N 19

..
10

10-11 : /
.. , .. , .. .
2- ., . . .: , 1999
10-
I.

1. . .

1.
1. ,
.
(512).
32223
-
CH3CHCH2CH3
2-
CH3
CH3
CH3CCH3
2,2-
CH
H 3
H
H C H
H C + H
H
H
1
.
M (CH 4 ) 16
=
= 0,552

3. D(4) = r
M r
29
2.
D(26) =
M r (C2 H 6 ) 30
= 1,034
=
M r
29
D(38) =
M r (C3 H8 ) 44
= 1,517
=
M r
29
2.
1. ,
.
:
-
3223
-
32223
+
2. H I
H + I
+ I.
3. ) Mr(C2H6O) = 46
2
(C) =
2A r (C)
2 12
=
= 0,522 52,2%
M r (C2 H 6 O)
46
() =
6A r (H)
6 1
=
= 0,13 13%
M r (C2 H 6 O) 46
() =
A r (O)
16
=
= 0,348 34,8%
M r (C2 H 6 O) 46
) DH2(C2H6O) =
M r (C2 H 2 O) 46
=
= 23
M r (H 2 )
2
3.
1. , ,
.
614:
322223
-
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
2-
CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
3-
CH3
CH3CHCHCH3
2,3-
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3CCH2CH3
2,2-
CH3
H Br
H + Br
2 H Br.
M r (C2 H 6 ) 30
3. ) DH2(C2H6) =
=
= 15
M r (H 2 )
2
2.
) DH2(C4H10) =
) DH2(C2H4) =
M r (C4 H10 ) 58
=
= 29
M r (H 2 )
2
M r (C2 H 4 ) 28
=
= 14
M r (H 2 )
2
4.
1. , , .
322
32
CH3

CH
CH3
3222
CH3CHCH2
CH3
+
H + Cl
2. H Cl
2 : + Cl.
3. ) Mr(CH4) = 16
A r (C)
12
(C) =
=
= 0,75 75%
M r (CH 4 ) 16
() =
4A r (H)
4 1
=
= 0,25 25%
M r (CH 4 ) 16
) V = n Vm =
m
4
Vm = 22,4 = 5,6 .
M
16
II. ().
()
1.
1.
1. ) CH3CHCHCH3
2,3-
CH3 CH3
) CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH3
3-
CH2
CH3 CH3
CH3CCH3
2,2-
CH3
2. ) CH3CHCH2CHCH3
)
CH3
CH3
CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3
2,4-
2-
) 3223
3. CH3CHCHCH2CH3
-
2,3-
CH3 CH3
2.
1. ) CH3CHCH3
2-
CH3
) CH2CHCH2CH3
3-
CH3 CH3
CH3
) CH3CH2CCH2CH2CH3
3,3-
CH3
CH3
2. ) CH3CCH2CH2CH3
CH3
) CH3CHCH2CH3
2,2-
2-
CH3
) CH3CHCHCH2CHCH3
CH3 CH3
3. CH3CHCH3
CH3
2-
CH3
3.
1. ) CH3CHCH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3
) 3223
CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3
CH3
2. ) CH CHCH
3
3
2,3,5-
2-
-
2,4-
2-
CH3
CH3
) CH3CH2CCH2CH2CH3
3,3-
CH3
) CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
3-
CH3
3. CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
2-
CH3
4.
1. ) CH3CHCHCH2CHCH3
2,3,5-
CH3 CH3
) CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3
CH3
2-
CH3
) CH3CCH2CH2CH3
2,2-
CH3
2. )
CH3CHCHCH3
2,3-
CH3 CH3
) CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH 23
3-
CH2
CH3
CH3
) CH3CCH3
2,2-
CH3
3. CH3CH2CH2CHCH3
2-
CH3
2. ,
1.
1. ) 32223
) CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3
CH3CHCHCH2CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3CCH2CH2CH3
2.
1)
CH3
4 2) 3Br Na, CH3Br C2H6
3)
4)
CO2
h
Pt
1) C + 2H2
CH4;
2) CH4 + Br2
CH3Br + HBr
t
3) CH3Br + CH3Br + 2Na CH3CH3 + 2NaBr
4) 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
32
3.CH4 + HNO3 CH3NO2 + H2O

16
61
32 x
32 61
;
=
= 122 (CH3NO2)
=
16 61
16
m(CH3NO2) = (CH3NO2) m = 0,9 122 = 109,8 ()
: m(CH3NO2) = 109,8 .
2.
1. ) CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
CH3 CH
3
CH3CCH2CH3
CH3
CH3CHCHCH2CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3CCH CH3
CH3 C3
2. ) 4
+ 22;
hv
) C2H6 + Cl2 CH3CH2Cl + HCl
) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
) C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
x
AlCl3
CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3
11,2
3. Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4

144
322,4
x
11,2
=
;
144 3 22,4
11,2 144
= 24 ()
3 22,4
: m(Al4C3) = 24 .
3.
1. ) CH3CHCHCH3
CH3CH2CCH3
CH3 CH3
) CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
2. 26
CH3
CH3
25Br Na, C2H5Br 410
1)
CH3
2)
3)
4)
CO2
h
1) C2H6 + Br2
CH3CH2Br + HBr
2) C2H5Br + C2H5Br + 2Na CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2NaBr
3)
AlCl3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CHCH3
CH3
4) 2CH3CHCH3 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
CH3
5
3.CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
22,4 44,8
44,8
722,4
5
x
=
22,4 44,8
226 + 72 42 + 62
2
= 5 44,8 = 10 (2);
22,4
2 7 22,4
= 7 (2);
44,8
2
y
=
44,8 7 22, 4
V(2) = 10 + 7 = 17
V = V (O 2 ) = 17 = 80,95 ()
(O 2 )
0, 21
: V = 80,95 .
4.
1. ) CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
) CH3CHCHCH3
CH3CCH3
CH3
2. ) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

8
CH3
CH3
CH3CCH2CH3
CH3
) C2H6 Ni C2H4 + H2
t
h
) CH4 + Cl2
CH3Cl + HCl;
) CH4 + 2 CO + 32
41
CH3Cl + Cl2
CH2Cl2 + HCl
30
3. CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3

n(CH3COONa) =
n(NaOH) =
m(CH 3COONa ) 41
=
= 0,5
M (CH 3COONa ) 82
m( NaOH) 30
= 0,75
=
M ( NaOH) 40
.. NaOH , CH3COONa
41
CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3

82
22,4
41 22,4
=
= 11,2
82
41
x
=
;
82 22,4
: V(CH4) = 11,2 .
3.
184
1. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

