CAMBRmGE. U'N.IVER~~ITY IPRES,S iLo1d!oiR: )j"rrr:'!!:R UNE. E.

C-

C., F. CLAY, MA~A.(j:Kl!.

'~rml:Ml1~: '"",,, J>RI::<l'CK.'iS,n.EIE'I ~ni!i~ = fi·. ASH II';"R Ait'l po en. .i! ~t~,l l",.iIL. lIROr:.::~a:r.i\.lIS.

",til li!e'I.' ~EI'IE MII,l~I\..UI.~A~ OOllU'M"'I' 'l!lI~"~I'" Il!!'ll ~mt~~: ~1.;!\CtJn.r."'N Atoll) O~) .. "lIT!'.

THE

MO:O,E.RN

HISTO,RY

A. WT WARD LITT.D ..• P.RA.

G,. W.. PROTHERO Ln"T. D'I F,BIA. STANLEY LEATHES M.A., C.]i3.

ASS]STED BY

:E. A. BE,NIANS M.A.

CAMBRJDGH

~\ T THE UNIVER:5ITYPRESS 19'12

.l'~lil'l'!w' In' JOliN CII..';' 1{. MJi. •• .o,T TI~!t. 'JNliVRMIT\' 1'-,lI'f'oM

"Dill! LlJUl,./ldlY 'l'K8UNIV I:lllSrn OF THXAS

v

PREFACE.

THE.~I.rI!',raJJ~~~1tIiIE1lrul (~f the ~~~"oo:~d:.;9..5I1'n~l.w,,: '1."lit' Cambtidl.Ff:JVode::r, HMWrr;y JllJi","~, the pubhcauou of ",,·hlca hM been MbM-dlild by \lIruf(ll·e.~i':ilan CjilFC.ttrlld~tl.ce3~, ill, e'xpht.inOOi, in the elilfsuiQg' I(Jtt,oo.liI:cti,~'D. 'l"hiil; ru'l'aingellUJL\lillt fOUOW6 so far as is possible the ,order 0" the, m;n'iL'ntiw~ ill! Til" Camb:rMf.g.s' JlWQd'tll'i!:' If;i$:tM~b 81nd .fl!ll. ,en~'IO'ut hM lOOeii mooe kit' insert all the pleee mrunes Uw.c:t 'OONlr ~D it .

.At the :same time, the ent'ire ~fl'ries is ,designed! to stand 1:ry It.sc:]f WI an Atlru; of J.\lfodem History. n,e ge:nend iden of the: Alias is to. iU!.:Istrate. in t/" series of maps of EU[lope: a!ll1d of ~it.s diW@l'ell't c(lunbies, &;j l¥',ell as of O'It,]leI' pMts of the. world BlsSooi:!l.tw \llitb, the progress of

Ewvp!Wil! Hi~,t.o:ry, tlw I;~e f)f ~vellt3by ,"'hil~' the E"II"Ope" of the 'Ree!lili ~hUi'Y ha .. been t~Ol'med LIlW' th~ Europe of the IUI~llt day. SOf!!le of the maps: 3.1'0 de;Bi:goedi. to, illJiu~.tl'&te'poliiticaJ. divisi.Olllll, et!Jei.l'i wT.i'~Q.r~ cbanges., wIU'S ~i' Lii:nd er ~ the' growth ,of particUilar. S1ta:1les, the cmliree ,O'f relJiigimls changes;, <lind the bisliOO:y ,ofemotlilll e.x,pansio[l,

The lut~:odIuctJolil ·has been writttil by l\,.(r lE. A.. Ikniians, FeUow

~ ,and Leebu,er of Sit JOM'!> College,. \'1"110' W,i\lSJ 'i'l[Jibridliedi by ,the Editors wit}} the general work or OOIDsb'llctil]g tlle litll:i.p& 8.m~. revising them dUl1'ill![l: l'epitOdiu.etiom; 411.« ,,'ho, h!l!l:l, cil.JJ1'ci.ed 0111 this w!]irk; uader their sUir.lle~·~'i:!lii(ll!l- 'l"hey desire' to pl~ce (11m retloru their ~1!I~' of the great

~ 8Ibility 9.1l, d. ~n~emmrog Gro'<:, W, 'itt. w,' hiclt,llire Qlll.' ,exec,lE, ,t,:oo. hb h, ':hl, 1."l:':OUB, :Q'llId WS"pGlIU\l bletask, sp[11i),fJ,d 0"" li:IOl':e than ruur. ),00:1'&. [)L1Jl1ng tho

~'rer' pari of the :present: }"eAr he has beea assismd bU !lu,1l: l\l'WiiSD.n1l. 'o.f tOOrtall'l oftbe ml\Pf.i and of tbe liIllwlildmd;io:n by L'J,.~i· H. 1'1'. B.ussell-Sml'tb, of St Jo'Im')j; eoUege\. iillell Sc~I(lIa-l' of'~iIle Uni .... @mtyt wh,eo h!ll.S also

'OOlTI'Ipiled the Iu(l(!xes to the Illbwl1lction.

ID'n. a. hisWl[it.,.,,] atlas of tlrli$ kin.dJ it is manifestly impossible to '~JI[jItll,er8:1e' IiU the materiols whilili hRve bee'nJ used in the drawrug (l,r

a3

the :s!2¥m~ nlRps. In the [flr-esilmt i:JiU5bilnce cOllsrn1Util; .ref~1-eTlce ~been rn~de. ~<; !lL IIliHl.ttcr of GOW'SE!.I 100 1I:!te goo,t .h:istoriealntlas of SlPlI'lJiUer; ~u~d. tJie ![fi~~I1':oontt; a!t1l1£e~ of D>l'~l~n. a,llld Poole (Tile OL'tftNd H'i::!ror'W«l .Jl tiWl) h!l.¥c also bOOM. olf mlilCh sel~~liJ(re. w~t1\) .. ~r with those of Vidal cl .. 1f.l 1..... IDlJaooo, l~chiLeade:r !JD . .dJ. Hertslet

'J'hl\! EdHm-s diesille '1lo ret1.ni~ ,theil' t\Thltnks fOl' lrlilth,!gllil:~ble aid (if 1.I',"Uilnl;lll kiliL(WS :recel.'!I\edJ ~rl. tJI~ course ,af th~ p.i'epll]'<lItion of the A.Uas.t fromtxlDtrillbulon: ro 'l'/ie. .cWl~Wi~ il~od~~ Hi~tQru ,~ndrromutheli ~!JI']~ All!IQll,gtne £onmuw a:re Mr' E. .Mll!lSUo(QDg (']~![!·ProIll'QSt of 'Q'~i!.'I.~ CoJle~~ O~fQl1ii31J~ P~Ol' J. B.lluFY, M['" F. A. Kil'\k}mtr,ic.ti. 8M, "'\iVirnirun Loo,'''1~~" IG.C.:iU.~ .Pi',~0l' pi).~ D1I7 T~l.mer~ 1\ir. lil'. 'W'. v. 'l'elrl1L~d€y" Ml~ .IL D. Vem~ ~ 01110]18 '!;h!j! :1~1!:He):) PrcO'fesso't' MSl}1}74l:i (Bmlllfcst), Mr U. So. Rnit (lll'eUcmr liJi)l~d ')PIl1.m.' oil" N~v CoU~)(JIxf(ltd), Nb A. ~!!. A. ViT,. SnliyUlli (Liib:m!l.im'D of th.eHQUS0 'of C<n/lillirnons), amd! ];)if V\mffirua'!TI!~ {~1"{lh :f:eUu~~"IJft:h{! School of 1lit~!lSia;1l ~tl!ldlle~} lLi\!el~P;]oi). J\lIr It, Duwp! (ln~ or ~1I!Ir' c(ll:rkibnwl'$~ lMad.e l\ln(p1l ~7,.~7~ SB w~d 41. ami is re£pmW-e i)olr tMln. Ml" P. E. RohEarts" a]so !l ~o:lllbiool~Or~, revisedthe ,s:pe.]]lllg o:f lthe IE'l:uHan nillimes 11.'1. Maps 6'4., 99~una 122-1205.

Lil)l1m11u!>e' ]liiLr:l ~]I made in tbe cons1!.ruetloR of MIl¥$ US and. lH Q{ ~ll: J;, Pb<f.l'lU"lgUi~·r-ltfiJrJni}if; HQ71# #' CQtRmflm;:) 19[1$, ~~ID!d (If n~~ ~f1~p ill tln.\'~ wQik,

In .l!dditiQJ]~ Mile ttn:rlllk8 of th~ Ecllib:>l'S are d.lxe Ito the GQ"'~l~m~:r[1> of the United Staif.e£ [ot· pe-:!tIMliS8i:l)l\OO ~~:Il,i!l;p '7<6 (11:111"1&;00 XVU (Poptlil8lHmi Vru\Irn:U!t'1'.eJJ'th C(m~us w· Uw.it~Z Stat~, ]3A[I)!l;TI,(lj Map 7i 0:0 Plate vmn: (Part, m. lrO'FUlati~(;l, VQ']wlleIt"J:~:eJf& C~iI9.u-8 qf ,Uniled Btat&s. 190(11); and to tho Clm:emdon lPWSI! Qnd z"iI"essli:W. & A. 1[. J oj1lll.stoo .iier ~l'm1~!On ~o b.!ts~ M&p ~1 01'1 1\jIQI~' XXXI of 'I'ke Ox(.rmj H~,'dfff.i~'{j,l AJ(d.HJ!.iJlfodc}w, Ew'O~. edited by Mr lEt L .. l·ook ..

Tililoe Maps ill1 thh, A t1as ho,'\f'~ ~!t11 ~(:cu:~m .try. l\ir~sm Sml1£m;(i~, to wh.OO1l.~, 0. .. wr:ll, 01)." te 1l!n[, Jo.b~. &]t;Ol~, tht Edihn"S d.e$~['€ f.>tllI '1lnr[)ireSS lillieit· I) blisntio:nl(I1' t.JJIe.~l'e and li."tlrorti,an gi VQl1I to th~ wl)i-k !It i hi .IiIY~ '!I'll! smges.

A. '\¥ .. 'v. IG. "\,V .. F. s, L.

PJ1£l!I'JoJI!IIl

C'"K!ilIl'GIE,;'i'DA I~l1illm:r:tJffi'l

.1. EIJII1i[]~t; U;:' THE .F:lil"i'i!lf':';';,],H: CIEl~'l\fa.'"

U. 'r.uIt:: J\.ft 'O(f' lli~KIJ\Ig,[j, PO'W~Re ..... ~"D. g:1? Til~ ftJRi'i)'IIM .... TU!\1<1

.ILl 'In&: lbl'lll: '(>E" li'K.hN!;.ll: ,"~"Il ~~(!;;:;\I •

IV. fill FUII:lo!:"~:IiJ.';':l' 0:1" J;l'1Jll: «':Il~)"!l' POWI:LQ1) 01' MIr: I&'1DIil'I'SIlNl"IIIi ,~,rnr.R,Y

v. nn: AGIi:l Ij!~ '!l'UIl Jl;.:1i·i!I(Urr:mN .!'I.!>'iil)l[I'f" N.,'i.I"IJLiEl!ll'lii Y1. So!!I;"(:ll l31lU

l~AA W' [S':I'.Illl.IJ'U!,."1l'IUN ~

(I) .M.A:!I1;!;, 1l11)i1~'UI~IRJI

(2) I.o~M' N il.ilIm

~Ln';;;;

]i. E1!!r~~ ::I .. -1.'ilO, .li..Il>.

2.. T"h,~ .\g.o (If Di:!lW\lW~l. _. ,.

fJ.. The OU~mlJ~1l Adhfi'![1Ge ~I'II. E~~I'O'ru mid. l\~·m. MUl.ur. 4. ItalY', c. !.1iH,Wctth irJ6JCf Val~y of tbe ]l'O.,

jji. 'lite Eml1'ir~~ :Ij~Dj)wil1g~li!!l Di;",mioniml[l Cir.E~, 6, 'filII: E:1I~I>!\lIld!b.m lATIir1~

~r. Thi:l Jbcxi~~~ Pot!nillsIDilain th~tB.1'lle OJ£' '~~diil~ud ~DiI. J~)bcl.

c. F_lIOO lI11det" i,ij~u:llil Xt

~l Uni.;o{,::1'Sit)i();!l {If EuitcOIl~. c • .

lO.])'Qm~Di.Oln~ uf t1n .. HQ1~<!;~ ,~f H.a.\;JSMlII!1'g iln f;1l1;~e ~,1! lb.~ ;\W'LQa;jjilQ~] Qf

Cl:!B.r]1).I'i '!I' •.

n. ~t;(!::TJ] Fa:ID'l!Itibll of ~'lr.ULOO.''VDm of l1':r,:'llfl(l!)J aM theEml'ii'''''~ 1-521-W. 1'2.. Gerllii::i~y at tll() A'ml.··~iltlD o:F ClulJrlw. 'W.

13. :M'U.tbl),'t'1il Geil'mll~uy a.nd ~il,;llghnnl.. "m'!l,e i''oo:s.~m. M,,\'il:nnillliliS o.fth

S~en,UI Ilud \lIil!!:'.ly Si!JWJn~p.lDth CmJr~GrLoo.. 1.4, Gertl18oy, '.l'llro ~ellJl!Wi! kald1:11: 'f [Jr.

1.:5,. ~flw 5~-L!ii'l CllilifHUfllMI;h

1'1'1. Eli!{lOIllcll ~nll. l'V:m"4 ud(.'!f'tihE)J ~ild(l.I1ii.

1,,{. Se.tlIld:iD.{\Nil~, ~Il ·taw time ~ G~~PuVUIi 'V1l1i{b

IS, W~t.e'l'IIl 1\111'11 C€llitrnl 1~11~lI'ipa. The Fl·vg~~SS ,0$ tho l]I;G~m!litiil}niID 1600 .. ~,~. .F:lI\l/.lll~~ ,]J1n~itc[iJl:ious ·Wfl:!'ll. Wi~k 1l/j~ ThGl Nclghlnl.llldumdi of Pa.ti1!.

1 ~.

31 4,9 .

viiii

MM'6" C(ll16n~ru

2.11, l"1lIu.n.d. amI JAth1!!.lIInill, ftc Uo1oll! Of 1.IIJbliu, lM}O, 21. lluupry ,a;t tit!:! end rtf the Sl:dOGnth C'enfm"y.

22.. Tlltl N'BtbllihllUlis. Tho \V:u'J, Qf IDllilepe:Il(!1iI1:I1:e.

:t);, Sb'il\~1I1.1tl ;ill ~hm' Si:ll:~Ii!Dtll ::md SClo~mmcnth Cen'!iud!l~. 2I!i. ND'lrit:h-e:W~l'n lUl:t'!lti'l!. 'Th. B&abetbDiD NiI.'~al W3'1'. ~, &"O}' in 160il.,

:00. lm~)' at Ute ollil of ~ho ,Sirl:tooll,tli (:~lfnJtVbl'.

fI1. 1n=lilml rl:t dl~h~gUmIlilllg of' the E\i:d.eeD't~ Ctm.'~liIrf" 2$, iGliI:rIll~~. I:c]ig,M1!Illli Dhtit>iOllS. c, Im~,

ZD. ~'Ol"mUIllY' Thll ThITlY Te:\JIS' \'ilIr .• ~610'-21l. C:mtpaignl! In lkJohmwllJ"

the ~ji;iIUIrWj Low'~l: &xo~,' ,lI!nd! ID'mIDlark. 00. :nlvGriwm: '~6rnuh~lidon) Ilud 1ibo lJ'IIIJteUimle'_ 31. GwullW,,·. Thll Edl:ct. of ~itu.iilcm~ ~009\

all. stOll!. &ltie ,:wd No:rdli6'l"l'Ii PolrtllldJ. W~!'Il, of Swede'll \\"Irth llo~and,

11:011 RUI;ti~w., MOO-tOOl.

