What is Type 1 Diabetes?

What are Signs/Symptoms of Hypo and Hyperglycemia?

Hypoglycemia o Fast heart rate o Irritability o Restlessness o Excessive sweating o Cold and clammy

Type 1 Diabetes Management

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder caused by the destruction of beta cells of the pancreas. Beta cells make insulin, a hormone that keeps blood sugar in a healthy range. The sugar is transported from the blood into cells and muscles to be used as energy. A normal range for blood sugar is 70mg/dl 110mg/dl. A sugar above 110 is called hyperglycemia and a sugar below 70 is called hypoglycemia. (Oliver, 2010, p.520)

o Blurred vision o Confusion Hyperglycemia o Excessive urination o Excessive thirst o Fatigue

Each year, 15,000 youth in the United States are newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. (CDC, 2008, p. 8)

Testing the blood sugar determines whether or not you need insulin or more to eat

o Dry mouth o Drowsiness o Seizures o Hot and dry

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How Should I Manage my Diabetes?

Insulin Diet Exercise

Insulin
Insulin replacement is essential in
type 1 diabetes (Oliver, 2010, p.520).

Exercise
Stay active daily. Exercise increases the efficiency of insulin. You may need to give yourself less insulin due to this effect.

There are many different types of

insulin that have different onset, peak and duration times and there are 4 different categories: Rapid acting, short acting, intermediate acting and long acting.

Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels

A glucometer is a device that uses a small amount of blood taken from the finger and applied to a strip to determine how much sugar is in your blood. The reading determines how much insulin you will need. How often you check your sugar levels should be discussed with your doctor. When youre sick or stressed, you will need to check your sugar more often. For hypoglycemic reactions, juice, crackers and candy can be used for immediate treatment. For hyperglycemic reactions, take insulin as directed.

Rapid acting insulin such as Novolog has an onset of 5-10 min., peaks at 4570 min. and lasts for 3-4 hrs. Short acting insulin such as Humulin R has an onset of 30 min., peaks at 24 hrs. and lasts for 5-7 hrs. Intermediate acting insulin such as NPH has an onset of 2 hrs., peaks at 6-10 hrs., and lasts for 16-18 hrs. Long acting insulin such as Ultralente has an onset of 4-6 hrs., has no peak and lasts for 18-36 hrs.

For more information:

http://www.diabetes.org/diabetesbasics/type-1/ http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?page_i d=103431

Diet
Carbohydrates make your blood glucose level go up. If you know how many you've eaten, you have a good idea where your blood glucose level is going to be. For most men, 60-75 carbohydrate grams per meal is a reasonable intake and for most women, 45-60 grams is appropriate.

Jennifer Atwater, Jaclyn Akers and Samantha Ford

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Bibliography
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in the United States, 2007. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. Oliver, L. (2010). The principles of glucose management in type 1 diabetes. Practice Nursing, 21(10), 520-524. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

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