NDT Abstracts

Theoretical modelling of 3-D thermal interactions was performed using a finite difference model. Several thermal condition monitoring methods were evaluated experimentally on both composites and composite wood blades. 51596 Cempel, C. Vibroacoustic condition monitoring Ellis Horwood, 212pp. (1991) Vibration condition monitoring (VCM) is a relatively new area of technology. This informative text opens with an outline of its origins and presents possible applications of the technique, showing the role of vibration diagnostics and VCM during the machine running stage. The author provides a rationale for using vibration, noise, gas pulsation and acoustic emission (commonly known as VA-vibroacoustical process), describing and analysing all the possible sources of progressive wear and fatigue in machines producing a tribovibroacoustical model which provides guidelines for optimizing mean time between failure at the machine running stage. Whether to use VA processes for diagnostic observation is looked at from a quantitative viewpoint on the basis of information theory. The application of spectral analysis in VCM, and the application of special point measures like Kurtosis, and functional measures such as cepstrum, are explained in depth. The author provides examples of ways in which VCM can be used in industry - particularly in high power fans, diesel engines, textile machinery and electric motors. The final part of the book covers methods and examples of fault discrimination in passive diagnostic experiments, and outlines some techniques for condition recognition, and reviews new techniques for adaptive and diagnostic signal filtration. 51325 Rees, D.; Chiu, W.K.; Jones, R. A numerical study of crack monitoring in patched structures using a piezoelectric sensor Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 202-205 (Sep. 1992) Boron/epoxy composite patches are being increasingly used to repair damaged structural components. With the increased attention currently being given to the certification of repairs the question of damage tolerance need to be addressed. Piezoelectric sensors offer the potential for detecting and monitoring damage both in and beneath a boron/epoxy repair. This report presents the results of a numerical investigation into the use of piezoelectric sensors to monitor crack growth beneath a boron/epoxy patch. 51294 Smith, B. T h e r m o g r a p h y - a fast and reliable NDT method Metallurgia, Vol. 59, No. I0, p. 370 (Oct. 1992) Speed, sensitivity and reliability are hallmarks of non-destructive testing (NDT) using infrared thermography and account for its increasing popularity amongst NDT engineers as a method of testing the reliability of the structure of new products. Westland helicopters, for example, uses as Agema Thermovision System, to check the integrity of adhesively bonded joints in helicopter rotorblades used on Sea King helicopters, both during manufacture and before and after repairs are effected. 51064 Meyendorf, N.; Orlik, H.; Morgner, W.; Morgenstern, H. M o n i t o r i n g of pulsed laser welding by acoustic emissions Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management. C O M A D E M 91: Southampton, United Kingdom, 2-4 Jui. 1991, pp. 515-519. Edited by R.B.K.N. Rao and A.D. Hope. Adam Hilger (1991) Neodym-YAG lasers in pulsed mode are used to weld small parts. Usually, the welds are required to meet very high quality demands. It was found that, using conventional acoustic emission techniques known from NDT signals can be detected which correlate with the quality of the weld. The correlation between the signal amplitude and the emission angle indicates that 'blast' wave occurring when laser radiation is absorbed are the reason for detected signals. Recording acoustic emissions for every laser welding pulse has opened the possibility of process control. 51063 Boness, R.I.; McBride, S.L. Condition monitoring of adhesive and abrasive wear processes using acoustic emission techniques Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management. C O M A D E M 91: Southampton, United Kingdom, 2-4 Jul. 199 l, pp. 151-157. Edited by R.B.K.N. Rao and A.D. Hope. Adam Hilger (1991) This paper is concerned with the measurement and subsequent analysis of acoustic emission signals from lubricated sliding contacts. The results show that the time dependent nature of the acoustic signal is able to detect the presence of wear reducing additives and the predominant wear process occurring. Further third body abrasive wear tests show that both wear and acoustic emission signals increase with alumina particle concentration added to the lubricant. 51062 Cowley, P.H. The use of neural networks to interpret stress wave signals Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management. COMADEM 91: Southampton, United Kingdom, 2-4 Jul. 1991, pp. 36-39. Edited by R.B.K.N. Rao and A.D. Hope. Adam Hilger (1991) Stress wave sensors detect pauems of high frequency sound which are often characteristic of the statu of a process or of the condition of machinery. Sometimes, due to the novelty of the techniques, the users of stress wave systems cannot pin down exactly which features of the signal are of most significance. To identify and classify the most significant fcamres of a stress wave signal, a neural network pattern recognition system has been set up. This self teaching software learns to provide diagnostic information by relating new signals to a series of examples. The results of some trials of the system are presented. 51029 Pang, H.L. NDE crack detection, monitoring and analysis by S P A T E Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management. COMADEM 91: Southampton. United Kingdom, 2-4 Jul. 1991, pp. 505-509. Edited by R.B.K.N. Ran and A.D. Hope. Adam Hilger (1991) This paper describes the state-of-the-art application of thermoelastic stress analysis in crack detection and analysis by a very sensitive infrared detector equipment called SPATE. The acronym SPATE stands for Stress Pattern Analysis by ThermalEmission. This was applied to study coplanar semi-elliptical surface cracks. 50797 Filho, P.F. Acoustic emission monitoring of known flaws Non-Destructive Testing 92. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Sao Paulo (Brazil), 18-23 Oct. 1992. Vol. 1, pp. 34-39. Edited by C. Hallai and P. Kulcsar. Elsevier (1992) This paper addresses to the methodology used through the installation of transducers permanently coupled neat the zone of discontinuities, continuously collecting the activity emiUed in operating conditions. And still, discussing about a cracking monitoring application to a chemical process column, in order to illustrate and present practical results of this utilization. At the conclusion of this paper, the inspection history is analysed under the suspicion that there was cracking propagation in the discussed example, which was confirmed in the monitoring application using Acoustic Emission. 50793 Pumarega, MJ.L.; Ruzzante, J.E. Statistical analysis of Acoustic Emission events generated from a welded joint Non-Destructive Testing 92. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, San Paulo (Brazil), 18-23 Oct. 1992. Vol. 1, pp. 55-59. Edited by C. Hallai and P. Kulcsar. Elsevier (1992) The acoustic emission events generated in a defective welding were studied. A cap was welded at the end of a high resistance steel oil pipe. Three acoustic emission transducers were distributed on the tube. The different parameters of the events produced at different pressures (amplitude, duration and rise-time) were analyzed. Some sets of different characteristics for each group were found. 50792 Yukuan, M.; Chun, P. E x p e r i m e n t and research of acoustic emission measuring of high speed rotation shaft fatigue crack Non-Destructive Testing 92. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Sao Paulo (Brazil), 18-23 Oct. 1992. Vol. 1, pp. 60-65. Edited by C. Hallai and P. Kulcsar. Elsevier (1992) Generating and expanding of fatigue crack include AE signals occuring. This paper narrates experiment and research work of receiving AE by adopting AE radio transmission way in rotating speed at 3000 rpm. In experiment and research, it analyses the distribution of envimament noises and possibility of signal isolation, and describes practical action foreground in future. 50361 Scheithe, W. Better bearing vibration analysis Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol, 71, No. 7, pp. 57-64 (Jul. 1992) The service life of rolling element bearings is estimated in manufacturers' catalogues, but this figure is based on ideal operating conditions. Many of the operational factors can effect the actual service life.