33. G(iIl'm~'1~y, 1'111: Thirty Y~r;f \'VIII', [000-411, Th,eo Sw,ed~h Compai,giM.., 3<1. E-Ill.giuud ,md Wli.lllS all:i the olltli:rook ,of Uw GiviW l'!lI'.

3~, Eiiiglarul IDld Wil.ll."" ilIt\g[1" the Oilm]JCIigos (I·f 1644.

36. ,I~ug]flm'l owl. W 1L1~_ 'FIDI Cj""n '!!I'alr.

:11. ~i!ltfull1d~ ~~S-1(I~.~1.

38. Irelaud, AewriliJl~ M 'tim .AlIl! of SlbuJ!UWD,t" &JW~lDlber !.Ill .. 'U'l~, Dt:tdj I!lU~Dt:l'llt Oirtll,mi.

00. The. lihil'ty l"eiiW 'liV:ar. nu~ ~1!I(l1l Will' .. l~~. IIl1d ~be Du,t:cb

WOf\ritb Spa:WI 1620-419.

4'0. Qel·m3~y. Tho PcailllJlJlf \Voatp]udla.. 'U. Eoro,W i.1l 1648.

-12·. Noritib 8e.1. aDd i'ltl,fli1ib Chulli1L '[be ~o .. DulOOb'V:1U'l! of 'tim it'S1)V,ente~nUi. C'tutUl7.

,:,13. 1:,h" En.M,crll "''',odd. Portug:LlIMl), Dut:cli,. anil ElIgti!llb ~~t,Oons,

c. lOla.

44. Bl.illo:rlil iSPlIiu om!, lV~.rt It.,,]y. 'l:'.be W"nll:~pIIJl!Ill 'i'I'~t:', ~,~S:O, ~ 'A.o NetJi\~1a1lLlhl !md '1'ertorll G'Orf.j~llr!l,y.. 'l'li,c '\1i'a;1'i;j nr1!6'l3-i:;l,lI.

'J$. E.I!~m!:'!l F.~ll00. '!:eI"Ii:l'o:ri1l1.A>Ci!)II:i&1llio:os d.!JJl'iDg ~ rni~ of: ~J)lli3 :l!;.1I~'. -'17· be.l'(Iwij lI:llMl-1BOO.

419_ S(l'!Jtn~l:ern .t;U'Ope" '''am of'fu~1 witlltbe ErnIpirlllj VCniC'C"a:od,

P:nJ .. _nd, l,i3:;j)8-11039..

l!!l. Nor~1I:e1'u Jta.ly. '\V.ti.r1!I of' !tho Eightooulb CelltuJy~ 17IU-f03,

00. l'ViIlS't Elw~m \/jI"utiim, Jb~.o-Frnnc.b N!!J'o'1l l~fllni, )(;89-17'03. ,61. ElilroJle in 1'1.21,. ~~ir· nUl TrooUeil (If 'IJ~.rec'bt and N},,"'tlul

.G2. ftuSiiia i:g 17U.

sa. 'flloBuIti{l. JAll)d,,~, 1691.

./1'1. ,S,u:mllilfW\I'.irt. B.J~nJ' <iDll Po!lnlul. Tho Nol\'t;]wrll nr81f. J?00=2i~. W:W!i

'hi~ Sr:'Mesh\'llg-.Hv~iD.

;/i~ Dlitllmd.!ln~u r:g-:PrI!!.llSElI, !E.1i:palQi'li(m.~ :lM'I'i-1648.

~iG. :&oU(!,nd mad NrQrthorn lEf\g:LulIl], C:IlIl,~~ Qf the P:re~1Ii10nl. f)f. <Cootlil] };IDJi:-.o~ \l'il:t!), or ,!)\~duric:k the Gr-e.lit..

,(18. P~dIlDd." ':!b~ Fartiliil,lnlJ.

~ Pl'u&$il,l,. 'jJ!,:w:irlol,'illl Exp;1iI. to,O, l(U8-1jT:~,

~[A~~ ermlilHwd. ._. 1 • . J lW'Ml f'~liIiH; filld t'bQ ll.~triMl

(;ro. The< A~fil!!n Nmpbru, Il~ II!Sl,V'O '". I -

Ncl:b~llinth.TN'imr;1I1 CbLIIDge5. 164.S~1!79!;'. '61, R~. 'I1~l,'ritoriBl Eil:p:Jul!Wu.. 172.i~--{I.5,

(R2... The Eni:1i'iliiu lind tbe, Nlf)thcrlalldi9~ c. 17'92,

fit Europe ill 1792. _ "', _" .

M. .~lnllli.8.. '[be Degiiol1il1JgH !IF 'Iri.~iSb DomllDWD.

,~. ,AfriM IIDJ '!:he &von~Jlfh mWI rugb.tc~f.lith ~Ioori~. rVitll f!ll!'/i,' The

,Gm-ld ,mil, ,SlLav~ 'C()llal3.

66, NI:II:111~~mer:ieilo., ,[ii1il1Q)pc.'111'1 O:!'tlIluiJ>a.t.iOOlOO .:w.~'.... ts to 171m '67.. Nortb AmM'ioo.FFG1Itmh E:\:,p!lul!i,(Ii1] ~u(l 13i:'Jba~. ~11~?CS' ,":" 6& 'J'h~ '1'hi~J~ Oolll)llIiUl' fit the mldaIt'he 0!IIOD14l1 l'G:rlodi.

8'). '\'V l'St j"~di~ ill t7Gol. _ _ _

L.<5lem NO;iI't>'h ,\IUIlr:i~ ilfl l,IU'2. Thil! WIn,,;' Ind0(i(mdul!!{t:tlltdi th~

'10, Wilt' 'iii! 181£-.1. ~r:itll. fR5itl B08~1l and Ne~ghbollthoodl.

71.. l'de:~ili:o 30d 'rC~Il-"!", 1.0,105-8.

':;2. United Staltoo. '~Mriblri 1 ~r'1I9illllli.. :Til.. HnitM Stailn'l:. "inIO S~CCSBi.GIl.

74. 'Vnl.tOO SbI·tea, '1:,11" CivU lVa:r ..

':j".!5\ ·J:'.bo W,e;st ~lmliBII ,[i;ml tfu.il l~rniwin,i: J:S!firo<iis. 'l'ho ,~n'i!lh·-Am~1l 'lVm-.,

7(1, UrultM 81'1l1le!i. J)L'l,trilll!lt~.QllI of Piip'Ltla'li:~ml ilUd. Rlii[i;¥'3:i"s in law.,

U', [l1iI~~, Btu,lUIl\. Disu:ibu;(ion or l"o~ll.Jf),tiOll, (ul.d Prio.c:ip.oID &11W3fi'\ hI.

70" 19. OO. 81. $2.. sa, 84. 811. 13;(1. M.

1L~'.

(j[lited State&. Economic J.ll!e,poUil. Fmuoo btlfor'o th.e lte,~,lItioll.

"lI!1'1ll ,ilurillg tllO ,R.cvo~u~io:o, , ~"ft'l 1l"Mnti.i1I' ,1)[ l'':FtlDIl6. Re\loLutio~ln'l'f Ca!i!llrpnclg'llK, t'192-11. Dri~m1Y ~Ind .\ ilJud!,,\Q.