22,4 44,8
V(CH4) = 0,92 200 = 184 ()

184
x
=
;
22,4 44,8
8
184 44,8
=368 (2)
22,4
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O;

722,4
44,8
8
y
;
=
44,8 7 22, 4
2
V(C2H6) = 0,04 200 = 8 ()
8 7 22,4
= 28 (2)
44,8
38 + 52 32 + 42
22,4
522,4
V(C3H8) = 0,01 200 = 2

2
z
2 5 22,4
;
z=
= 10 (2)
=
22,4
22, 4 5 22, 4
2 N2 .
V(2) = 368 + 28 + 10 = 406 ()
: V(O2) = 406 .
1000
2. 2614 + 192 122 + 142

286
1922,4
1000
x
=
;
2 86 19 22,4
V =
1000 19 22,4
= 2474,42 (2)
2 86
V(O 2 ) 2474,42
=
= 11783
0,21
(O 2 )
: V = 11783 .
3. () = 100% 80% = 20%;
100
2 +
m(H) = 5 100 0,2 = 100
1
2 2;
2
x=
18
100 = 900
2
18
: m(H2O) = 900 .
90
4.26
2 + 32;
90
x
;
=
30 2 12
90 2 12
= 72
30
212
30
m() = () m = 0,8 72 = 57,6

: m(C) = 57,6 .
18,6 3
3
t
5.CH4
C + 2H2
22,4 3
44,8 3
V(CH4) = 20 0,93 = 18,6 3;

0,8 3
26
22,4 3
18,6
x
18,6 44,8
=
;=
= 37,2 3 (2)
22,4 44,8
22,4
2 + 32
67,2 3
V(C2H6) = 0,04 20 = 0,8 3

0,8
y
0,8 67,2
; =
= 2,4 3 (2)
=
22
,
4
22, 4 67, 2
N2 2 . V(2) = 37,2 + 2,4 = 39,6 (3)
: V(H2) = 39,6 3.
4,48
6.26 + HNO3 C2H5NO2 + H2O

22,4
4,48 x
=
;
22,4 75
75
4,48 75
= 15 ;
22,4
: (C2H5NO2) = 0,8.
7. (H) = 100% 83,3% = 16,7%;
(C2H5NO2) =
CxHy
83,3 16,7
:
x:y=
= 6,942 : 16,7 = 1 : 2,4 = 5 : 12
12
1
C5H12
10
12
= 0,8 80%
15
Mr = 36 2 = 72; 512
Mr(C5H12) = 72;
: 512.
8.CxHyClz;
51,89 9,73 38,38

:
:
= 4,32:9,73:1,08 = 4:9:1
12
1
35,5
x:y:z =
C4H9Cl
Mr = 3,19 29 = 92,5
Mr(C4H9Cl) = 92,5;
C4H9Cl
: C4H9Cl.
9. CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O
m(C) =
12
88 = 24 ;
44
m(H) =
2
45 = 5 ;
18
x:y =
24 5
: = 2: 5
12 1
C2H5
M r
58
=
=2
M r (C2 H5 ) 29
Mr = 29 2 = 58;
Mr(C2H5) = 24 + 5 = 29;
410
: 410.
10. () = 100% 15,79% = 84,21%;
CxHy
84,21 15,79
:
= 7,02:15,79 = 1:2,25 = 4:9
x:y =
12
1
C4H9
Mr = 3,93 29 = 114;
Mr(C4H9) = 57;
M r
58
=
=2
M r (C2 H5 ) 29
818
: 818.
11. 2614 + 192 122 + 142
(614) = 100% 8% = 92%;
m(C6H14) = 0,92 500 = 460
460
2614 + 192 122 + 142

286
1222,4
460
=
;
2 86 12 22,4
460 12 22,4
= 718,9 (2)
2 86
: V(CO2) = 718,9 .
12. V(CH4) = n Vm =
m
10
Vm = 22,4 = 14
M
16
V(C3H8) = V(CH4) = 14
m(C3H8) = n M =
V
14
M=
44 = 27,5
Vm
22,4
: m(C3H8) = 27,5 .
11
13. CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O

m(C) =
3,6 0,8
12
2
:
13,2=3,6 ; m(H) = 7,2=0,8 ; x:y =
=0,3:0,8=3:8
12 1
44
18
C3H8
Mr(C3H8) = 44; Mr = 22 2 = 44;
: 38.
850
38
14. 4 + 22 2 + 22
22,4 44,8
V(CH4) = 0,85 1000 = 850

850
x
=
;
22,4 44,8
60
850 44,8
= 1700 (2)
22,4
226 + 72 42 + 62
44,8
722,4
V(C2H6) = 0,06 1000 = 60

60
y
60 7 22,4
=
;
=
= 210 (2)
44,8
44,8 7 22, 4
30
2 + 2 22
44,8 22,4
30
z
30 22,4
; z=
= 15 (2)
=
44,8
44,8 22, 4
CO2, N2 .
V ( ) 1925
V(2)=1700+210+15=1925 ();
V= 2 =
=9167
0,21
( 2 )
: 9167 .
22,4 18
15. 5,6 18 ;
22,4 M; M =
= 72 /
5,6
CnH2n+2 = 72;
14n + 2 = 72;
n=5
C5H12
32223
-
2-
CH3CHCH2CH3
V(CO) = 0,03 1000 = 30 ;
CH3
CH3
CH3CCH3
CH3
12
2,2-
16. () = 100% 81,8% = 18,2%;
CxHy
81,8 18,2
x:y =
= 6,817:18,2 = 3:8;
:
12
1
Mr(C3H8) = 44;
: 38.
C3H8
Mr = 1,57 28 = 44;
17. CkH2k+2 + O2 kCO2 + (k+1)H2O;
n(CO2) = V = 22,4 = 1
Vm
22,4
k
1
= ; k = 1; 4
k +1 2
m 36
= 2 ;
n(H2O) = =
M 18
5
38
4 + 22 2 + 22
22,4
44,8
5
x
;
=
22,4 44,8
= 5 44,8 = 10 (2)
22,4
: 4, V(O2) = 10 .
43
18. 614 + HNO3 C6H13NO2 + H2O

86
131
43131
=
= 65,5
86
43
x
;
=
86 131
m(C6H13NO2) = (C6H13NO2) m = 0,8 65,5 = 52,4

: m(C6H13NO2) = 52,4 .
30
19. 4 + 22 2 + 22
22,4 44,8
V(O2 ) 60
30
x
; = 30 44,8 =60 (2); (2)=
=0,3 30%
=
=
V 200
22,4
22,4 44,8
20. Mr = 0,6 29 = 17,4

, 1 .
16 + 30(1 ) = 17,4; 14 = 12,6;
= 0,9 4
V(CH4) = 2,7 ; (26) = 0,1; V(C2H6) = 0,1 3 = 0,3
2,7
4 + 22 2 + 22
22,4 44,8
2,7
=
;
22,4 44,8
0,3
2,7 44,8
= 5,4 (2)
22,4
226 + 72 42 + 62
44,8
722,4
0,3
y ;
=
44,8 7 22, 4
= 0,3 7 22,4 = 1,05 (2)

44,8
13
V(2) = 5,4 + 1,05 = 6,45 ()

: V(O2) = 6,45 .
21. CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O
m(C)=
2, 7 0,5
12
2
:
9,9=2,7 ; m(H)= 4,5=0,5 ; x:y=
=0,225:0,5=9:20
44
18
12 1
C9H20
Mr(C9H20) = 128; Mr = 64 2 = 128;
: 920.
84
920
+ Br2
22.
CH2CH2CH2
Br 202
42
84
x
=
;
42 202
Br
84 202
= 404
42
m(C3H6Br2) = (C3H6Br2) m = 404 0,85 = 343,4

: m(C3H6Br2) = 343,4 .
23. () = 100% 85,71% = 14,29%;
CxHy
x:y =
85,71 14,29
:
= 7,14:14,29 = 1:2
12
1
CH2
Mr(CH2) = 14;
Mr = 1,931 29 = 56;
M r
56
=
=4
M r (CH 2 ) 14
48
: 48.
6
24. 4 + 22 2 + 22
22,4 44,8
6
x ;
=
22,4 44,8
8
= 6 44,8 = 12 (2)
22,4
48 + 62 42 + 42
22,4
622,4
8
y
;
=
22, 4 6 22, 4
= 8 6 22,4 = 48 (2)
22,4
V(2) = 12 + 48 = 60 ();
V = V (O 2 ) = 60 = 286 ()
: V = 286 .
21
.
Pt
CH3CH2CH 3
+ H2
25.
42
14
22,4
(O 2 )
0,21
21 22, 4
21
x
;
=
= 11,2
=
42 22, 4
42
V(38) = (38) V = 0,95 11,2 = 10,64 ()
: m(C3H8) = 10,64 .
4. II
1.
1. CH3CHCHCH3
2,3-
CH3 CH3
:
CH3 CH CH CH 2 CH3
2,3-
CH3 CH3
:
322223
-
CH3 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH3
2-
CH3
2. ) CH CH CH CH AlCl3 CH CHCH
3
) 38
CH3
52
32
2-
42
o (IV)
) 4 + Cl2 h CH3Cl + HCl
3Cl + Cl2 h CH2Cl2 + HCl

CH2Cl2 + Cl2
24
3. 4
16
24
=
;
16 12
CHCl3 + HCl
+ 22
12
24 12
= 18 ()
16
m() = () m = 0,96 18 = 17,28

: m(C) = 17,28 .
4. () = 100% 80% = 20%;
CxHy
x:y =
80 20
:
= 6,67:20 = 1:3
12 10
CH3
15
M r
30
=
=2
M r (CH3 ) 15
Mr = 15 2 = 30;
Mr(CH3) = 15;
26
: 26.
2.
1. CH3CHCH3
2-
CH3
:
323
CH3CHCH2CH3
2-
CH3
:
3223
-
+
2. 4 1) CH3Cl CH3Cl Na C2H6 3) C2H5Br
2)
1) CH4 + Cl2 h CH3Cl
+ HCl
0 C H + 2NaCl
2) 3Cl + CH3Cl + 2Na
2 6
3) 26 + Br2 h CH3CH2Br + HBr
10
3. 226 + 72 42 + 62
44,8
722,4
10
10 7 22,4
; =
= 35 (2)
=
44,8 7 22,4
44,8
V =
V (O 2 )
35
=
= 167
(O 2 ) 0,21
: V(O2) = 35 ; V = 167 .
4. () = 100% 25% = 75%;
CxHy
x:y =
0,75 0,25
:
= 0,0625:0,25 = 1:4
12
1
CH4
Mr(CH4) = 16; Mr = 32 0,5 = 16;
4
: 4.
3.
1. CH3CHCH2CHCH3
2,4-
CH3
:
16
CH3
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
2-
CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH3
CH3
:
CH3
2,4-
CH3
2,2-
CH3CCH2CH2CH3
CH3
2. ) 4 + 22
2 + 22
(IV)
) 38 + Br2 h CH3CHCH3 + HBr

Br
2-
CH3CHCH3 + Br2
CH3CCH3 + HBr
Br
) 26
Br
Br
t
3. 24
2,2-
2 + 32
22 + 32
1
1
n(C2H2) = n(CH4) = 14 = 7
2
2
V(C2H2) = n(C2H2) Vm = 7 22,4 = 156,8

(22) =
120,96
= 0,7714 77,14%
156,8
: (22) = 77,14%.
4. () = 100% 20% = 80%;
x:y =
CxHy
80 20
:
= 6,667:20 = 1:3
12 1
CH3
Mr(CH3) = 15;
Mr = 1,035 29 = 30;
M r
30
=
=2
M r (CH3 ) 15
26 .
: 26.
17
4.
CH3
1.
2,2-
CH3CCH3
: CH3
CH3
CH3CCH2CH3
2,2-
CH3
:
32223
CH3CHCH2CH3
-
2-
CH3
Na, C2H5Cl
2.26 1) 25Cl
C4H10
2)
1) C2H6 + Cl2 h C2H5Cl + HCl

3)
CO2
2) C2H5Cl + C2H5Cl + 2Na C4H10 + 2NaCl
3) 2410 + 132 82 + 102
(IV)
284
50
3. 2CH3I + 2Na C2H6 + 2NaI

m(CH3 I) 284
m( Na ) 50
n(CH3I)=
=
=0,5 ; n(Na) =
=
= 2,17
M ( Na ) 23
M(CH3 I) 142
.. Na , CH3I.
284
2CH3I + 2Na C2H6 + 2NaI

2142
284
x
=
;
2 142 22,4
22,4
284 22,4
= 22,4 (26)
2 142
: V(C2H6) = 22,4 .
4. () = 100% 75% = 25%;
CxHy
0,75 0,25
= 0,0625:0,25 = 1:4
x:y =
:
12
1
CH4
Mr(CH4) = 16; Mr = 0,572 28 = 16;
: 4.
18
III. (, )
1. ,
1.
1. CH2 CHCH2CH3
-1
:
-1
CH2 CHCH3
CH2 CH2
2. ) CH3CHCH2CH CH2
4--1
CH3
) CH3CH2CH2C
CHCH3
3--2
CH2
CH3
) CH3CH2CH CHCH2CH3
-3
3. CH2 CHCH2CH2CH3
-1

