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nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 1 of 12
CHAPTER
9
PHYSICO:CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Supplemental Questions:
In the first line of the opening quote, what is "it"? i.e. what were they proposing to sweep for seven years?
The sands at the seashore.
9 -1. Derive Eq. 9-20 starting with Eq. 9-16.
Equation 9-16
But Equation 9-19
Let U =C(R-1); dU =(R-1) dc
Divide numerator and denominator by C
out
Equation 9-20
=
Cin
Cout eq
C C
dC
NTU
R
C C
C
t ou
eq
=
) (
1
) (
R
C C
C
dC
R
R
R
C C
C
dC
NTU
out out
=
+
=
+
=
t ou out
C R C
dC
R
C C RC
dC
R
) 1 (
= U
U
dU
ln
Cin C
Cout C
out
t ou
C R C
R
R
C R C
dC R
R
R
=
=
+
=
+
=
) ) 1 ( ln(
1 ) 1 (
) 1 (
1
} { ) ) 1 ( ln( ) ) 1 ( ln(
1
out out out in
C R C C R C
R
R
+ +
=
)
) 1 (
) 1 (
ln(
1
out out
out in
C R C
C R C
R
R
+
+
=
(
(
(
(
+
+
=
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
in
C
C
R
C
C
C
C
R
C
C
R
R
) 1 (
) 1 (
ln
1
Hazardous Waste management, 2
nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 2 of 12
9-2. Provide a preliminary design of an air stripping column to remove toluene
from ground water. Levels of toluene range from 0.1 to 2.1 mg/L and this
must be reduced to 50 g/L. A hydrogeologic study of the area indicates that
a flow rate of 110 gal/min is required to ensure that contamination not spread.
Laboratory investigations have determined the overall transfer constant, K
L
a =
0.020 sec
--1
. Use a column diameter of 2.0 feet and an air to water ratio of
15. Specifically determine: Liquid loading rate, stripping factor, height of
the tower and provide a sketch of the unit indicating all required
appurtenances.
Assumptions: Temp =20C =293K;
Influent: C
in
=2.1 mg/L
Effluent: C
out
=0.05 mg/L
Column diameter =2.0 ft =0.61 m;
1 mole of water =18 g.
Henry's constant: From App. B:
A =5.13 B =3.02 x 10
3
=3020
=0.235 (dimensionless)
1) Liquid Loading Rate:
Cross-sectional Area of column
Mass Rate
F =45 (Table 9-2)
2) Stripping Factor:
dimensionless
3) Height of Transfer Unit:
) (
exp
T
B
A
H
=
mol m atm e H / 10 64 . 5
3 3
)
293
3020
13 . 5 (
= =
K K mol m atm RT
H
H
293 / 10 205 . 8
10 64 . 5
3 5
3
= =
2
2
292 . 0
4
) 61 . 0 (
m =
2
sec
1806 . 0
(sec) 60
(min) 1
785 . 3
min
110 0 . 1
ft
lb
gal
L gal
L
Kg
=
2
3
2
sec
1320
)
18
1
)(
10
)(
sec
8 . 23
(
m
mol
g
mol
kg
g
m
kg
L
=
525 . 5 15 235 . 0 = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
W
A
Q
Q
H R
m
K M
L
HTU
a L w
187 . 1
020 . 0 55600
1320
=
= =
Hazardous Waste management, 2
nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 3 of 12
4) Number of Transfer Units:
transfer units
5) Height of packing in column:
9 - 3 . Using the data in problem 9-2, determine the pressure drop through the tower.
1) Select 2" Rasching Rings as packing.
2) Calculate Pressure Drop. The parameters for Figure 9-5:
A
=Air Density = (@20C)
W
=Water Density =62.3 lb/Ft
3
(@20C)
F =45 (Table 9-2)
Ordinate =
Abscissa =
This point intersects the curves of Fig 9.5 at dp =0.25 inches of water per foot of packing depth (2050 Pa/m) . This
pressure drop is the lower limit of the recommended range of 0.25 to 0.5 inches of water per foot of packing depth,
indicating that the air flow rate could be increased significantly without causing flooding.
Pressure Drop =(Ht. of packing in column Z) x (dp)
=(23) x 0.25 =5.75 in =0.021 psi =1430 Pascals
9-4. Using the data in problem 9-2, determine the impact on effluent quality by varying the air to
water ratio and the packing height.