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ND T Abstracts
Rolling element hearing diagnosis aims to detect impending failures early, in order to prevent damage to the structure. This article concentrates on measurement and evaluation procedures based on vibration tests or structure-borne sound measurements. These are evaluated and appropriate suggestions for measuring instruments are suggested. 49816

Hutton, P.H.; Kurtz, RE.; Friesel, M~A.; Skorpik, J.R.: Dawson, J.F.
Acoustic emission/flaw relationships for inservice m o n i t o r i n g of LWRs Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington (United States), NUREG/CR-5645, PNL-7479, 120 pp. (Oct. 1991) The program concerning Acoustic Emission/Flaw Relationships for In,service Monitoring of LWRs was initiated in FY76 with the objective of validating the application of acoustic emission (AE) to monitor nuclear reactor pressure-containing components during operation to detect cracking. The program has shown the feasibility of continuous, on-line AE monitoring to detect crack growth and produced validated methods for applying the technology. Included are relationships for estimating flaw severity from AE data and field applications at Watts Bar Unit 1 Reactor, Limerick Unit I Reactor, and the High flux Isotope Reactor. This report discusses the program scope and organisadon, the three program phases and the results obtained, and standard and code activities, and instrumentation and software developed under this program. 49812 Kwon, O.-Y.; Yoon, D.-J.; Park, S.-K.; Lira, D.--S. Sliding w e a r of silicon nitrides c h a r a c t e r i z e d by acoustic emission 4th World Meeting on Acoustic Emission. (AEWG-35) Ist International Conference on Acoustic Emission in Manufacturing. Boston, Massachusetts (United States), 16-19 Sep. 1991. pp. 42-49. Edited by S.J. Vahaviolos. ASNT (1991) The sliding wear process of silicon nitrides (SIN) in the unlubricated, ball-on-disk configuration has been monitored by acoustic emission (AE). AE signals recorded and analyzed in various ways with either digital or analog devices. Results showed that AE signal analysis can he used for monitoring of the actual wear process of structural ceramics. 49811

Sata, I.; Yoneyama, T.; Yanagibashi. M.; Sato, Y.; Kokura, S.; Kumasaka, H.
50309

Development of a h e a t p r o o f A E sensor for m a c h i n e condition diagnosis (In J a p a n e s e : English A b s t r a c t ) Journal of JSNDI, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 260-267 (May 1992) In application of acoustic emission (AE) techniques to machine condition diagnosis in actual facilities such as power and steel plants, problems are countered because the detecting sensors are not durable in a very high or low temperature environments. Developments is described for a heatproof AE sensor, fabricated by a soldering technique instead of a bonding technique, which uses an organic bond to bond the piezoelectric sensor with a metal mounting plate. In order to avoid breaks in soldering, the sensor is soldered with nonpolarized piezoelectric ceramics and a low expansion alloy mount. Polarization of the piezoelectric ceramics is done after the soldering work has been finished. The piezoelectric ceramics are metallized with the multilayer vapour deposition technique which gives good bonding strength. For non-destructive evaluation at the bonding portion, an electronic scanning ultrasonic testing (UT) technique is used. Some tests are performed to evaluate thermal characteristics and sensitivity. The AE sensor is durable form -269 to 250C and has a higher sensitivity than a conventional bonded type AE sensor.
50090 Scruby, C.B.; Colbrook, R. Novel a p p l i c a t i o n s of NDT to the m o n i t o r i n g of manufacturing processes Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Technology, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 2-8 (Aug. 1992) This paper discusses opportunities for the application of NDT technique to the monitoring of manufacturing processes, including off-line quality control, on-line monitoring and cluse-loop process control. Examples are given of the application of ultrasonics to in-situ weld monitoring and to high temperature process measurements in the steel industry, and of the application of acoustic monitoring to processes such as machines drawing, extrusion, mixing and particle sizing. Magnetic techniques are discussed in the context of measuring stress and case depth in manufactured components, and positron annihilation for the determination of the degree of plastic deformation during material fabrication. 50046 Yoshioka,T. Acoustic emission a n d v i b r a t i o n

Tan, C.C.; Shi, T.; Ramalingam, S.