Northern i1Jtnly. .8Oi1lli'.1J!Oll'~'" 'Campil!gI1~ !796-'I: ..'

C!il1Jl;1;rol E'I.ll'OPl ~1l;'i'lE' 1ibo f'«l<ilO of ~l .tlfwdl of C~mJ!'O' For,mm_ Egypt ill~!!I. ::ifl'ill, 1'llo lEg:~D?til!!l1 &pcditiO'n,. TI.1l.UI-Ulrrll.

Il:i.lylll ~I~'OO. 1',111'1 l"rl'l!I~ wiuth~;b,plll;;3" ~::ri)84, "

Eu:l'(!jJIm'iI lj"IItlm!. N'n~'ftl '~ali'l'il~ ~'100i-10:m,5., nlitllirlffl. P(l.rt of .tJI!a. ~DIL1'i !llld lr}«n,is:l:i 'Coam.

'llI'1Uo!, '!IVa? of ~lloo Seil:ilIDd

Sc!lUih.-we!rt 'G~ml:IIJlly l'1J!ld N"rtb 1~1,,_ CwliliOIl, l'9il-1RI)1.

00. OBI~·tral E-'\IfOmm.. 18ilfl, :!ftc. the f:~ of LUII6'1'iil]il<, 1801, a~rlJ too

Secnd.llri:!.ati:'liIIliI, 181):l.

Switl?iirlao.d u'l!Ide,t tllu Act of i!I(l)I}i3.ti(lll. 18M" NoR'!:! A.UiliDM. Nm\oW WHr~ 180K-h.

~'ent.ri!J EII'{lp~.WII'N (,1ft'bo l'h:i1.'dl OOiiI;trili,OIl~ leO~-7. WUh ~nM·

nl1iN~ighhogrbooo. (If' J\iU,1ile:rliu.. . .

C011t~l E1lr;Jpe. 1M Auatrim Wilt .• ];900. Wit\llli~"]['lg,o NtighIiOlll\' 1i.ood, nl' ¥1t!f!'1llith

'l'h.c Frel!!;:b Empire j).][I1Il t1oDtl'\til Jlhi!i'Q~ Jan. l>oL;t;iooJ. Dh'i~~(I'!l!J. Sp:i.iu. iliad l~g8!L Tlc", rm!!i:rn.~lIla1' lV~r and othlf)r WllIrI'I of t111j ~1'llf,!I!ldb. rulLdi NI!If.~!.l:tb '!:ie'fttilnies.

Cen;tnl Rug,iii. The \Vo!!" o,S'1.0il.2,

HlI_

913,.

M.u~.. ~~tt:!!'!i:.fQ!

9'7. 'Gcr-mmllY aud Ensti:er.n Fracllloo. 1'.110 Wllr 0'1 1 .• ]~~tiQ!Jl, :UJl3-4. ~-':it.!! rn4'tl.Ii '[']lCB Neighb{lQll'boOdi of fili.is ~nd. the NeQg',ldlollurlIOM ,of Lujpl:~If'

OS. Nortli-eaS'1Xl [,I I FrelJllltiiilll!? of l\'rull~ _ Th,(i 'Vll:h(ido~ Cnmp!.t£1'lJ iI~H'i.

Wiln, in~ Th. Neiglibo1l.lib,ull'ti of lVIlteJ'lOOI

00.. m!!.!:mi! in, 1804., 'The l\lf$ol'O aud J!lInmtlm \V~. 11t12-~00'.I:.

lOO'. 1'helJ ~IiflTn rlVOO"l~. iE:llrQpe!lU Cnlllnlip Atli!l Dcpelld!lll1~ii[lj'i, Iln6, lOll. 11Ul1 We5t:6rn 'W orLi., .EIl:FOp(;Ja:1I eolJ}moo [tlld. fupeIJlidl~n(:i!li!l, '11:),1.6. 100. WW'Ope u:l'mri)h'0J C()lIg~ Df Vielnll3 ..

100. l"n!!nlle i!illGI!I ] II;!] 4.

104. ,ltuq ~i:flcl;iI UIUi. "nw Stru,gglo fi)r U'mlty. w~t~iNid a,tap,R lin the UnioD cf' ltB~IY~ 18~O-~,(j_

lOS, Ot'klmam Em!pr~ m EQro'J!e. 1Il79!-19iO,.

1!lMl Ame:ica. ,SprLlli~lii. 3M f'ol'tLlgne!lle Scu,]!!~nb!!. lY:il'~: 'iN.ffl btl:n

Am~rica lifter tihfl WSn]!, o,r lod~pellllenoo. 18~.

lOti. Tl~6 O'e<l'm$:UIDc Ooiii'I!lIieTBWo!D> 1,81S.

~M. RUI;5i~ in l!llD'Ol~i1.iJrl tbe,Nhl~~1:lIiL CilliiltIUl'" lYltk lfi,kCl 'rill!! NIl~g'lIb[ll!lll'~

hood of '1'a:r8aW"

~OO'. ThQ ,~{ivgd!om 'flf tlltIJ N'e.tili~l:aii.d:!l tu 1839. HO]O,lIllil anlfl Bol!gi.'um. !i!5111.!!l

1839.

~ 10. Oti.Qlmll!l Empir' ill ;'I.$i3. ilndi Africa ~ilt~ 171)2. U 1. Thl!l AuIl'~ri.o.lii DOlilmllillirul IShiOO l8UI.

112,. ~~dlnl,d, in tll~, Nin,lltoo1lt:b Uen:tm,y.. 'fill! ~ud:iI'rtllQllli1 'l!.Va':r.

11S:. ~fl<li:l.1lJd WU:11!lIL Pl\l'lifj,m~)!IblJ:li' RUp~DGg,t:iOD iiD '18320 beforetlu.l

Rofu1'1llL DUW.

111,4, EngJ~m1 .!i.n.d! WalGl. m'::Ir]li1mS~lt:llrf n~lillDwtiOlt Jill ~m lliitcr 'tliJe !l.e:forDl Bill.

rrs, TI.JiIl rn.llc.:k Sfl:i'J.. 'fill.! (]rill'reliil. '\rVll!r.. WltAi~ ,sQU)t;.b·v.rest CrimM.

no, Di"nrnlM'.k ~ndl t'he Du.cbiO\l, of s.chle&wi,g ,~.lflr.] U!)I,bmin, The, "iV~f ,~f

l8(\1"

n'1. (kJ11h'al EUl'iopel 'n:1;l W~ of illS&!, ~"f/l!! ~~ N'oFtb~ IIollllmia..

us.. .... te~!! fl'alli(l" 1'il,~ FI'ra[1¢!)..J.L'rllssifm WII!f, HI,1O-1., l:?Ul'I. ~'nsa

Nmigllhl)urhoOli Qf .Mmz.

119. O~llI'I:rIm~m ~rI1Ipi!l\C in EnrQ)l~~, 11:110-.8. UUIl'" 'IIl'lle BilU::.JJ[j''elhill'3Lih" .]fI:l'a:-,191i). un. Ji1nPlld :IIlit! "~1i.11lll1 16¥.1-Jl!I] ().

l~. lud..fu· lLl t1n~ Nirllcl;crmth Ceutury. IDlritislJ Ex:prnas;illll,18M-191:0. 123. NoRlIt~rll l!nrtin.. The !lhall'IIY, 113'S1-s'.

lijM", Indilu. ThQ '~V~tc:ra Pnulltie:r (tlld. N~jghbour.irtg CmmWi.e:l. With il1m 'Va.lie;y of tho l{:itJUiL l~ivel:'"

1:;M. II'!;d ill;. ~e ht.o:rll )j1r.illlli~r !lind NCigbooorirlg' C&tlll:tr.reR. ~geli

tmll EIIS'liell &:]Xlu!i!ioll. ] 8(l~-100'i.

1I!W. The DililUiliioil'l of Clm~JIL ilIU] i}wl!ouDd]Il-Jld.

12,7'. .BfitiBh North .\rueriilil., 1&lfi-(l7, ,!!.])I!I tbe ,I~l~t.:;u, I;Illd lItlllli~l;c! BO'Dil~k1rf Disputes.

1211. 1'b(ll .A1!!.S'~Hllinn 'Gol.oni.{'JI il'1 tha Niroc:ooeath <{,,"enlilry. WUA m~

Austhdia ill 113'./iL The Endy !SeUJiiillll.ilIiUl.

iII~}. Th0! D'omJiui.(JIIi. (If :N~II!' ~lllJmd. WWiir.ml NI,!i\v 2'>Mlwd. iII 18~.

T!l.Q&.cr] II' SQtnel11clI'bI.

xi

'14

xU

CORIUGENUA.

IIli'CP

1. 11'110 &~tlum~ :r,~Mlti'ei' ~r Ih~gnl',:V (14'001) ~MIl]d be OS iill HWIIlVN ,tMIl!IOOil ru~p 21,

3. .o\Idit ,ro lli~;

Thel 'C011.I'60 of the Ottoman eo:n\luest of thQI \'t'l']i:ltinll .(lnd! G(m~ PO!!';ll~ Ilion!> i~ not iUl~!j.troWdl in !tbe milp; OM ouly tl1ilJ IImM imllOrt!;nt iiI' 'th~ i Iflnd. ,~i(),mi (If VuuWe IIRd GenM have 'OO8n COIOOT'6d. ;\11 *he Acgeuri illfulliill named. ,u~Ld left. wJ.i1e 'we~ fllr !I l!mi~S'tin:lC :in V~Uetil~H or Gcnoesc po~iilln, WItJI tli. e!oi!I\i~'tM~ of' Il:IJ1.MOil wM~h Wo'lR J1e~clIhy il);liJJe Knights of St; JoJ.'Jiu.

'(\. 1(;01'&01'8 a1J!ld. ,Z"u:tplu.m. W('iI'Q i!Le!;jfuiredi.!.IiJt in .~eritl:d." b-r Ch~'I'l~ t.he BOld.

~ ,Li~oon. '!iliouldl 'bu ~I~ t.nill 'tl!1m~ ~'JKl' a~ otllcr tO~I!IIf.

Ill. P!ifJDlJf,unulith !:'Iln:1II1Jd! b~ ij'b0W1D ~llj JI lV,Qhh I!OIlJ1II'ty.

28. B;em611 and VOMQII !!ll1udil 00 coDcl'IJl'td. ~tli nOmllD l1;LthoL~t biJ;se

00]01'11' neilll r.i!lt4(lnltl b:l.~,

itO" IJlobiLiplI.willo oo.d Mllr.iimibur,g illLIIIIM 00 CD]!r}lll~i1 IlL,! Frenr~h flllllJlI'W:th)ll~ '66. ,bl &:de at Mil~ JfI'F 300' ff.flll. .:tIM!.

101. Fo" J..!II!IJ:'I't:smm.ll· ~d.' [.i.cM.e .. 'IIlbel<g.

1 ):1'" l~~d .. ~Jjdo~ sboldd 00 j~ned Ol~ .n ~ Jst. litl E killg.

122. 'fia, smaU tliliC'il,to the SlflUltl1.-t:la\Ht 'lIIf Damalll~I" 'lJol~lu!~ g;OOI!J 1!11'IQ\l~dI he. ool,uUJll.d i:1I lu u-oomAi1! !Ibadtl, ,I)f pil:1k.

J2Ii. ,For' ~~r'll1Gil 'rciM ~fJ!Ir'l!lW3 tG t:S'IlMl)pn IbrH.w,g,lI\&'. ] ~'i'.. Ju t.1ro t.Urn }i'w "in 1867' ~~ • ,in ]006."

u

" UI. n 121).

» ] $.1-.
" ,~.2-5.
It 127.
n lZ0,
'I 13<1,.
I> 1:111.
. .• 13.1.
".Ii 134. 1$. 'F.ho piil0CS O:-IJiCIl it:Il! ilSriti!l1I 't~iI in 'l'ibl!t,j '\riz:., G~~. '!i·atl1~, Gllm!k" ~hou~ai hi\1;'o !;;em i~ilIiilfiled il'l tlali milp.

..

S'pell)i1!l,g. :In mJ\[') G ftn t'ontbicu !"«f4 Pon.1hicil. mill' 1II'2 '~ii.ltd f!tl~wd,lI,di!ll1i .:1''' -01 l!!lld II:LM(l!)' J~ Eic:'bSWIt nad l'&iCbl'!~edt. fl'I'W ~ilbj}"r:e: t'~tI W biMllilJu rg, 1!Jl:3ll' 11 jar ,(j\j~U~li!.lIIil TL'6'd &J.t ot'hbllld. for. GoWamll mad (Joll'lJfind, IUIII,) /£3, for 13ufll::!.lI[lll,r 1"UlIJ BuYbampu1'. IM.",jp (jioj; ft..,. ~\t1m"dI111g3r t"(wJ. Ablll3l111'1111g3'1!',m.1:P '~.for G. cOl tiilMlS 10'1'(/; G. ,of Lyon$ .. m~ to-3,ft,)" j),IJ(lritirne }'l~ 'l'itlJ.d Alpwl1i'rlilfi~moo~ lil3p 10':;101' Arooll:mi~ f'eOO ..i\JtU!'l'n~llk1.

" 140.

...... n,

'CAlfBRIDGB MODERN HISTORY

VOL. ,XlI][ GENEALOGIOAL TAULES A.Nn L]S,TS

B!t

ADI~~~N~)A. AND CORRIGENDA

Jf'r:Jto .I.!:!~~tn. -5i.r fl. Pl$'lllAm [VireL, Go.r~:ru:IuatD.fI) N!tld Elm.utb - Sir U.ieJ 11lI1'4 1l'00000tofll, (Lord IJ)l nffMi'1ru) .K of llle,mumd.

lI'fJ,. OIl~IW.W..I.OO ,~d 140:r ~tl UlOlil.

l'OO", w;u.s the }'t.1'I:t' ,of t'he 11~th 'of ~:rilrh Ill,l I.iIiii 1'J,f,IJl"ecilcs, l"rilL'llllQ:s';! of

,,\.t.,1turllll!. ml;j Mt t,!Il8It. of her husbaud's.

Add to ,U;nill.d lD1Ji8- ]'ill1 «,p.

AdiJ if) ll .. iiilfi T'~lUg HlOS- U)I2 ,a.,p.

1'be ID:Jrme;; Qf t11@ folll)owh!,g' oGerll{!!mlll !l!hould. 1m uu.iMlruu!.f"s, ko.l IIIUIO tlLrwo.-2~ .fame\; J~1.ynflo7.~li. el:!:ud ~\.qm.vivlI. 22. Jo.bl1 Rwtllw~ .. :2;],. re-te.r J,olm Be0kx, 2'1. J\I'1UlIW AmJ.edetly, ~ LUili~ M'udill. uu.d t"l~e~' ~liou]oiI !)!) wlde4 :-21li.. ]'900, 1!1\I:tberT Fm!..~il!l Xa\'ier :urllr!l'oI'.

Jiibr D., of ~.b.gent'l., MII'IFl!llbOJl of From:!11 'Mdd D. of rUII\g'i:ntI.I, "bl"91lllJl ,of ,~l!!I'Iu:e2' ~!9'l'eli.

l'b.I' l'O~Iirti'o Ditl:&'1 '!I.,O!iIl5- 1'(11(4 hrii ri£; Di~z. 18l!l~U)]J.