Molecular weight: 92.2 g/mol
Boiling point : 111 C
Molal Volume at boiling point: 0.1182 L/mol
Henry's Constant: 0.19000
765 . 4
525 . 3
) 1 525 . 3 (
05 . 0
1 . 2
ln
1 525 . 3
525 . 3
1 ) 1 )( (
ln )
1
( =
|
.
|
\
|
=
R
R
Cout
Cin
R
R
NTU
ft HTU NTU Z 6 . 18 656 . 5 187 . 1 765 . 4 = = = =
2 2
sec
874 . 4
2048 . 0
sec
8 . 23
Ft
lb
m
Kg
L
=
sec
2129 . 0
sec
85 . 212
) 15 ( 19 . 14 ) (
3
m L
W
A
QW QA = = = =
3 3
075 . 0 205 . 1
Ft
lb
m
Kg
=
2 2 3
3
3
sec
1806 . 0
sec
881 . 0
291 . 0
)
205 . 1
)(
sec
2129 . 0
(
Ft
lb
m
Kg
m
m
Kg m
G
= =
00976 . 0
) 17 . 32 )( 3 . 62 )( 075 . 0 (
) 45 ( ) 1806 . 0 (
) (
2 2
=
=
g
F G
W A
936 . 0
3 . 62
075 . 0
1806 . 0
874 . 4
5 . 0
5 . 0
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
W
A
G
L
; air
mass loading rate = 1.5 kg/m
2
s; temperature = 6C; diffusion coefficient in
water = 1.1 x 10
-6
cm
2
/s.
Given: Contaminant =tetrachloroethene (C
2
Cl
4
)
Liquid mass loading rate =10.2 kg/m
2
s
Air mass loading rate =1 kg/m
2
s
Packing =1 polyethylene Tri-packs
Temperature =6C
Diffusion coefficient in water =1.1 x 10
-6
cm
2
/s
Assume: Column Diameter =3m
Solution:
According to Onda Correlations (eqn. 9-5):
Let a
t
total packing area =279 m
2
/m
3
(table 9-2)
d
p
nominal packing diameter =
L liquid mass loading rate =10.2 kg/m
2
s
L
liquid density =997 kg/m
2
@ 6 C
L
viscosity of water =1.4728 x 10
-3
kg/m
2
s @ 6C
g acceleration due to gravity =9.81m/sec
2
( )
4 . 0
3
2
3
1
0051 . 0
p t
L L
L
L w L
L
L
d a
D a
L
g
K
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
m
in
m
in in 051 . 0
37 . 39
2 2 = =
3
1
3
3
2
81 . 9 10 4728 . 1
997
|
.
|
\
|
w L
a K
Hazardous Waste management, 2
nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 6 of 12
D
L
is obtained by The Wilke-Chang method (Sec. 3.2)
The Molar Volume: (See Table 3-4, p. 97) of C
2
Cl
4
C =2 x 14.8 =29.6 Cl =4 x 24.6 =
128.0
98.4
Total V =29.6 +98.4 =128.0 cm
3
/mo1
Using (eqn. 3-13)
From equation 9-6:
=89.18 m
2
/m
3
KL =19.86 x 10
-4
ms
-1
From equation 9-7:
K
La
=0.065 (sec
-1
) A =124 B =4.92 x 10
3
H =exp [12.4 (4.92 x 10
3
) / 279] =0.00533
( )
4 . 0
5 . 0
3 3
2
3
051 . 0 279
997
10 4728 . 1
10 4728 . 1
2 . 10
0051 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
L w
D a
sec
10 215 . 5
10 sec ) 128 ( 14728 . 1
) 6 273 ( 10 06 . 5
2
9
2 4
2 2
6 . 0
7
m
cm
m cm
+
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 . 0
2
05 . 0
2
2
1 . 0
75 . 0
45 . 1 1
t L L L t
c
t w
a
L
g
L
a
L
e a a
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 . 0
2
05 . 0
2
2
1 . 0
3
75 . 0
279 075 . 0 997
2 . 10
81 . 9 977
2 . 10
10 4728 . 1 279
2 . 10
075 . 0
033 . 0
45 . 1 1 279 e
( )
4 . 0
5 . 0
9
3
3
2
3
051 . 0 279
10 215 . 5 997
10 4728 . 1
10 4728 . 1 18 . 89
2 . 10
0051 . 0 07 . 41
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
L
K
( )
2
3
1
7 . 0
23 . 5
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
p t
a a
a
a t a t
a
d a
D C a
a
D a
K
2
3
1
6
5
7 . 0
5 6
) 051 . 0 279 (
10 1 . 1 247 . 1
10 81 . 1
10 81 . 1 279
5 . 1
23 . 5
10 1 . 1 279
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
K
1 3 6 4
10 94 . 4 10 427 . 1 36 . 2 82 . 53 23 . 5 10 069 . 3
= = ms K
a
233 . 0
279 10 205 . 8
00533 . 0
5
=
= =
RT
H
H
Hazardous Waste management, 2
nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 7 of 12
K
L
a =0.065 (sec
-1
)
9-6. Recalculate K
L
a from Example 9-1 incorporating the following changes: H is given as
0.0704 (dimensionless) at a temperature of 6C, at = 138 m
2
/m
3
.
