UNIT-I

GAS POWER CYCLES

1.1 AIR STANDARD CYCLES

Air standard cycles are used for comparison of thermal efficiencies of

I.C engines. Engines working with air standard cycles are known as air standard engines.
Air is used, as the working fluid and the efficiency calculated to these engines are known
as air standard efficiencies.

1.1.1. ASSUMPTIONS

The assumptions made are,

(i) Air is the working fluid, assumed to be a perfect gas.

(ii) Effect of colorific values of fuels are neglected by using hot and cold body
contacts with the engine cylinder head for addition and rejection of heat
respectively.
(iii) Frictionless.
(iv) No heat is either gained or lost during the cycle except during the contact of
hot body and cold body with the cylinder head.

1.2 CYCLE EFFICIENCY

The cycle efficiency is the ratio of the work done by the cycle to
the heat supplied to the cycle.

1.2.1 CARNOT CYCLE:

a-b Isothermal Expansion – Isothermal Heating

b-c Isentropic Expansion
c-d Isothermal compression – Isothermal cooling
 d-a Isentropic compression.

Let, T1 = Source Temperature

T2 = Sink Temperature

Heat supplied = Qs = T1( Sb –Sa )

Heat rejected = Qr =T2 ( Sc –Sd )

Work done = Qs - Qr

= T1( Sb –Sa ) - T2 ( Sc –Sd )

Workdone T ( S -S ) - T2 ( Sc -Sd )
Efficiency = = 1 b a
Heat supplied T1 ( Sb -Sa )

T1 - T2
= [Q Sa = Sd & Sb = S c ]
T1

T2
η cy = 1 −
T1

1.2.2 OTTO CYCLE

PETROL AND GAS ENGINES – CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE :

1-2 Isentropic compression

2-3 Constant Volume Heating
 3-4 Isentropic Expansion
4-1 Constant Volume Cooling

Since combustion takes place at constant volume the Otto cycle is also called
as Constant Volume Cycle.

Heat Supplied = Cv ( T3 – T2) ------- (1)

Heat Rejected = Cv ( T4 – T1) ------- (2)

. . . Work done = Heat Supplied – Heat Rejected

= Cv ( T3 – T2) - Cv ( T4 – T1)

workdone C ( T3 - T2 ) - C v ( T4 - T1 )
cycle = = p
Heat Supplied C p ( T3 - T2 )

T −T 
1−  4 1 
cycle =  T3 − T2 

  T4  
 T1  − 1 
= 1−   1  
T
------- (3)
  T3  
 T2  − 1 
  T2  

T4 T4 T3 T2
= × ×
T1 T3 T2 T1

γ −1 γ −1
T4  V3  T V 
=  × 3 × 1 
T1  V4  T2  V2 
T4 T
= 3 [QV3 = V2 & V4 = V1 ]
T1 T2

T4 T
Substituting = 3 in equation (3)
T1 T2
T
ηcy = 1 − 1
T2
  
 
= 1−  1 
T 
  2  
  T1  
γ −1
 1  T V 
ηcy = 1 −  γ −1  Q 2 = 1  = r γ −1
 ( r )  T1  V2 

V1
where r = = compression ratio
V2

Compression ratio ( r) : It is the ratio of the initial volume to the final volume
during compression.

1.2.3 DIESEL CYCLE

DIESEL ENGINES – CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE :

1-2 Isentropic compression

2-3 Constant pressure Heating
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume Cooling

Since combustion takes place at constant pressure the Diesel cycle is also called
as Constant Pressure Cycle.

Heat Supplied = Cp ( T3 – T2) -------(1)

 Heat Rejected = Cv ( T4 – T1) -------(2)

. . . Work done = Heat Supplied – Heat Rejected

= Cp ( T3 – T2) - Cv ( T4 – T1)

cycle
workdone C ( T3 - T2 ) - C v ( T4 - T1 )
= = p
Heat Supplied C p ( T3 - T2 )
Cv (T4 − T1 )
ηcy = 1 −
C p (T3 − T2 )
 (T − T ) 
ηcy = 1 −  4 1 
 γ (T3 − T2 ) 

Cp
Q = γ = ratio of specific Heats
Cv

T   T4 
T1  4 − 1  T − 1
ηcy = 1 −  T1 
= 1−  1  -------
T  T 
γ T2  3 − 1 γ r γ −1  3 − 1
 T2   T2 
-(3)
γ −1
T V  γ −1
where 2 =  1  =r
T1  V2 

T4 T4 T3 T2
= × ×
T1 T3 T2 T1
γ −1 γ −1
V  T V 
= 3  × 3 × 1 
 V4  T2  V2 
γ −1
V  T3
= 3  × [QV4 = V1 ]
 V2  T2
γ −1
V  V3
= 3  ×
 V2  V2

 T3 V3 
Q = , 2-3 constant pressure process 
 T2 V2 
 γ
V 
=  3  = rcγ
 V2 
V3
where rc = = cutoff ratio
V2

T4 T3
substituting = rcγ and = rc in equation (3),
T1 T2

  rcγ − 1 
ηcy = 1 − γ −1 
γ r [ rc − 1] 
 

Cutoff ratio (rc) : It is the ratio of the final volume to the initial volume during
constant pressure combustion.

1.2.4 SEMI DIESEL CYCLE OR DUAL CYCLE

CRUDE OIL ENGINE - LIMITED PRESSURE CYCLE

1-2 Isentropic Compression

2-3 Constant Volume Heating
3-4 Constant Pressure Heating
4-5 Isentropic Expansion
5-1 Constant Volume Cooling

Since part of the combustion takes place at constant volume and part of the
combustion takes place at constant pressure the semi diesel cycle is also called as
Dual Cycle.

Heat Supplied = [Cv(T3 –T2) + Cp(T4 –T 3)] ------(1)

 Heat Rejected = Cv(T5 –T1) ------( 2)

Work Done = [Cv(T3 –T2) + Cp(T4 –T 3)] - Cv(T5 –T1)

[C v (T3 -T2 ) + C p (T4 -T 3 )] - C v (T5 -T1 )

ηcy =
[C v (T3 -T2 ) + Cp (T4 -T 3 )]

C v (T5 -T1 )
ηcy = 1 −
[Cv (T3 -T2 ) + Cp (T4 -T 3 )]

(T5 -T1 )
= 1−
[(T3 -T2 ) + γ (T4 -T 3 )]

T 
T1  5 -1
= 1−  T1  ------(3)
T  T 
T2  3 − 1 + γ T3  4 − 1
 T2   T3 

 Cp 
Q =γ 
 Cv 

 T5 
 T -1
= 1−  1 
 γ −1  T3  T3  T4  
r  − 1 + γ  − 1 
  T2  T1  T3  

 T  V  γ −1 
Q 2 =  1  = r γ −1 
 T1  V2  

T5 T5 T4 T3 T2
= × × ×
T1 T4 T3 T2 T1
 γ −1 γ −1
V  V V  P3
= 4 × 4 × 1  ×
 V5  V3  V2  P2
[QV3 = V2 ;V5 = V1 ]

V4γ P3
= γ
× = rcγ rp
V3 P2

P3
where rp = = Pressure ratio
P2
 
  rc rp − 1
γ

ηcy = 1 − 
 rcγ −1 ( rp − 1) + γ T3 [ rc − 1] 
 T1 

T3 T3 T2
= × = rp r γ −1
T1 T2 T1
  rcγ rp − 1 
ηcy = 1 − γ −1 
 rc ( rp − 1) + γ rp r [ rc − 1] 
γ −1

  rcγ rp − 1 
 
ηcy = 1 − γ −1 
 r {
( rp − 1) + γ rp [ rc − 1] } 

Pressure ratio (rp) : It is the ratio of the final pressure to the initial pressure during
constant volume combustion.

1.3 COMPARISION BETWEEN OTTO AND DIESEL CYCLES

Same Compression Ratio And Same Heat Input:

η D < ηO
 V1
Same Compression ratio =C
V2
i.e., For same T1 ,T2 should be same for both the cycles.

Heat input is same

mCv(T3- T2) = mCv (T3' - T2 )

we know that Cp > Cv

(T3’- T2) < (T3- T2)

ηo = 1 −
(T4 − T1 )
(T3 − T2 )
ηo = 1−
(T − T )
4
'
1

γ (T − T )
3
'
2

1.4 MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (Pmep) :

It is the average pressure in Newtons Per unit area which acts on the piston
through out the cycle.
It is given by the breadth of rectangle whose length is equal to the swept
volume
and the area is equal to the area of the P-V diagram.

workdone
cycle
Mean Effective Pressure =
swept volume

Work Done = Force × Distance moved

= Pressure × Area ×Distance
= P × A × L = P×V
 Work Done = Pressure × Volume

Work done / Cycle = Mean Effective Pressure × Swept

Volume

workdone
cycle
Mean Effective Pressure =
swept volume

1.4.1 OTTO CYCLE :

workdone
cycle
Mean Effective Pressure =
swept volume

Vs = Swept Volume = (V1 –V2)