3--1
CH2 CHCHCH3
CH3

-2
CH3CH CHCH2CH3
2.
1. CH2 CHCHCH3
3--1
CH3
) CH2 CHCH2CH3
CH2 CHCHCH2CH3
-1
3--1
CH3
) CH2 CHCH2CH2CH3
2. ) CH3CH CCH2CH3
CH3
) CH2 CHCH2CH3
) CH3CHCHCH2CH
-1
3--2
-1
5- 4--1
CH2
CH3 C2H5
3. ,
-1
CH2 CHCH3
3 6
19
CH2
CHCH2CH3
-1
48
3.
1. CH2 CHCH2CH3
-1

2--1
CH2 CCH3
CH3

-2
CH3CH CHCH3
2. ) CH3CH CHCHCH2CHCH3
C2H5
6--4--2
) CH2 CHCHCH3
CH3
3--1
CH3
) CH3CHCH CHCH3
4--2
CH3
CH
CH
CHCH2CH3 -2
3.
3
:
-2
CH3CH CHCH3
-2
CH3CH CHCH2CH2CH3
4.
1. CnH2n
24 ()
36
48
510
612
2. H2C CCH2CH3 2--1
CH3
H2C
CHCHCH2CH3
CH3C
CH3
CHCHCH2CH3
C2H5
CH3
3. :
) CH2 CHCH2CH2CH3
20
3--1
2--4--2
-1
) CH3CH CHCH2CH3
) CH2 CHCHCH3
CH3
:
) CH2 CHCH2CH2CH3
) CH2 CHCH3
-2
3--1
) CH3CH CHCH2CH3
) CH3CH CHCH3
2.
1.
Pt
1. CH2 CHCH2CH3 + H2 t CH3CH2CH2CH3
-
CH2
CHCH2CH3 + Br2
CH2CHCH2CH3
CH2
CHCH2CH3 + HBr
Br
Br
1,2-
CH3CHCH2CH3
2. ) C2H5OH
t
) CH 3CH2 + KOH
Br
2-
CH2 CH2 + H2O
CH 2 + KCl + H2O
CH 2
H 2SO4
Cl
5
3. 24 + 32 22 + 22
22,4 67,2
5
x
=
;
22,4 67,2
5 67,2
= 15 (2);
22,4
V=
V (O 2 )
15
=
=71,4
(O 2 ) 0,21
: V = 71,4 .
2. H2 SO 4
1. 1) 25
24 + 2;
2) 24 + HCl C2H5Cl
t
3) C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2;
4) C2H4 + H2 Pt C2H6
t
2. , C2H4Br2:
C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2
x
92
3. C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH

28
x
92
=
;
28 46
46
m
56
28 92
= 56 ; m(24) =
=
= 70
46
(C2 H5 OH) 0,8
: m(C2H4) = 70 .
21
3.
1. ) CH2 CHCH3 + HCl
CH3CHCH3
Cl
) CH3CH
CHCH3 + H2
Pt
t
2-
CH3CH2CH2CH3
) 24 + 32 22 + 22
(IV)
) CH2
CHCH2CH2CH3 + Br2
CH2CHCH2CH2CH3
Br
Br 1,2-
2.
.
3 CH2
3 CH2CHCH3 +2KOH+2 MnO2
CHCH3 +2 KMnO4 +42
OH
CH2
CHCH3 + Br2
CH2CHCH3
Br
20
Pt
3. 24 + 2
t
22,4
20
=
;
22,4 22,4
OH
Br
26
22,4
= 20 (26); (26) =
V
V
18
= 0,9 90%
20
: (26) = 90%.
1)4.
2)
3)
4)
1. C2H4
C2H6
C2H5Cl
C2H4
CO2
Pt
C2H6
1) C2H4 + H2
t
2) C2H6 + Cl2 h C2H5Cl + HCl
3) C2H5Cl + KOH C2H4 + KCl + H2O
4) C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
2. nC2H4 (CH2CH2)n
, .
nC3H6
CH2CH
CH3
22
, , .
3. CH2
1,12
22,4
160
CHCH3 + Br2
1,12
=
;
22,4 160
CH2CHCH3
Br
22,4 160
=
= 8 ;
1,12
Br
m- =
m(Br2 )
8
=
= 500
( Br2 ) 0,016
: m- = 500 .
3. .
1.
1. , , CnH2n2.
CH2 C CH2
CH2 CHCH CH2 -1,3
-1,2
CH2 C CHCH3
2. C2H4 a) C2H5OH ) C4H6 )
) C2H4 + H2O H2SO4 C2H5OH
t
) 2C2H5OH
CH2 CHCH CH2 + 2H2O + H2
ZnO/Al2O3
t
(CH2CH CHCH2) n
)nCH2 CHCH CH2
3. .
( ), .
2.
1. .
CH2 CHCH CH2 + Br2
CH2CH
Br
3CH2
CHCH2 + CH2
Br
CHCH
CH2CH
CHCHCH2
Br
Br
CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O
CHCH2 + CH2
CHCHCH2
OH
OH
OH OH
- , -1,3
, .
2. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH2 CCH CH2
CH3
23
) CH CH CH CH CH
3
2
2
2
3
Pt
) CH3CHCH2CH3
t
AlCl3
CH2
CH3CHCH2CH3
CCH
CH3
CH2 + 22
CH3
CH3
3. , .
3.
1. CnH2n C5H10 CH2 CHCH2CH2CH3

CnH2n2
C5H8
CH2 CHCH CHCH2

, , , ..
.
a)
2. C4H10
Pt
) C4H10 t
C4H8
C4H6
CH2CH
CHCH2
Cl
C4H8 + H2
Cl
Pt
) C4H8 t C4H6 + H2
) CH2 CHCH CH2 + Cl2
CH2CH
CHCH2
Cl
Cl
3. , 30%.
4.
1. 58 :
-1,2
CH2 C CHCH2CH3
3--1,2
CH2 C CCH3
CH3
CHCH CHCH3
CCH CH2
-1,3
2--1,3
CH3
CHCH2CH
-1,4
CH2
CH2
CH2
2. ) CH2
24
CHCH
CH2
Pt
CH2 + 2H2 t
CH3CH2CH2CH3
) CH2
CHCH
CH2 + 2 Br2
CH2CHCHCH2
Br
Br
Br
Br
1,2,3,4-
3. )
)
) , , , ..
.
4. ()
1.
a)
)
)
1. CaC2
C2H2
A
C2H5Cl
) CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
) C2H2 + H2 Pt C2H4
t
) C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl

2. 2--1,3 :
-1
CH CCH2CH2CH3
-2
CH3C CCH2CH3
3--1
CH
CCHCH3
CH3
3. CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

(CaC2) = 100% 20% = 80%;
m(CaC2) = 0,8 65 = 52
52
CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

64
52
x
;
=
64 22,4
22,4
52 22,4
=
= 18,2 ()
64
: V(C2H2) = 18,2 .
2.
1. ) 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O
(IV)
) C2H2 + H2O
[Hg2+]
CH3C
) H C CH3 + 2 H 2 = CH CH3
2. ) 4--2
CH3C
CCHCH3
CH3
25
) -2 CH3C
CCH3
CH3
) 3,3--1
CH3
) 2,5--3
CH3
CH3CHC CCHCH3
61,6
3. C2H2 + H2O [Hg ]

22,4
CH3
O
2+
CCCH3
CH3
CH3C
44
H
61,6 44
=
= 121 ()
22,4
61,6
;
=
22,4 44
CH3C
72,6
= 0,6 60%
121
H
: (3) = 60%.
3.
a)
1. CH4
CH
X
t 2 2
) 2CH4
C2H2 + 3H2
) C2H2 + H2 C2H4
C2H4Br2
) C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2

2. CH CH
CH CCH3
CH CCH2CH3
:
CH3C CCH3
CH CCH2CH2CH3
3. 2CH4 t C2H2 + 3H2;
V(CH4) = 0,95 2600 = 2470 3
2470 3
2CH4
44,8 3
C2H2 + 3H2
22,4 3
2470
;
=
44,8 22,4
2470 22,4
= 1235 3
44,8
: V(C2H2) = 1235 3.
4.
1.
C2H2 + Br2 CH CH
Br
26
Br
1,2-

C2H2 + H2 Pt
CH2 CH2
C2H2 + HCl CH2
CH
Cl
2. 46 :
CH CCH2CH3 -1
-2
CH3C CCH3
CH2 HCCH CH2 -1,3
CH2 C CHCH3 -1,2
86,5
3. 2 22 CHBr2CHBr2
64
346
m(CaC2 ) 16
86,5
64 86,5
; =
= 16 ; (2)=
=
=0,8 80%
=
64 346
346
m
20
: (2) = 80%.
5.
1. V(C2H4) = n Vm =
m(C3H6) = n M =
7
m(C 2 H 4 )
Vm =
22,4 = 5,6
28
M (C 2 H 4 )
5, 6
V
M(C3H6) =
42 = 10,5
Vm
22, 4
: m(C3H6) = 10,5 .
2. 24 + Br2 C2H4Br2;
m(Br2) = 200 0,016 = 3,2
3,2
2H4 + Br2 2H4Br2

22,4 160
x
3,2
=
;
22,4 160
(24) =
22,4 3,2
= 0,448 (24)
160
0,448
= 0,56 56%; (26) = 100% 56% = 44%
0,8
: (24) = 56%; (26) = 44%.

10,5
5,6
3. CnH2n + HBr CnH2n+1Br

14n
22,4
10,5
5,6
=
;
14n 22,4
n = 3;
C3H6
: 36.
27
4. 24 + 32 22 + 22
22,4 67,2
6
x
;
=
22,4 67,2
4
= 6 67,2 = 18 (2)
22,4
236 + 92 62 + 62
44,8
922,4
;
=
44,8 9 22, 4
= 4 9 22,4 = 18 (2)
44,8
V(2) = 18+ 18 = 36 ;
: V = 171,4 .
5. 612 + 2 Pt 614;
t
m(C2H12) = 0,4 40 = 16,8 ;
16,8
Pt
612 + 2 t 614
84
22,4
16,8
=
;
84
22,4
23,2
510 + 2
70
22,4
=
Pt
t
V = V ( 2 ) = 36 = 171,4
( 2 )
0 21
Pt
510 + 2
512
t
m(C5H10) = 40 16,8 = 23,2
16,8 22,4
= 4,48
84
512
23, 2 22, 4
23, 2
=
;
=
= 7,42
70
22, 4
70
V(2) = 4,48 + 7,42 = 11,9 ()
: V(H2) = 11,9 .
6. CnH2n + O2 CO2 + H2O;
m(C) = 12 0,05 = 0,6
m(H) = 2 1 0,05 = 0,1 ;
CxHy;
x:y =
0,6 0,1
= 1:2
:
12 1
CH2
Mr(CH2) = 14;
Mr = 28 2,5 = 70;
510
: 510.
7. 36 + Br2 C3H6Br2;
M r
70
=
=5
M r (CH 2 ) 14
m(Br2) = 250 0,032 = 8
C3H6 + Br2 C3H6Br2

22,4 160
1,12
22,4 8
x
8
;=
= 1,12 (36); (C3H6) =
= 0,56 56%
=
160
2
22,4 160
28
(38) = 100% 56% = 44%

: (36) = 56%; (38) = 44%.
560
8. 24 + 2
H2SO4
25
22,4
560
x
=
;
22,4 46
46
560 46
=
= 1150 (25)
22,4
m(25) = m = 0,92 1150 = 1058

: m(C2H5OH) = 1058 .
9. 25 H2SO4 24 + 2
m- = V = 0,8 500 = 400 (); m(C2H5OH) = 0,96 400 = 384
384
C2H5OH
H2SO4
46
384
x
=
;
46
22,4
C2H4 + H2O
22,4
384 22,4
=
= 187
46
V(24) = (24) V = 0,8 187 = 149,6

: V(C2H4) = 149,6 .
CH2
10. CnH2n;
Mr(CH2) = 14; Mr = 2 28 = 56;
M r
4 12
56
=85,71%
=
= 4 ; 48 ; ()=
12 4 + 8
M r (CH 2 ) 14
: 48.
11. 24 + Br2 2H4Br2;
V(C2H4) = 0,328 10 = 3,28 ;
3,28
C3H6 + Br2 C3H6Br2