This surface tension of water is a function of temperature. From "Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants
and Some Mathematical Functions", Kaye, G. W. C. and Labe., T. H., London, Longman Publishers, 1986:
At 0C, =0.076
At 10C, =0.0742
At 6C,
diameter =3 ft =0.91m =
Unit weight of water =8.34 lb/gal
A
t
=138 m
2
/m
3
39 . 15
18 . 89 10 84 . 19
1
18 . 89 10 94 . 4 233 . 0
1 1
4 3
=
+
=
a K
L
075 . 0 07492 . 0 6
0 10
0018 . 0
076 . 0 = =
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
44 . 0
075 . 0
033 . 0
= =
c
2
2
650 . 0
4
) 91 . 0 (
m =
sec
49 . 16
650 . 0
204 . 2
1
34 . 8
sec 60
min 1
min
170
2 2
=
=
m
Kg
m
lb
kg
gal
lb gal
L
sec
10 404 . 9 10
sec
09404 . 0
2
6
2
2 2
m
cm
m cm
D
G
= =
sec
379 . 0
sec 60
min 1
48 . 7 min
170
3 3
ft
gal
ft gal
Q
W
= =
sec
99 . 1
650 . 0
205 . 1 02832 . 0
sec
9 . 37
2 2
3 3
3 3
=
=
m
kg
m
m
kg
ft
m ft
G
sec
10 6
10 sec
10 6
2
10
2 4
2 2
6
m
cm
m cm
D
L
= =
m
in
m
in d
p
051 . 0
37 . 39
2 = =
Hazardous Waste management, 2
nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 8 of 12
Reynolds No.:
(dimensionless)
Froude No.:
(dimensionless)
Weber No.:
(dimensionless)
From equation 9-6:
From equation9-5:
K
L
=1.546 x 10
-4
m/sec
Viscosity of air@0C =1.71 x 10
-5
NS/m
2
Viscosity of air @ 10 C =1.76 x 10
-
5 NS/m
2
Viscosity of air @ 6 C =171 +(0.5) x 6 =174
@6C .
G
=1.74 x 10
-5
NS/m
2
From equation 9-7:
K
G
=1.717 x 10
-2
ms
-1
Approximately 1/3 smaller than the value @ 20C calculated in example 9-1.
13 . 81
sec
10 4728 . 1 138
sec
49 . 16
3
2
=
m
kg
m
kg
a
L
L t
3
2
2
2
2
10 848 . 3
81 . 9 ) 997 (
138 ) 49 . 16 (
=
=
g
at L
L
0264 . 0
138 075 . 0 ) 997 (
) 49 . 16 (
2
2 2
=
=
t L
a
L
( ) | | { }
3
2
2 . 0
05 . 0
3 1 . 0 75 . 0
5 . 74 49 . 74 ) 0264 . 0 ( 10 848 . 3 ) 13 . 81 ( ) 44 . 0 ( 45 . 1 1 138
m
m
e a
w
= = =
4 . 0
5 . 0
10
3
3
2
3
3
1
3
) 051 . 0 138 (
10 6 997
10 74 . 1
10 473 . 1 5 . 74
49 . 16
0051 . 0
81 . 9 10 473 . 1
997
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
L
K
) 10 404 . 9 )( 138 (
6
G
K
2
3
1
60
5
7 . 0
5
) 0051 . 0 )( 138 (
) 10 404 . 9 ( ) 265 . 1 (
10 74 . 1
10 74 . 1 138
99 . 1
23 . 5
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) 5 . 74 )( 10 564 . 1 (
1
) 5 . 74 )( 10 717 . 1 )( 0704 . 0 (
1 1 1 1
4 4
= +
=
a K a K H a K
L G L
sec 93 . 96
1
=
a K
L
) (sec 0103 . 0
1
= a K
L
Hazardous Waste management, 2
nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 9 of 12
9-7. Design an air stripping column to remove TCE from water. The initial concentration of TCE
is 1.3 mg/L and this must be reduced to 75 g/L. Use the following criteria: water flow rate: 350
gal/min; water temperature: 16C; air temperature: 23C; packing: use 2" Intalox saddles.