1It:tU:iI'I1~U '11JS!i1 Kc. III' Zotland IIluli '~JOOS :E. OJ.do,ga'll ~,mwt 1:800 Illol1C'f;t U. A. (f,'rewo.~ri:m'e.'!) Ihld E:l(1ugMml!! ff,!., of CreWG~ ~r UlS!! 5k .'\l!gn.!t.1J1I IIImnmir!8' ~

111001 ~ill AI_J\m~,rr Swel;tQnllBM~ ffl'lipt_.-GiJiJI, ,a.lii! ("Oti.~if1~(]lli~. 100t :tiir Sydney H~1d311(l OlllO'l.6r"

Add I.'l~ baIl/HII RoOO1·t Laird Bo[dill!l~ 1.9iH.

(I) Add ;'l~ lHIU_ 1'911 ThamM (Dallimilll.) £..nord n li.m..'!rfll.

(1) Sir lVIIIDlm·l:lt-.lIIl"i .. HIl]y.H!lllIhlhilJi;iIIn\! GO,\I19HI(Jfllh,j,p of Cvpe f:oloUlf ~rmiIlIl!ti'..d III 1!)1~9, ~.ml :Sir MIlU,'b.\lfAl N1ltlwn'~ of N",bL I,n It)OO.

1. .. jftl.l'l" 100:1 S£r J:lMO<J!1 GtI:n!Ji. read

19.1lLl H(IJ~tiQ) H(lrbtlr~ (Kitc:lul1l-er.) \lis~Jt;. Ki~~l~Oller nf Kl'lIIrtUilt.

U. 'l1u) 'fi~t. olin~.f 8bOt.!l,,,]j lJiI!Jl.Ud:'

100(: Sill' tl(1ol\ll'tio nO'r\);.:lI't IGtdioluU (V~","t;. IGbllnmllF). 'rho I'i .... t ~Il'tl'y of ;'I.], Of SaI.~bu:l'!!, ~holl~d w-W,:

M. Of :saiI,i~lHolrrl Fifl:lt 1iAIl'd ,~?'; FORilf1l Sec. l007-n2. '1'1111 sllt.'llmli aml Unird cnhj~ slitlC)'uld IN'uil:

M. of S.'IlliA.'hury~ lrOl)l)igl~e~. 1005-1000 .. T/le'6'fm~1 Itri\''y &31 J !~.

lkt'*lf G.-..I.-E. Duelere, 1fm::.! ami JIIIIM I?ony, 1883 iwre'J'l }. mllllldi I"IlIIlli.'re:.~. IHR:~

(oInd ood QJ ~I)m qf 1m: JOl!ll!llh ClliUhull(1 :!Lilli..

,NMd P, l:hilMWig !oIIOO, Hoi.ltm]l.dm-Sll:hillli ~mlillt-. Ifill, (intltwd 'If ] 1:19i}-1000J; mKl

ThoolJwi]d "'OD. B~thmlJtlll.:I'ria)lrnlli'e.g~ 1009 (ir~~d o.t BJllIG:). 1I;W,d at ~~trom l;U'/gi L'IW.!lUit lOW-Jill

G. HiQl.it'ti. ,L'(;Iu-

i'l'o.r Aj<irona rru ... c:o:o) 1"£'~d ~\iii:olila {1·il~l\}.

l-i..l.

NebJ. The Tllb~es trod. Lists wp.~ lIo1J1t origi~lii~ly illito.mlild, UllleIl6 :in c:\!ll\QPtiouru ill:'1taIlC~, t>o go I!,i.c)'oud 1'910,. 'rb~}'M,~re l~(I1.., wlier,e :o~ry, beet.! bro~l'lt I.IJi to, 191U.

1

TRODucnON.

l'W! ft m.:Iid, ~r tMlI mll~ tlt9~d GJ'iI' filruml lrJ tIM III'II~IJ-I"II &l.w.il- ,~ It'iIm ~ pI"; • J IWf'Nplilm ~ Uc P U khlJ gitm in ~J'd.i1»'Y tJlJ'fJ tMl!n cilil Il\ !II<

r.r mtUkt 0 II mop. :lndUSII qf"'t~ mtJ1' &:.milIcrl an..4 Q/ t~ ~ l~mIo!d !II!'(!' r

(I/. f~ .md of ~ Intrvdu«mn.

Til IJ(l'ltOLiq thO' Midlille p tit VB/r1oW! peoples who, entued Emupe ini:hll ,lIeeHn ing Yl'a!l'!l or tbl! llornl!lft Empi.rti W(l!I'C 'lmil;iDg m debit.: groups lQId fonning 8 1Dl!llllber illIir !ep.vol.c This prIIioeM Qf 1'l1lo1.i!llll- 'IWU! Swwt'Grming hM, no ddimt~ po lilt of oog:imilil,g oJ[' l'iid~ But ii'huio,g tllae rOu.rlic!fnf:b. and fift:e.rrtth re:~lmi • it pl.'OCllldedi &0 rlLd tbat,befol.le tb~ e~~ of fbe. lo.ttcr, it ss e:vident ti18:t in '\Ii',cat@m EUJgfll n~w ,S!o.~ IIml be~n to.rm(.d wii i~ eG ld ,MSett lNL!J l;be~'[' iI!ldcpen MOO of the mWe\'a.! ElIlpire 8'IId their ~1.I:i!:hOijtJ ower Loera! ]jbortJ ood ,n "a~e rigilL Thrus. though tl~e Bmpi:ro did mo! diseppul' Bt this time. i plam'l\"&1 11:1 Pflli;¥ AI ifmru y m lnibel. Dr 'Ji'iil:.L it ,,,"(is fit: 01'l~ !!Jhft ,1)1d t o.nd tile weakest member, ][1'1 'the OO~ of a, long ruld rum0st ICe M:l~ "Dnffil:~ bet "Ifi) th De taks:. UJ m t'iug politi D!J I!d~ EW'f~pe ~ll.II bWlll'llowly hupral, It·~ ili'll objed of Uti hrt.rmluc1.ian to ummaru t~l(: se.i Dr wrritorinJ e111mg by wh'ich ·this ult hal \e. III ibr 1iIgll~ obout" tl.tJdi thll!t Nb'ru;:e ~.ho p~ of "l.IwoUl)ill'!JtL{lJ'l and ~pamion bj' hich the States til t ere in bciog in the iliifk-<enfh c:eol\lf"

ttnmed the"t p.1'3e11t r{l!i"m'~ 8lId the mps by wlIDiclt alber' Sww 8\t1oSQ and! divided with thp'm thp, 1!R:lfld" \1I1iI~ nO '1!,llbeliw porlliml «lP~Jlidntiollb lm.d tak(ln,laa: during t.1li .Mid le Ages. We' hfi\'e ito observe RDw :iu the arJU1'\S.e of moocnJi bj~mry" the Eu:ropBiID potiitimil ,]"31Nm~ blth m th Ii th umhir r inelu cd Ooll~ M'cstel'D Europe. , been ult.l!ndEd hJ inehrde the who]CI of EW"Opc, .und how, ItS Euro-pwn societies l!IJ,Q 'heel! pf nW m, other Q:nIt:iII;eJ)' bew IlID.de b ""Ii ~ IbnwR by comml'JlOC:~ aJ..ld ~1itiml depelildeuc@irnOO'itl!. m politiMl1ir~ q;jnW alm.ost the wbate Ikno world form a illp pnlitiml, ·stem. 1 e: ha'l.e to see how the mrmll.tiol:l of thmill l'i}lstmn h:os ~1I I3l:co:1.ified by &(1; ialoo of 0),

1Ula! (if Power, hMlded. down Iiirom fh p:m:ociou politicnl l!J(pcrie:nce. !l!i ,[W.r, 1.I)' the U.i~te.llce of be _ oJ, ,l'li!lmllb Empbe,wbich, ''01' lbe'

II

IFlJ. I it o>f ..... m,. :.-~ ~ .-r ....... t:aM MIl ",ted ".I1 .... L~ .. M lilY pnnciJlllli lcn\t..ociaI ~ 'sf.1II t-y. ·I""t...., ....... t~.I:h&\'- fmDl4., Ik

~ q_. tbr «"'" in 11>0 lout '1....rt.:r, tor u,.. i~I_.!t,

_1.0..... dcf,,, I ~ a..,,:.- .-lIIid. IMc!.rrt Slat In 1M " or II

• '. lid u. p!litkol !If ~i~"",, "1'1'...-. .. 01 11M" ~

\\ ,LIO d·Ift_~ ~ too'" 1_.10 ~ ~hri. ind.flI'IlI'IElICo ...,d 1M

I t''Ari1y of t .... j. 1Hri,.,.,. ~ I:n I". [..-at d • .,.. • •. .

