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Recovering deleted data from a hard drive is generally possible because typically the actual data is not deleted. Instead, information about where the data is stored is removed. In this article I will explain how data is stored on a hard drive, what happens when files are deleted, what formatting a hard drive does, and why it is impossible to recover files after they were overwritten. The article outlines how data is stored on the physical level, which is essential to understanding why it can not be restored after being overwritten. If you are interested in the organizational structure of a hard drive, i.e. how the storage of files is managed, please read the article What A File System Is &
How You Can Find Out What Runs On Your Drives. For more information on how to recover deleted files, see the resources at the bottom of this article.
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There are two different technologies for recording data on a HDD. Prior to 2005, the recording layer was oriented parallel to the disk surface (horizontally), meaning the binary code was represented by directional left vs. right magnetization (longitudinal recording). At around 2005 a new technology was introduced and data was written by magnetizing segments vertically, i.e. up vs. down (perpendicular recording). This allowed closer magnetic domain spacing and also enabled larger storage capacities.
When a file is deleted, typically only the information stored in the file systems table is removed. Since it would take too long to delete the actual file, the physical location of the data remains untouched. When the operating system wants to store new files, however, it consults the table for available space. Since the location of the deleted files was marked as vacant, the operating system may then write new data over the old data, which terminally deletes that information. For details on how the file system works and how it organizes and manage
According to the New York Times, a basic privacy measure that is often overlooked is the proper destruction of data on hard drives.An ongoing study by British Telecom says that most people don't realize that deleting a file doesn't actually remove the data from a computer. In fact, the BT research found that only 33 percent of second hand hard drives had been completely wiped clean. To ensure your drive doesn't contain any personal data before you give it away or sell it, you need to reformat the hard drive or use digital shredding software if you want to completely eliminate all traces of data. In this post, we'll show you how.
When it comes to data stored on your computer, deleting files doesn't actually remove the data. File information is kept in a directory so that the operating system can find it. When you delete a file, all you are doing is removing it from the directory and flagging that part of the drive as being available for new data. Until that region is overwritten, the old data can be retrieved, in fact that's how you can recover lost data. It's also the way most file recovery programs work - they look for data on your hard drive that shouldn't be there according to the directory and restore it. The only way to completely remove the data is to overwrite the contents of the hard drive. You can do this by formatting the drive, or using data wiping software that fills your hard drive with random data.
A common misconception when deleting files is that they are completely removed from the hard drive. However, users should be aware that highly sensitive data can still be retrieved from a hard drive even after the files have been deleted because the data is not really gone. Files that are moved to the recycle bin (on PCs) or the trash can (on Macs) stay in those folders until the user empties the recycle bin or trash can. Once they have been deleted from those folders, they are still located in the hard drive and can be retrieved with the right software. Any time that a file is deleted from a hard drive, it is not erased. What is erased is the bit of information that points to the location of the file on the hard drive. The operating system uses these pointers to build the directory tree structure (the file allocation table), which consists of the pointers for every other file on the hard drive. When the pointer is erased, the file essentially becomes invisible to the operating system. The file still exists; the operating system just doesn't know how to find it. It is, however, relatively easy to retrieve deleted files with the right software. The only way to completely erase a file with no trace is to overwrite the data. The operating system will eventually overwrite files that have no pointers in the directory tree structure, so the longer an unpointed file remains in the hard drive the greater the probability that it has been overwritten. There are also many "file erasing" software products currently on the market that will permanently erase files by overwriting them. Recommended Reading: How to