Liquid Loading Rate:
Select column diameter =2 Ft
Area of column =0.292 m
2
Mass Rate =1.0 Kg/L x 350 gal/min
=1.0 Kg/L x (3503.785/60 L/sec) =22.08 Kg/sec
Mass Loading =22.08/0.292 =75.62 Kg/secm
2
L =(75.62 Kg/secm
2
)(10
3
g/Kg)(1/18 mol/g) =4201.11 mol/secm
2
Stripping Factor:
For TCE K
L
=20.4 cm/hr
H =exp(9. 7 - 4308/T) =exp(9.7 - 4308/289. 3) =5. 566 10 9
-3
H' =H/RT =5.566 9
-3
/(8. 206 9
-5
x 289. 3) =0.234 (dimensionless)
R =H'(Q
A
/Q
W
) =0. 234(70) =16. 38 (dimensionless)
Height of Transfer Unit:
For 2" Intolox
Saddles
a =118 m
2
/m
3
K
L
a =(20. 4cm/hr)(118 m
2
/m
3
) =20. 4 x 118 x 10
-2
/(3600) sec
-1
=0. 0067 sec
-1
Number of Transfer Units:
NTU =(R/ R-1) ln{ ( (C
in
/C
out
) (R-1)+1)/R}
=(1.07) ln {( (1300/75) (16.3-1) +1)/16.3} =2.99 Transfer Units
Height of Packing in Column:
Z =NTU x HTU =(2.99)(11.28) =33.72m
Note: In an actual design, a safety factor of 2% would be added the height of packing raised to the next whole
number!
Z =33.72 (1.2) =40.464 =41 m
But the tower height should be between l and 15 meters
Provide three towers of 14 m (45 feet).
m
a K M
L
HTU
L W
28 . 11
) 0067 . 0 )( 55600 (
4201
= = =
Hazardous Waste management, 2
nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 10 of 12
9 - 8 . Demonstrate that the stripping factor used in this book is numerically similar to that in
common use by chemical engineers:
R = H'G/L
H'= Henry's constant (dimensionless)
G = gas loading rate (kmol/hr)
L = liquid loading rate (kmol/hr)
First note that the chemical engineering equation defines the stripping factor in terms of molar flow rates,
while equation 9-20 defines R in terms of volumetric flow rates:
(i)
where Ha = Henry's constant in Atmosphere
G, L = Loading Rates (Kmol/sm
2
)
(ii)
(From eqn. 9-20)
where H' = Henry's Constant (Dimensionless)
Q
A
= Air Flow Rate (m
3
/sec)
Q
w
= Water Flow Rate (m
3
/sec)
Note: at 20C
M
w
=molar vol of water =55,600 mol/m
3
R=8.25x10
-5
atmm
3
/molk
From eqn (i):
From eqn (ii):
( From the Chemical engineering literature (reference 6):
L
G H
R
a
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
W
A
Q
Q
H R
1340
A
W
A
H
RT M
H
H = =
A
H
R
L
G
=
A N
A
H
R
Q
Q
H
R ) 1340 (
= =
) 10 5 . 7 (
4
=
W
A
A
Q
Q
H
R
) 10 5 . 7 (
4
=
W
A
Q
Q
L
G
m
m
L
G
m S =
Hazardous Waste management, 2
nd
ed. Instructors Manual Chapter 9:Physicochemical Processes
2001McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Page 11 of 12
where
G
m
= molar air flow rate (Kmol/sm
2
)
L
m
= molar liquid air flow rate (Kmol/s m
2
)
M = slope (i.e. dimensionless Henry's constant, H')
G
m
=Q
A
A
/ mol wt of air
L
m
=Q
w
w
/mol wt of water
A
=1. 205 Kg/m
3
air @ 20 C
w
=998.2 Kg/m
3
water @ 20 C
MW
air
=28.97 Kg/mol
MW
water
=18 Kg/mol
@20C, the value of the dimensionless stripping factor is the same for both equation.
( )
4
10 5 . 7
97 . 28
18
2 . 998
205 . 1
= = =
W
A
W
A
air
water
W
A
W
A
m
m
Q
Q
Q
Q
MW
MW
Q
Q
L
G