Sensing of acoustic emission signals using i n s t r u m e n t e d inserts in face milling

4th World Meeting on Acoustic Emission. (AEWG-35) 1st International Conference on Acoustic Emission in Manufacturing. Boston, Massachusetts (United States), 16-19 Sup. 1991. pp. 58-64. Edited by S.J. Vahavioios. ASNT (1991) This paper is concerned with sensing of A.E. signals using instrumented inserts in the face milling process and the development of a sigr~ analysis technique capable of monitoring flank wear with varying cutter speed and feed-rate. By placing the instrumented insert close to the cutting tool it greatly increases the sensitivity of the sensor and also overcomes significant signal attenuation as the signal propagation path is greatly reduced. Experimental results of flank wear against cutter speed and fced-rate are analysed and presented. 49810 Govekar,E.; Gravec, L; Madsen, H.O. E s t i m a t i o n of drill w e a r from A E signals using a self-organizing neural network 4th World Meeting on Acoustic Emission. (AEWG-35) 1st International Conference on Acoustic Emission in Manufacturing. Boston, Massachusetts (United States), 16-19 Sep. 1991, pp. 65-71. Edited by S.J. Vahavioios. ASNT (1991) The report describes an application of a simulated self-organizing neural network to the estimation of drill wear on the basis of AE signals. As the input to the system a multicomponent vector composed of a sensory part and a descriptive part is used. The sensory part represents features of the power spectra of the cutting momentum and the feed force, while the descriptive part is used to encode the class of drill wear. During adaptation the self-organizing neural network is used as a learning vector quantizer. The applicability of self- organizing neural network is experimentally demonstrated by estimating the drill wear Vb00, Vb01, and Vb02 of an 8 mm diameter drill during operation on a steel workpiece.

in the process of rolling contact fatigue (4th report) (In Japanese)

Journal of Japanese Society of Tribologists, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 150157 (1992) 50045 Yoshioka,T. Acoustic emission a n d v i b r a t i o n in t h e process of rolling contact fatigue (5th r e p o r t ) (In Japanese) Journal of Japanese Society of Tribologists, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 158165 (1992)

50042

Sachse, W.; Grabec, 1.

Intelligent processing of acoustic emission signals Materials Evaluation, Vol. 50, No. 7, pp. 826-834 (Jul. 1992) When a material undergoes a sudden, inelastic, localized charge of stress with inelastic deformation, ultrasonic signals known as acoustic emissions (AE) are generated. It has been suggested that given sufficiently sophisticated processing, AE signals can be used rather like a human being hears as audible signal, the information being used to locate and identify the source. The basic principles of such "intelligent" or "neural-like" procedures are summarized and several recent applications of AE signal processing are given. 50041

Higo, Y.

Recent applications of acoustic emission techniques in i n d u s t r y and manufacturing in Japan

Materials Evaluation, Voi. 50, No. 7, pp. 840-846 (Jui. 1992) This article presents an overview of recent applications of the acoustic emission (AE) technique to manufacturing industries in Japan. Practical AE applications remain rare in Japanese industry compared to the amount of basic AE research. Three benefits of AE are identified; large areas or volumes can be inspected; measurements can be taken continuously and results computerized; and on-line observations are possible. These three, in particular, make AE suitable for monitoring and diagnostic tasks in advanced automated factories.

Park,J.S.; Han, E.K.; Mori, Y.; Kishigami, S.T.; Teraoka, N.; Ohkoshi, T.
49808 Acoustic emission produced during wire drawing process 4th World Meeting on Acoustic Emission. (AEWG-35) i st International Conference on Acoustic Emission in Manufacturing. Boston, Massachusetts (United States), 16-19 Sup. 1991. pp. 94-101. Edited by S.J. Vahaviolos. ASNT (1991) Acoustic emission during the wire drawing operation was examined in experimental wire drawing and in the drawing under service conditions. Continuous AE measurement on the drawing operation under service conditions revealed three stages in the generation of acoustic emissions. Each stage of acoustic emission behavior corresponded well to three stages

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