!~ U ,..,.,,..,. ... "rtJw.'-.J~1ib OCIlbl'J. I""'Rmpl"".~'r ,\1.3;' thP 1-l<!,,1'lIOII.bw jl:l~ h.,;lllt """" .... " .. pl~ 1I,t" " rr!1~"''' """,

...... At 1M ....., u_ lilt !>Own fir 1M j..u.li. HabobllQp ~ 1.0"

...... ..,,J tbey ~ 1t...ir dlllll:u:Kor. ;" ]1.,,~ ... palm... ~ \-

"""""' ..... 1 ... r.._ tl!M: ""i'""''''''' uI ~ 'li'ti.e T'IIIrt,.. Yruo' \hr ~~ GmD>I")' lu ki ... u:.td: IlI<I !II: ... ......:I .......... ~ ~ .... t~ ..t.~ ...... J U .. 0.1,,-,, or ill:;jlan<l ond -:; .. , .. ""I'laml Fl".;.!..,J Irr w,u.

• ......,rol .ow, ~"'" did ..... ,,[ SiIoln r>-~ lhe R"""'1&i <lIIdl !>11 !><or ..... bil, UI, 'ft."", i,.\hl: __ Ill _1"'1, r*D ('(II'Ili",...JIlo,~

"., ~ In U" •• IMa..t.ohI< l.Id! ... """ .... I.<m i'RlII ". ,«. ad"!! .... .... r...-lb .,j,j,.J b:r l"'" ,.,.,db uf ~ ~ W'I,I'I "'" u", bnt>i..., b-

iu In l I ....... r tlt_t l!t ..... p<1 ..... i ind"p"ool.ta.c!IllI 111 boll ......,

....d.. Ill, tl-,o -11. ".;poMd t<> IKT IIIl1u .\IIDduorp;.,..·

" ...... k., r .d b..r ~t i .. u.. .. iJ...- 01 GtTIII""J .. I/ ..... t..

km ~ ,,",, g J>IIU_1kaI P~ !lo ..... 'll..1:I.1111r; ~

1'Uf:II:~ r", Iini!!I pod daoro'n.n" r " .t.i.:b :...r IIIII"I]I'Od tn,,,",'

~ ~I ~ It. ..... O.""-,,k. p:l [ ~ M. [" II, ...... , ..... ,,! GtrliIom,.

.... r"","", .. 11<" W .. n'~ ......1, 1In7""i1 \1m 'Ilrr> M\I'I~ 6r i'"""""'r ... r- did LIII III." t," ~* I" ~ Iwr ,]_i...M.B " ........ ~ I\al..... 'l'lx L- .. ,., ,,~ I'u...... a:olIp.:l'&~ 'I' (k ....... " .... d..... UIIII poIil;""! ,,1'I!b1 iii' ~ Rnd \\" .. !I,~ F.iul'llpr:, r"., t.J:.o fiM UriK.

II,k> <>IIftJ~'IIDn.. -n •• """ ,Ill !l ImJi"""J" H .. 1- "" <If

"- ~til\l!. s..dr!o II.<l ,..,t ~, lI&t ... 1Il 0I\~111""" .1>11

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km r""" ..... , n ....... ~ lIAl~f Me! ""_ Al u... .no'! DiI

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1\I'hiJ~' Uie&l!'chwu~\ool£ pla'. In E-uMp~ .. 'mmgJRl1I:iiJ. tmmJ4 ;Jlmo' en - .ic§"to rich S~Ck 1iiJ( oj),plJliltJmlty C!&'rli: pend west., ihltl:i'efiq'.mQI~l)'~ . .' . nilll :litiud E!i!I'~J ;o.mJ. ~.l'e b~il~of: 'Gfta1ti.u lk~eaiinl. HQUalu) did m:.ewi:e~ ~l Dl,Ot:g: mr ·Omil!ll(l).~ .tli. 'flOil' .(i!:n.l~:~i~ B.btib w~ ~Jy ·4!QItOO\!l'llOO wh~~ ~\t.~l'tJ!l: tl;te.e:n~ ofllie. &erTl'§nt@nth tC'Otu1,y tlleR IjjJ,J~l'led the' f!l)s,ibilit,yJ .ill:. .mijhly po1i'lii..m1 tmn.::;r~nu.\tt~)]iii, m ~r' by t~ U:Di~~b .til the do",~ollis w~.oo .4 ~~l W l:!¥ the M;ilitl.l~J;! bC)'~ ~rc;,lld.r '~~ie~.L~.IJ.IIlug 'pDwer ,&1 "t1!;e Jrrc!:l~b. :Iliona\,(:h~ of .~ 'wlllwlt.lit·!.1f tbe $"pooaiu i!Jl)l$'ni!:ll ,efujJjrt;, "rk'l.!Ift trM~ifin..n.ItH';i11 ~J~l'>LV :pm\'elll~ and in itli.e i!O~ o£!hc: ttrqggIe EPgJa:rnB, liui.w hemme:G~t

Efi~j'lil, ~ed 81I1~.; . :t~m,1.~ ~a.v.Qjn~. ~n il!.~ !OI~Di~ .. ".,g~.ld. E~".~J~;e ·c;hall,e5i ],11 :E1!I.t;G,e eJs,D rQU0'm\~~TII:e' 1~~O:ti! qf ~fle 'W.1S. ~_~,

Jmlil. theAdlii~d~n bmlJch ,ill th~:a;n - wok the p~ ofihe SWD'i$.h

~ the N.elhc:&~liJs· and ~ta:l.l., :'Iv1irlJ \\las S~QgLJ.io.D;C!d ,0-$ ,II. lindFcl"

Si_ 1iClw:ee:m Fimlce I;lM Am,Erl, C,lI! ~ 1tallian ~-ti!!nl.

51, 168 -B't!t'~e-ep "~PE:Wll:ii:fQf Utret'l~t Bud ~I:l F:rc'~. Hevohiltion tb~llV~M

it'a~'Qhmr~@..WiYJlitm1. :&"lllWjl!!'_ :&~1I~.2llI4~)~!I}t1laugbt aJ~ dl1~: h1li1;"tboo~ IDit ·hM. b~~ ~1illts hi th'e'e!XJI~i!lD. .01: ~ from Ame~ica ~ij:b~".it ttil!!1il D\Dl' ~ff@cl t:h:e roliilt~!to~'lH1 .t$£ .E.tJ~ III Gi:{l'DI~y ifuij i.,:I'!R ~9p0, 'bQ'\lra~ great t:hn. w~ wQ,J:kEd. Q,~t 4 powct£i.d ~&i)m riJ)f ir!l?u'6ia WWi thl'Q'l€!l~ Wh,ose-l'i~J. Bt ,tire ~~ Of .A:l.i!5~I1. 8JUF~ll:l, ~ &e a'hmos{; J~b.e str,clnge,stmiliib,1lY. Pow~ in Eu~per W~·the '~f:'f [~!M'of tb.e·~icd" Il'Issi'lI: mtItelfOO tJi~ ~Jt'M ,mOOe de'RnitBly sl;f!.iI :d~clsh.~ r ~ ad~a:qe:ing ,.i4ll"&t S~\i_~~ I.Il!.i1 T:urlIey: .AtISb'ia :gmned SUlilile oompeb~lion for :her d " ," i'~eI.'I~ in Germ~ ,dDt