V(C3H6) = 0,672 10 = 6,72
24 + Br2 C2H4Br2
22,4
160
3,28
x
=
;
22,4 160
6,72
3,28 160
= 23,4
22,4
36 + Br2 C3H6Br2
22,4
160
6, 72
160 6,72
=
;
=
= 48 ;
22,4
22, 4 160
: m(Br2) = 71,4
92
12. 25
46
H2SO4
m(Br2)=23,4+48=71,4 ()
24 + 2
22,4
42
92
; = 92 22,4 =44,8 ; ( )= V
=0,9375 93,75%
=
=
2 4
46
V 44,8
46 22,4
29
: (24) = 93,75%.
13. C2H4 + H2 C2H6; C3H6 + H2 C3H8; C4H8 + H2 C4H10
V(C2H4) = 0,203 1000 = 203 ; V(C3H6) = 0,434 1000 = 434
V(C4H8) = 0,363 1000 = 363
203
24 + 2 26
22,4 22,4
203
=
;
22,4 22,4
434
= 203 (2)
36 + 2 38
22,4 22,4
434
=
;
22, 4 22, 4
= 434 (2)
363 z
48 +2 410
22,4 22,4
363
z
=
; z = 363 (2); V(2) = 203 + 434 + 363=1000
22, 4 22, 4
: V(H2) = 1000 .
14. CnH2n;
CH2
M r
42
Mr(CH2) = 14; Mr = 21 2 = 42;
=
=3
M r (CH 2 ) 14
36 ;
: 36.
() = 14,3%
9,4
15. 24 + Br2
CH2CH2
22,4
Br
188
x
9,4
=
;
22,4 188
(24) =
Br
22,4 9,4
= 1,12 (24)
188
1,12
= 0,448 44,8%;
2,5
(26) = 100% 44,8% = 55,2%
: (24) = 44,8%; (26) = 55,2%.

16. Mr = 1,593 44 = 70;
CnH2n;
14n = 70;
C5H10 ;
: 510.
17. CnH2n + O2 CO2 + H2O
30
5 12
() =
= 85,7%
70
n=5
m(C) =
x:y =
12
2
35,2 = 9,6 ; m(H) = 14,4 = 1,6 ; CxHy
44
18
9, 6 1, 6
:
= 1:2;
12 1
Mr(CH2) = 14;
CH2
Mr = 1,93 29 = 56;
M r
56
=
=4
M r (CH 2 ) 14
48
: 48.
7
16
18. CnH2n + Br2 CnH2nBr2

14n
160
7
16
=
;
14n 160
n = 5;
C5H10
: 510.
19. V(CH 4 ) = n Vm =
7
m
2
Vm = 22, 4 = 2,8 ; V(HBr)=V(CH4)=2,8
M
16
2,8
CnH2n + HBr CnH2n+1Br

14n
22,4
7
2,8
=
;
14n 22,4
n=4
C4H8
C2 = 23
C3 = 3
C3 = 2
-1
-2
2--1
3
: 48.
45,5
14,56
20. CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2

14n
22,4
45,5 14,56
=
;
14n
22,4
n=5
C5H10
CH3CH CHCH2CH3
: 510.
-2
120
21. 48 + Br2 C4H8Br2

22,4
160
22,4 120
x
120
16,8
=
; =
=16,8 (48); (48)=
=0,336 33,6%
22,4 160
160
50
31
(410) = 100% 33,6% = 66,4%

: (48) = 33,6%; (410) = 66,4%.
5,4
4,48
22. CnH2n2 + 2HCl CnH2nCl2

142
44,8
5, 4
4, 48
=
;
14n 2 44,8
: 46.
23.2C2H5OH
ZnO/Al2O3
92
x
120
=
;
92 22,4
14n = 56;
n = 4;
C4H6
120
CH2 + 2H2O + H2
CHCH
CH2
22,4
92 120
= 493 ;
22,4
m =
(C4 H 6 )
493
= 657
0, 75
m 657
=
= 821
0,8
: V(C2H5OH) = 821 .
V(C2H5H) =
ZnO/Al2O3
CH2 CHCH CH2 + 2H2O + H2

24. 2C2H5OH
t
m- = V = 0,8 3000 = 2400
m(C2H5OH) = (C2H5OH) m- = 0,96 2400 = 2304
2304
2C2H5OH
ZnO/Al2O3
2 46
2304 x
=
;
2 46 54
CH2
CHCH
CH2 + 2H2O + H2
54
2304 54
= 1352
2 46
m(46) = (46) m = 0,75 1352 = 1014

: m(C4H6) = 1014 .
18,4
ZnO/Al2O3
25. 225
46 + 22 + 2
t
2 46
22,4
18,4
18,4 22,4
=
;
=
= 4,48
2 46 22,4
2 46
m (4 6 )
4
(46) =
=
= 0,893 89,3%
m (4 6 ) 4,48
: (46) = 89,3%.
26. CnH2n2 + O2 CO2 + H2O;
m(H) =
32
2
2,12 = 0,233; CxHy;
18
12
6,48 = 1,767
44
1,767 0,233
x:y =
=0,147:0,233=5:8
:
12
1
m(C) =
C5H8
Mr(C5H8) = 68; Mr = 34 2 = 68;
: 58.
16
58
27. 246 + 112 82 + 62

1122,4
44,8
16
16 11 22,4
V (O 2 )
88
=
; =
= 88 (2); V=
=
=419
44,8 11 22,4
4,8
(O 2 ) 0,21
: V = 419 .
28. 2 + 22 ()2 + 22
(2) = 100% 24% = 76%;
m(CaC2) = 0,76 150 = 114
114

64
22,4
114
x
=
;
64 22,4
114 22,4
=
= 39,9
64
: V(C2H2) = 39,9 .
208
29. 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O

226
532
m(O 2 ) 640
208
x
208 5 32
=
;=
= 640 (2); m =
= 2783
=
2 26 5 32
2 26
(O2 ) 0,23
: m(O2) = 640 ; m = 2783 .
280
30. CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

64
x
280
=
;
64 22,4
22,4
64 280
=
= 800
22,4
m = 1000 800 = 200 ;

: = 20%.
200
= 0,2 20%
1000
12,5
31. CaC2 C2H2 C2H3Cl

64
62,5
m
12,8
x 12,5
64 12,5
=20
; =
= 12,8 ; m(2)=
=
=
64 62,5
62,5
1 2 0,8 0,8
(2) = 100% 20% = 80%;
: m = 25 .
32. (22) = 100% 20% = 80%;
m =
m(CaC 2 ) 20
=
= 25
(CaC 2 ) 0,8
V(C2H2) = 25 0,8 = 20 ()
33
20
22 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4
22,4
320
20
x
=
;
22,4 320
20 320
= 285,7
22,4
: m(Br2) = 285,7 .
104
[Hg2+]
33. 22 + 2
CH3C
26
44
104
x
=
;
26 44
104 44
=
= 176
26
m(CH3CHO) = m (3) = 176 0,85 = 149,6

