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Pass Loss
Tx Output
Noise Floor
In-band
Close-in i t f interferers
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
MIXER
Output
IF Filter
if Received channels after frequency translation
rf Received Channels at RF
if
LO
Sensitivity
y y y y
The minimum (available) signal power needed at the receiver input to provide adequate SNR at the receiver output to data demodulation Noise Insertion Loss Inter-modulation products Blockers (in-band and out-of-band) Phase Noise Image-Rejection (will be discussed with radio architecture)
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Selectivity
y y y
To find Receiver NF
y y y y
Transmit Power FCC regulated Path loss Receiver sensitivity govern by standards and applications Required SNR depends on BER requirement and modulation scheme Noise floor thermal noise or circuit noise limited depending on the modulation schemes
IEEE 802 802.11a 11a WLAN FCC limits the PSD in 5GHz to 2.5 mW/MHz Channel bandwidth is 16 MHz T Transmit it Power P i is 40 mW W or 16 dB dBm Thermal noise floor 174 dBm/Hz X 16 MHz = 102 dBm Total SNR budget is 16 dBm dB (102 ( 102 dBm) dB ) = 118 dBm dB To cover ~300 ft. at 5 GHz results in a path loss of 86 dB
y
GSM (DCS-1800 ) cellular FCC limits the PSD in 1.8 GHz to 5 mW/kHz Ch Channel l bandwidth b d idth is i 200 kHz kH Thermal noise floor 174 dBm/Hz X 200 kHz = 121 dBm Required SNR for GSM is 9 dB
y
i.e. Receiver sensitivity is 70 dBm (802 11a specification is 65 (802.11a 65 dBm ) 802.11a packet length is 8 kb Worst packet loss < 10%, (1 BER)8000 = 1 10% BER = 105
GSM receiver sensitivity specification is 102 102 dBm Receiver noise figure requirement = Receive sensitivity Noise floor Required SNR = 102 (121) 9 = 10 dB
Receiver noise figure requirement = Tx Power Path Loss Required SNR Noise floor = 16 + 102 86 27 = 5 dB
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Receiver sensitivity
y y y
Noise Figure Signal to noise ratio (SNR) Thermal noise floor Nonlinearity y
Receiver selectivity
y
Phase noise and blockers Lower limit set by sensitivity Upper limit set by selectivity
At any input signal level, the receiver must achieve a minimum Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
y
Some analog detectors (AM detectors) improve gradually with increasing SNR Digital detectors improve rapidly past a threshold SNR
Dynamic range
y
The range of input power (signal and interferer) over which the receiver performs adequately
Measured by performance of the base-band transducer (speaker/video display etc) For system analysis, Bit Error Rates or final SNR are used
y y
Smallest signal level is the receiver sensitivity Largest signal determines the upper limit of dynamic range (What does largest signal mean? We will come back to this point later)
Monolithic implementation (low-cost integration) is a challenge owing to the large number of BPFs required
Alternative architecture suitable for integration will be studied later The architecture as shown is a consequence of available technologies
y
For example, if low loss, tunable front-end BPFs could be manufactured for channel select, the receiver could be replaced by one mixer
The components shown are usually common to all architectures with possibly different requirements Front-end circuits (e. g. LNA & Mixer) are critical design challenges and technology drivers in wireless applications
ADC
typically a ceramic filter Used to filter and reduce incident power levels of distant interferers at the LNA allows the entire RF Band (all possible useful channels) into the receiver rejects out out-of-band of band signals and attenuates image signals connects the antenna to the receiver or transmitter in a time-division duplexed systems Balanced to Un-balanced differential to single-ended converter
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Balun
y y
ADC
Front-end amplifier used to amplify the signal with minimum degradation in the SNR amplifies the signal to reduce impact of noise from latter stages Ceramic (or SAW) band-pass filter used to provide filtering of distant interferers Used primarily to reject the image frequency of local oscillator (LO1) Allows the entire RF Band (all possible useful channels) into the receiverattenuates image-signals before mixing converts the incoming RF signal to intermediate frequency (IF) is the difference between the RF and LO1 Usually have stringent linearity and noise requirement
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
RF Mixer
y y
ADC
Select the desired the channel and rejects adjacent channels Typically requires a SAW filter with high attenuation to suppress out of band tones adjusts the received signal level so that it maps to the dynamic range of the based-band circuits such as the ADC Down-converts the I & Q signals to base-band for signal processing I th In the above b example, l we assume that th t the th i image f frequency i is greatly tl attenuated tt t db by the th channel select filter and therefore image-reject mixers are not used.