of .:tal,~ d.:Yi.lll1 el.'llip1t~ QV 1ih~, T~tb, " th~·~ Fmw,e:m

~eedoo ~hide tile.. ]].I!iJ\(iI,lr~' Id . . Q.~ P<ii ~n~ wM~h ·\h.eR~luL'~

~~~ Nom h~ry. M.the ·tb c~ ~keU itsel:F out

H loA . P'tl'i.q :in d~.ti;. Ull_Iii.BlifA.m 'dep,ri'iiei ~f '1!Il~ :!'C ~b' BdmlD' by :R\ poo'itl.oo.l tl .. ~~. '" the'~eJul!d ,o(,,<rt::e.li!l.l1gl!! ill tt~1!c e~onmJ mm"Jill DanGe M the .,.-r~ pili" J;1el(~l~oD siili .np~ iuma 1hW~ lIra!V' gtimt iPOWlW'S\, ~t~m)~u~ ~ss.:io. ~ng ~ S~im~f ~~th a foo.Ut.olcl 01'1 • Rlul[I ~ a iooHmJIll in Soldh 'GierDfMlY, bat the: ~Q1k of ~411 kl;J.;i:~o:d-~ in tlre u~th, ItilS:si$ pln.Ult!ed Nee~]l Olil .tiJro ~tic .mll t!Qe' BJR'ck 5iea ~ .Ams~rI~ sb;i1l!\g;fiD.Ii~lli~m E-.peJ hMl ~~" &~d --:lin am:" a :Sumpe of iallf-a~d.omn G~t p$~ers.! l'I'bose~J'~ ~It'!llf WQo)"1{ed, out; by 6ntn;hi'b'u~l ~e&.djIYti!tmqt" ~,;liS,to Mr ~'l(ild,GlBy i;hl'iM'~ed 1,,)' '.t'1~ Ji;evoRut]oJW.:{ WRh tl:in\ iiIi.e gmJl~ Oi Na~~iW~ .

OJ'I' 9~ .hI n9i ~an t:waty ,~ 0.'1: mnwiill Gnmwe;; in, Jilie: GO.l.DOO .of' \:\lliich {bn: pf!lliti.ooi ~swJn e$ ~p1l:WI}:i! j1tijbj~ 'jiO !IlU:BWm.lI~ :HOO]1I,-

s~tiim. ~~ imPI:h3 ·of, tihe ;~~nt!OOlI C!ln;~th~ Fr,enJ:b W' Ith'~ ~tl~ tllJi~ genIQIj O.r~polt:!)~ln ~ed t~:m to ~!ie,cOOtlil~ of iden~~l _d, OO'l!litkel'I~ ., Eum,.e, .h: J!btl;,y".-(l.1\Iofoolil SW>6pl ~ay ~ri~ G~ ilJ, Ve.:gl00., 't:he SiAtl¢s of the ,ebuhS~. ADd theA'QSb:i!m. d'Cii'RImlQm, !)id'ed! a bii~, '.il...~ .JQ 1;b.e ~, e;J:llr!,,:~ lI.!1d Ji;1(tftlC'd fJf the ~lD!ll~liJ..er! :lim"

1 tlE. lJBM.K.r

• pili VI'; '1 V I!RSlT't

~UXAS

SECTION 1

t=UUUl"E IN To::E FIF'l:EKNTH CENTUBY.

On lir:d Cnde1I/Io'our must 'be t[l pm lI,t II, pict[[re of the :EWlliptIUI I political SYRIfrem in tlile late]" MteeJlth o~nmry. ][u lo'o'e3t.em Wid l.."t:JlILnd ElJI'op the principal States were th~ finly ROI:I!laDi Empil'll-& louse fedemt:ioD. of so mil fGUT hwullm du~iesl' L~Wl.tiest,rund tlll~J over Irticb tile DlJ.k~ lil't A.w.li'ia.. with their ~i!t!i'e thvugb aca&rcd dow.i.W.(lHE.:::! exttrcU ~ the hnpe.rhJ POWEr-Fra.n~ ngE!Wd-with it:;: de.pcndI!IR;y, f.re)lLlld--'smlJiUllI, th~ Sl;o;t;es o:f the fberiu:1lI penWsu1e, and! the States

of Holy> in IHIr'lbe.:rn Bbd W!£WD En:r pe. thi! Se lIIdiUJ:nri~ TJn~nD, UII!! group or BUSllilln prim:-:lpllltioeS"UIIdl!r' the T:art.!u· yoke, Poland, Li1iliwurill.; &lllcb111ll1J HII!!IJJ/JMY amil the Qtblmu empire'. Of tlu~;:;~ la.cgll SI:.tiIl.e!l., Fmnee ha.tli perhaps the great;e;;t degree of unit". In :liPra.nce a process, 8 of inh;,rna.! oon.s[llidauoJil !had been p~Llg :~"ol' se~{£JlI.t CCf\Ifuries. The pO~igr ur UJl~ OWWD b~ b~ ~~J' e:x:te.odcil algoS' the grcfit riVC!E' \Tall.~ II-the 8ein~ tl1e Loire !:he lGa.romu:; and the Rhone--aI!Ld'~ on ., one. !:he gnm! A m were being t~.sfarmed jnto royaJ domniJ!. UlJIdLlg the In.ter tkir'be.ellJ.tb. and the IMdy faUl't:oolilth eontury, ChmlllptgHp.." ChMlres. the Dn:l1pLlinJ and Guyeune \VeM a.n ooquircd. or the great fieli! wb~lJb mlnamoo to dimntegrate the l!iiDooo:m at the IUX:ess]OO of Eoui "'X:l In 14/nU.e mmt importBInt ere til dl1chlBli of BW'gUDdy and. Bri lannY' Ilnd the' c~m])t1 oJ AlIj IIIU. Itumgnmil y wa..-s &!li~ by Lolli, XI m 1~11, on the d:e.aUJ ~f' CJulIl!,;~ llell D1:.i!ld. Dri:oo.nny W1,L:!I 6 siQglc province lUId b.ot..,like. BurltUndy a:r Anj Otl, ODe- 1111£' a large W-OIlP of territoci~ But it was fllO:l"(l sih~.rply se.,,~d hy l' ee th!li.rt was Elll'glludy from the remfllw.dGll' of ]i'l'SllOO'. Jj,y the mn:rri~. fi1'Si: oi' IOhi1T]P5I, 'tiro in 14'91 ~ MId then of Lolli:> xn in 1 - 98, \Io,jth AIme. iba heiress ott' Rribl1Hl}" ~ tms impgrtant prorvinre WIl!I fimily .mi 'Oed to th9 Fro:nch kmgdom. It WaJ> Ul9' ~t lief", 11 ilC':llI hom t.It.,Q I!h~ ,of (I. sepa,.mte :SOl'e;rcignty. tilt1ug;li its illde;p!Wdlllioo Wa..; Dot as dangemus to the unity or Fnmce rIl.'3 the: ~QJj] of Burgtmdy by II fllmi~ 'ruw er ]~ k-e1J. The Duke or A,lIjBll bcld, not oniynjrm. but aJ5(J the 'counties of Poo'ence and ~l8in~. within F:l'ima:e, IiIiS we.U ,!IS ,thll duchy of Lnmme without, and

he had.. in IItll.JIiIlliu.lJl' III ~,i.w to tb~Unam:'L!I<[' Na.rl~. m 1~, all ike