Work done = Area 1234

Area1234
Mean Effective Pressure =
Length of the Diagram

3 3 − PV
PV PV − PV
Area 1234 = 4 4
− 2 2 1 1
γ −1 γ −1

( PV 4 4 ) − ( PV
3 3 − PV 1 1)
2 2 − PV

γ −1
Mean Effective Pressure =
(V1 − V2 )
mR ( T3 − T4 ) − mR ( T2 − T1 )
=
(γ − 1)(V1 − V2 )
   T  T  
mR T4  3 − 1 − T1  2 − 1 
  T4   T1  
=
(γ − 1)(V1 − V2 )
   V  γ −1    V γ −1  
mR T4    − 1 − T1   1  − 1 
4

   V3    V2  
  
=
V 
(γ − 1)V2  1 − 1
 V2 

=
{ }
mR T4 ( r γ −1 − 1) − T1 ( r γ −1 − 1)
(γ − 1)V2 ( r − 1)
mR {( r γ −1 − 1) ( T4 − T1 )}
=
(γ − 1)V2 ( r − 1)

=
{( r γ −1 − 1) ( PV 1 1 )}
4 4 − PV

(γ − 1)V2 ( r − 1)

=
{( r γ −1 − 1)V1 ( P4 − P1 )}
(γ − 1) V2 ( r − 1)
 P  
r ( r γ −1 − 1) P1  4 − 1 
  P1  
= 
(γ − 1)( r − 1)

Mean Effective Pressure =

Pr
1 {
( r γ −1 − 1) ( rp − 1)}
(γ − 1)( r − 1)
1.4.2 DIESEL CYCLE :
W .D Qsup − Qrej
Mean Effective Pressure = =
Vs Vs

mC p (T3 − T2 ) − mCv (T4 − T1 )

=
(V1 − V2 )
  T  T  
mCv γ T2  3 − 1 − T1  4 − 1 
=   T2   T1  
V 
V2  1 − 1
 V2 
 =
{
mCv γ T2 ( rc − 1) − T1 ( reγ − 1) }
V2 (r − 1)

=
{
mCv γ T2 ( rc − 1) − T1 ( reγ − 1) }
mRT2
(r − 1)
P2
 T 
P2CvT1 γ 2 ( rc − 1) − ( reγ − 1) 
=  T1 
CvT2 ( γ − 1) (r − 1)

Mean Effective Pressure =

{ }
P2 r γ r γ −1 ( rc − 1) − ( rcγ − 1)
(γ − 1) (r − 1)

1.4.3 DUEL CYCLE:

W .D Qsup − Qrej
Mean Effective Pressure = =
Vs Vs

mCv (T3 − T2 ) + mC p (T4 − T3 ) − mCv (T5 − T1 )

=
(V1 − V2 )

  T  T  T  
mCv T2  3 − 1 + γ T3  4 − 1 − T1  5 − 1 
  T2   T3   T1  
=
V 
V2  1 − 1
 V2 

=
{
mCv T2 ( rp − 1) + γ T3 ( rc − 1) − T1 ( rcγ rp − 1) }
V2 (r − 1)

T 
mCv  2 ( rp − 1) + γ 3 ( rc − 1) − ( rcγ rp − 1) 
T

=  T1 T1 3 
mRT2
(r − 1)
P2T1

=
{ }
P2Cv r γ −1 ( rp − 1) + γ rp r γ −1 ( rc − 1) − ( rcγ rp − 1)
Cv (γ − 1) r γ −1
(r − 1)
 =
{
P2 r γ r γ −1 ( rp − 1) + γ rp r γ −1 ( rc − 1) − ( rc γ rp − 1)}
( γ − 1) r γ −1
(r − 1)

Mean Effective Pressure =

{ }
P2 r r γ −1 ( rp − 1) + γ rp r γ −1 ( rc − 1) − ( rcγ rp − 1)
(γ − 1) (r − 1)
1.5 BRAYTON CYCLE

THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR GAS TURBINES:

It is also called as Joules cycle. The cycle consists of the following processes,

1-2 Isentropic compression (in compressor)

2-3 Constant pressure heat addition (in heat exchanger)
 3-4 Isentropic Expansion (in a turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection (heat exchanger)

Heat supplied to the air Q2-3 = mC p ( T3 − T2 ) --------(1)

Heat rejected by the air , Q 4-1= mC p ( T4 − T1 ) --------(2)

Work done = Heat supplied – Heat rejected

= mC p ( T3 − T2 ) − mC p (T4 − T1 )

=
Work done mC p ( T3 − T2 ) − mC p ( T4 − T1 )
=
Heat supplied mC p ( T3 − T2 )

η = 1−
(T4 − T1 )
(T3 − T2 )
T 
T1  4 − 1
= 1−  1 
T
--------(3)
T 
T2  3 − 1
 T2 

We know that for isentropic expansion or reversible adiabatic process 3-4,

γ −1 γ −1
γ −1
T3  P3  γ
 P2  γ
=   =   = ( rp ) γ
T4  P4   P1 
where rp = pressure ratio

and for reversible adiabatic or isentropic compression 1-2,

γ −1
γ −1
T2  P2  γ
=   = ( rp ) γ
T1  P1 
where rp = pressure ratio
T3 T2 T T
∴ = or 4 = 3
T4 T1 T1 T2
T4
Substituting the value of in equation (3)
T1
 T1
η = 1−
T2
1
= 1−
 T2 
 
 T1 
1
= 1− γ −1
 P2  γ
 
 P1 

 
 1 
= 1 − γ −1 
 (r ) γ 
 p 

P 
Where rp=Pressure ratio =  2 
 P1 
1.6 THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES FOUR STROKE PETROL
ENGINE

3
3

2
4 A1
2 A 4
A2 4’
5 5 1
1

THEORETICAL CYCLE ACTUAL CYCLE

Theoretical Workdone = Area 12341=A

Actual Workdone = Area 4’2344’ – Area4’514’ = A1 - A2
Pumpimg Power = Area 4’514’ = A2
Actual Workdone< Theoretical Workdone

THEORETICAL CONDITIONS

i. Suction and exhaust takes place at atmospheric pressure

ii. Suction and exhaust takes place through 180 of crank rotation
iii. Compression and expansion takes place through 180 of crank rotation
 iv. Compression and expansion are isentropic
v. The combustion takes place instantaneously at constant volume at the
end of
compression
vi. Pressure suddenly falls to atmospheric pressure at the end of expansion

ACTUAL CONDITIONS

i. The suction of mixture is possible only if the pressure inside the cylinder
is
below atmospheric pressure.

ii. Burnt gases can be pushed out only if the pressure of the exhaust gas is
above atmospheric pressure.
iii. The compression and expansion are not isentropic.
iv. Sudden pressure raise is not possible after ignition as combustion takes
some
time for completion.
v. Actual pressure raise is less than the theoretical.
vi. The pressure increase takes place through some crank rotation.
vii. Sudden pressure release after opening of exhaust valve is not possible as
it
takes place through some crank rotation

1.7 THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

 51 – Suction 12 – Compression
23 – Constant pressure combustion 34 – Expansion
41 – Sudden fall in pressure 15 – Exhaust

THEORETICAL CONDITIONS

i. Suction and exhaust takes place at atmospheric pressure

ii. Suction and exhaust takes place through 180 of crank rotation
iii. Compression and expansion takes place through 180 of crank rotation
iv. Compression and expansion are isentropic
v. The combustion takes place instantaneously at constant pressure at the end of
compression
vi. Pressure suddenly falls to atmospheric pressure at the end of expansion

ACTUAL CONDITIONS

i. The suction of mixture is possible only if the pressure inside the cylinder is below
atmospheric pressure.
ii. Burnt gases can be pushed out only if the pressure of the exhaust gas is above
atmospheric pressure.
iii. The compression and expansion are not isentropic.
iv. Sudden pressure raise is not possible after injection as combustion takes some
time for completion.
v. Actual pressure raise is less than the theoretical.
vi. Sudden pressure release after opening of exhaust valve is not possible as it takes
place through some crank rotation

1.8 THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES -TWO STROKE PETROL

ENGINE

THEORETICAL CYCLE ACTUAL CYCLE

12 – Compression 23 – Constant Volume Combustion

34 – Expansion 41 – Sudden fall in Pressure
16, 61 – Exhaust 56,65 – Charging and Scavenging

1.8.1 AIR STANDARD EFFICIENCY OF TWO STROKE ENGINES

Effective Compression Ratio = re

Vse − Vc
re =
Vc

π D2
Vse = x Le
4

1
ηa = 1 −
reγ−1
1.9 THEORETICAL AND ACTUAL CYCLES -TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

12 – Compression 23 – Constant Pressure Combustion

34 – Expansion 41 – Sudden fall in Pressure
16, 61 – Exhaust 56,65 – Charging and Scavenging