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
IF mixers
y y
Receiver Requirements
Power gain, voltage gain, stability measures Noise figure or temperature Desensitization (impact of non-linearity on noise performance) Intercept points, gain compression
Low-noise requirements
y y
Linearity y requirements q
y
Noise in Receiver
Receiver noise level directly limits sensitivity Receiver sensitivity = minimum input power that the receiver can detect Noise figure g of cascaded stages g
y y y
Noise figure of RF receivers from antenna to ADC output Noise figure of passive networks Noise figure g of ADC
Typically, ADC is characterized using SNR at the output rather than NF To determine the NF of an ADC ADC, we need to compute the degradation in SNR due to quantization noise after the signal passes through the ADC
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
SNR in P / Noise N i in N i out Noise = in = Pout / Noise out SNR out Noise in
Since the ADC only performs digitization of the input voltage and thus does not provide id any gain, i i i.e. Pin = Pout, the th output t t signal i l can b be t treated t d as th the input i t signal i l plus quantization noise. Expressing NF in log form, we obtain:
NF = Noise
out ( dBm
) Noise
in ( dBm
Assume that the ADC noise is completely due to quantization error, then
Noise
out
A Assume that th t the th noise i at t the th input i t is i due d t to th thermal l noise, i then th
NF ( dB ) = Pin SNR ADC Noise = Pin SNR ADC kTB
in
One can also express NF as the power ratio of quantization noise (at the output) and thermal noise (at the input) which results in:
NF = NP 02( rms ) A p , ADC 4 kTR s B 1 ) 4 = 2 2 N 12 R s
2 V FS
( A p , ADC =
Increasing the sampling frequency reduce noise noise, which has the same effect as increase the ADC resolution
y
Receiver Requirements
Power gain, voltage gain, stability measures Noise figure or temperature Desensitization (impact of non-linearity on noise performance) Intercept points, gain compression
Low-noise requirements
y y
Linearity y requirements q
y
In-band
Close-in i t f interferers
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Interferers
Linear Systems
In other words in a linear system, the output can be expressed as a linear combination of the responses to the individual inputs. In a linear system with no initial stored energy, the output time function is related to the input time function by the convolution integral:
y (t ) =
x( ) h (t ) d
H( j ) =
h( t) e
j t
dt
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Source of Non-linearity
A system is time-invariant if a time shift in the input results in the same time shift in the output:
x(t) y(t) Then: x(t ) x(ty(t ) y(t-
In linear time invariant systems, a single frequency input can only generate a single frequency output. output A linear time variant system, e.g. a mixer, can generate frequency components that do not exist in the input, which cause non-linearity. Device non-linearity non linearity
ID = K(V GS - VT)2
From this equation we see that the output signal consists of a component at the applied fundamental frequency c and spurious signals at dc, the second harmonic 2c, and the third harmonic 3c. The amplitude of the fundamental component can be greater than a1A (the gain if the two-port is linear) if a3>0 and smaller than a1A if a3 < 0. This property is called gain expansion or gain compression.
Aout A
A1 dB A
Gain at fundamental frequency = 20log |a1 + 0.75a3A2| Linear Gain = 20log |a1| At the 1-dB compression point, the actual gain is 1dB below the linear gain 20log |a1 + 0.75a3A2| = 20log |a1| 1 Therefore for , A-1dB2 = 0.145a1/a3
(a3 < 0) or
A1dB = 0.145
a1 a3
P-1dB = A-1dB2 / 2R
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Blocker: If input signal to the receiver consists of a weak desired signal at c1 accompanied by a strong interferer at c2 (the blocker). The blocker tends to reduce the average gain experienced by the desired signal:
For large g enough g A2, the receiver is desensitized as the output p at c1 is overwhelmed by the blocker.
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Inter-modulation
4 a1 3 a3
= AIP3
IIP3 = AIP32 / 2R
When A = IIP3, the 3rd order term = fundamental at the output ( i compression (gain i is i neglected, l t d i i.e. 9/4*a 9/4* 3*A3 << a1A)
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Given Asig, in, Aint, in and IIP3, we want to find the ratio of the signal to IM3, IM3 i i.e. e Asig, out / AIM3,out at the output
To find the dynamic range, we refer Asig, out / AIM3,out to the input
To express IIP3 in terms of the input and output signal amplitudes, take the ratio of the first and third terms from the previous expression and express in terms of IIP3
2 Aint, in
2 AIP 3
(Slope = 1) Aint,out
AIM3, in
Aint,in
= AIP3
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
Aint, out
Asig, out
Aint,out Aint, in
Asig ,out =
Asig ,out AIM 3,out
Aint,out Aint, in
=
2 AIP 3
Asig , in
AIM 3,out
2 Aint, in
2 AIP 3
Aint,,out
3 Aint, in
Asig , in
Given Asig, in = 1Vrms, Aint, in = 1mVrms, and IIP3 = 10dBm (AIP3 = 70mVrms on 50 )
(1m )
3 ( ) 70 m = 4.9 = 13.8dB 3
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB
IIP 3 =
4 a1 3 a3
The term consisted of 2 (due to 2nd order distortion) can be neglected if gain of stage 1 has a band-pass characteristic
Dynamic Range
Receiver Selectivity
A measure of the receiver receivers s ability to reject signal outside of the desired band. We have seen that IM3 due to two adjacent channels creating spurious tone in the designed signal band Blockers and phase noise of the local oscillator (LO) signal also degrades receiver selectivity.
y
BL
Receiver
Signal LO Vout
Receiver Output
C/Im in
-PN ( fc ) f
Assume that the receiver is noiseless, therefore required SNR is determined by C/Imin (Carrier / Interferer ratio)
C / I min ( dB ) = S signal Sblock + PN fc (dBc )
Desired signal at fo can be as small as 99dBm with 43-dBm blocker at 600kHz GSM required SNR is 9 dB Channel bandwidth is 200 kHz PN (at 600kHz offset) = 99 ( 43) 9 10log(2e5) = 118 dBc/Hz
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB