0.5525%
1.1585%
1.8188%
2.5287%
3.2761%
4.0393%
4.7863%
5.4763%
6.0651%
6.5132%
6.7940%
6.8997%
6.8423%
6.6486%
6.3529%
5.9904%
5.5921%
5.1823%
4.7785%
4.3921%
4.0298%
3.6948%
135
Outros Mtodos:
Mtodo de Heun
Mtodo de Runge-Kutta
Mtodo de Adams-Bashforth-Moulton
Mtodo de Milne-Simpson
Mtodo de Hamming
136