: m(CH3CHO) = 149,6 .
12
34. 24 + 2 26
22,4 22,4
(24) = 100% 40% = 60%;
V(C2H4) = 0,6 20 = 12
12 22,4
=
= 12 (2)
22,4
12
x
=
;
22,4 22,4
22 + 22 26
22,4
44,8
V(C2H2) = 0,4 20= 8 ;
=
;
22, 4 44,8
8 44,8
= 16
22,4
V(2) = 16 + 12 = 28
: V(H2) = 28 .
920
35. 24 22 + 32
44,8
22,4
V(CH4) = 0,92 1000 = 920

920
x
=
;
44,8 22,4
920 22,4
= 460 (22)
44,8
V = (22) V = 0,09 460 = 41,4

: V(C2H2) = 41,4 .
6
15
36. 22 + 2Cl2 CHCl2CHCl2

n(C2H2) =
6
= 0,268 ;
22,4
n(Cl2) =
15
= 0,67
22,4
.. Cl2 , 22.
n(C2H2) = n(C2H2Cl4) = 0,268
m(C2H2Cl4) = n M = 0,268 168 = 45 ()
34
: m(C2H2Cl4) = 45 .
37. CnH2n2 + O2 CO2 + H2O
m(C) =
x:y =
2
8,96
12 = 4,8 ; m(H) = 3,6 = 0,4 ;
18
22,4
4,8 0,4
= 1:1;
:
12 1
Mr(CH) = 13;
CxHy
CH
Mr = 13 2 = 26;
M r
26
=
=2
M r (CH 2 ) 13
22
: 22.
38. V(C2H2) = n Vm =
m(C3H4) = n M =
m(C 2 H 2 )
39
Vm =
22,4 = 33,6
M (C 2 H 2 )
26
V
33,6
M (C 3H 4 ) =
40 = 60
Vm
22,4
: m(C3H4) = 60 .
32
39. CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

64
22,4
(2) = 100% 20% = 80%;

32
x
=
;
64 22,4
11,2
m(CaC2) = 0,8 40 = 32
32 22,4
=
= 11,2
64
22 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4
22,4
320
11,2
x
=
;
22,4 320
11,2 320
= 160 (Br2)
22,4
m(Br2 )
160
=
= 5000 = 5
(Br2 ) 0, 032
: m- = 5 .
40. 2 + 22 ()2 + 22
m(CaC2) = 0,85 120 = 102
(2) = 100% 15% = 85%;
m- =
102
2 + 22 ()2 + 22
64
22,4
102
x
=
;
64 22,4
35,7
102 22,4
=
= 35,7
64
222 + 52 42 + 22
44,8
522,4
35
35, 7
y
35,7 5 22,4
;
=
= 89,25 (2)
=
44,8
44,8 5 22, 4
: V(O2) = 89,25
5,6
41. 222 + 52 = 42 + 22 + 2610

44,8
5,6
x
=
;
44,8 2610
5,6 2610
= 326,25
44,8
: Q = 326,25 .
42. 2 + 22 ()2 + 22
(2) = 100% 16% = 84%;
m(CaC2) = 2000 0,84 = 1680
1680

64
22,4
1680 22,4
=
= 588
64
1680
x
=
;
64
22,4
588
22 + 52 42 + 22 + 2610
44,8
588
x
=
;
44,8 2610
588 2610
= 34256 = 34,256
44,8
: 34,256 .
43. CnH2n2;
14n 2 22,4 ;
n = 2;
13 11,2 ;
22 ;
: 22.
44. r(CnH2n2) = 14n 2 = 20 2;
n=3
312
() =
= 0,9 90%
40
C3H4 ;
: 34.
45. r(CnH2n2) = 14n 2 = 1,863 29;
C4H6 ;
14n = 56;
6 1
() =
= 0,111 11,1%
54
: 46.
6. III
1.
1. CH2 CHCHCH3
3--1
CH3
) CH2
36
14n = 28
2 1
() =
= 0,077 7,7%
26
CHCH2CH3
-1
n=4
) CH2
)
CHCH2CH2CH3 -1
CH2
H2C
H2C
CH2
CH2
1)
2)
4)
3)
C2H2
C2H4
C2H5Br
C4H10
2. CaC2
1) CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
Pt
2) C2H2 + H2 t C2H4
3) C2H4 + HBr C2H5Br
4) 2C2H5Br + 2Na t C4H10 + 2NaBr
3. CH3CH2CH2 CH3
-1,3
CH2 CHCH CH2
4 . 2 , .
10
4. 4 + 22 2 + 22
22,4 44,8
10
x
=
;
22,4 44,8
20
10 44,8
= 20 (2)
22,4
24 + 32 22 + 22
22,4
67,2
20
y
20 67,2
=
; y=
= 60 (2); V(2) = 20 + 60 = 80 ()
22,4
22, 4 67, 2
: V(O2) = 80 .
2.
1. CH CCH2CH2CH3
-1
) CH3C CCH2CH3
-2
) CH CCH2CH3
-1
) CH CCHCH3
3--1
2. ) CH2
CH3
CHCH3 + HBr
CH3CHCH3
Br 2-
) 2C2H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2O

Pt
) CH3CH2CH2CH3 t
) 24 + HCl CH2CH3
Cl
CH2
CHCH
CH2 +22
37

3. 33
CH CH
2 , ,
.
7
4. CH2
CH2 + Br2
CH2BrCH2Br
m(C 2 H 4 )
7
V(C2H4) = n Vm =
Vm =
22,4 = 5,6
M (C 2 H 4 )
28
5,6
= 0,1867 18,67%; (26)=100%18,67%=81,33%
(24) =
30
: (24) = 18,67%; (26) = 81,33%.
3.
1. CH2 CHCH CHCH3 -1,3
) CH2 CHCH CH2
-1,3
) CH2 CHC CH2
2--1,3
CH3
CHCH2CH
) CH2
1)
2)
CH2
-1,4
4)
3)
2. CH4
CH
C2H6
C2H5Cl
C2H4
t 2 2
1) 2CH4
C2H2 + 3H2
Pt
C2H6
2) C2H2 + 2H2
h t
3) C2H6 + Cl2
C2H5Cl + HCl
4) C2H5Cl+ KOH C2H4 + KCl + H2O
3. CH2 CHCH2CH3
-1
CH3CH2CH2CH3
4 , , .
100
4. C2H5OH
46
100
x
=
;
46 22,4
H2SO4
C2H4 + H2O
22,4
22,4 100
=
= 48,7
46
V(24) = (24) V(C2H4) = 48,7 0,88 = 42,85

: V(C2H4) = 42,85 .
4.
1. CH2 CCH3
2--1
) CH2
38
CH3
CHCH2CH3
-1
) CH2
CCH2CH3
) H2 C
CH3
CH2
H2 C
CH2
2--1
2. ) 24 + 32 22 + 22
) 22 + Br2 CH CH
CH
Br
+
CH Br2
Br
CHBr2CHBr2
Br
Br
Pt
) CH2 CHCH2CH3 + H2
t
) CH2
CHCH3 + Cl2
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH2ClCHClCH3
1,2-
3. CH2 CHCH3
323
3 ,
, .
4. CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2
m(CaC2) = 0,9 80 = 72
(CaC2) = 100% 10% = 90%;
72
2 + 22 ()2 + 22
64
22,4
72
x
=
;
64 22,4
72 22,4
=
= 25,2
64
: V(C2H2) = 25,2 .
IV. ()
1. ,

1.
1.
+ 3 H2
Pt
t
Br
+ Br2
FeBr 3
+ HBr
39
+ HNO3
NO2
H2SO4
+ H2O
2. 912 :
H3C
CH3
1,3,5-
CH3
CH3
1,2,3-
CH3
CH3
CH2CH2CH3
CH2CH3
3. 3CH
CH3 1--2-
C
CH t
n(C2H2) = 3n(C6H6) = 3 ;
m(C2H2) = n M = 3 26 = 78 ()
m
78
=
= 260 ()
m(22) =
(C6 H 6 ) 0,3
: m(C2H2) = 260 .
2.
1. 4 ) ) ) C6H5Cl
) 24 t 22 + 32
()
) 3C2H2
C
t
+ Cl2
2.
CH3
40
()
FeCl3
Cl
+ HCl
3 , - , 65 ,
.
3. CxHy
x:y =
92,31 7,69
:
= 7,69:7,69 = 1:1;
12
1
Mr(CH) = 13;
Mr = 39 2 = 78;
M r
78
=
=6
M r (CH) 13
26
: 66.
3.
1.
, , , .
CH4 + HNO3 t CH3NO2 + H2O
P
NO2
t
+ H2O
+ HNO3
H2SO4
CH4 + H2SO4 CH3SO2OH + H2O

SO2OH
+ H2O
+ H2SO4
2. 810 :
CH3
1,2-
CH3
CH3
1,3-
CH3
CH3
H3C
1,4-
C2H5
78
3. 66 + HNO3
78
t
H2SO4
C6H5NO2 + H2O
123
41
78
x
;
=
78 123
= 123 (65NO2)
(C6H5NO2) =
m
m
105
= 0,8537 85,37%
123
: (C6H5NO2) = 85,37%.
4.
CH3
1.
H2SO4
)
+ 3HNO3
CH3
O2N
) 266 + 152 122 + 62

Pt
t
NO2
+ 3H2
CH3
CH3
Pt
2.
t
CH2CH3
NO2
+ 32
+ 32
Pt
t
CH2CH3
+ 32
25
3. 3CH
67,2
CH
C
t
78
m
25
x
25 78
16
=
; =
=29 ; (66)=
=
=0,552 55,2%
67,2 78
67,2
m 29
: (66) = 55,2%.
2. ,

Na, CH3Br
1. 4 1) CH3Br
C2H6 3) C2H4 4) C2H2 5) C6H6
2)
h
CH3Br + HBr
1) CH4 + Br2
2) 2CH3Br + 2Na t CH3CH3 + 2NaBr
3) C2H6 Pt C2H4 + H2;
4) C2H4 Pt C2H2 + H2
t
t
5) 3C2H2 C
C6H6
t
2. CnH2n2 . ,
.
42
58
CH CCH2CH2CH3
CH3C CCH2CH3
CH3
-1
-2
3--1
CH CCHCH3
CH2
CHCH2CH CH2 -1,4
3. : ,
, , ..
.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O
2.
C H NO
6 5
1.
CH4
1)
C2H2
2)
3)
C6H6
5)
C6H12
4)
1) 24
C6H5Br
22 + 32;
3)66 + HNO3
2) 322 t 66
NO2
+ H2O
H2SO4
t
Br
4) C6H6 + Br2
FeBr 3
+ HBr
5) C6H6 + 3H2 Pt
t
2. CnH2n+2 .
.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
2-
CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3CCH3
2,2-
CH3
3. :
34
43

34 + 22 38
48
48 + 2 410
3.1)
2)
1. C2H5Cl
C2H4
C2H2 3) C6H6
1) C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl
2) C2H2 + H2 Pt C2H4
t
3) 3C2H2 C C6H6
Cl
t
FeCl3
4) C6H6 + Cl2
4)
C6H5Cl
+ HCl
2. CnH2n .
, ,
.
CH2
-1
CHCH2CH3
-2
CH3CH CHCH3
2-
CH2
CCH3
H2 C
CH3
CH2
H2 C
CH2
H3C
H
H
CH3
H
CH3
--2
--2
C C
H3C
H
3. :
24 + Br2 CH2BrCH2Br
1,2-
-1,3
CH2
CHCH
CH2 + 2Br2
CH2CHCHCH2
Br
Br
Br
Br
1,2,3,4-
CH
CCH3 + 2Br2 Br2CHCBr2CH3
1,1,2,2-
4.
1. C 1) CH4
44
2)
CH3Cl
Na, C2H5Cl
3)
C3H8
4)
C3H7Br
1) C + 2H2 t CH4
2) CH4 + Cl2 h CH3Cl t
3) CH3Cl + 2Na + C2H5Cl
CH3CH2CH3 + 2NaCl
4) C3H8 + Br2 h C3H7Br + HBr
2. CnH2n2 , , ,
.
-1,3
CH2
CHCH CHCH3
CH2
CHCH2CH CH2 -1,4
2--1,3
CH2
CHC CH2
CH3
-1
CH CCH2CH2CH3
H3C
CH CH2
C C
--1,3
H
H
H
CH CH2
C C
--1,3
H3C
H
h
3. ) 2H6 + Cl2
C2H5Cl + HCl;
)C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl
C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl
)C2H2 + H2Pt C2H4;
3.
1.
1. :
( )
( , )
2.
4, 26 (33), 38 (323),
N2 ( N N ), 2 ( O C O ), 410
(3223).
t
612 + 614
3. 1226
t
t
1226
48 + 818;
1226
512 + 714
2.
1. . , : , , ,
.
2. : (2), (CH4),
(N3), (C2H4); , , .
45
3. 4 t + 22
t
24 + 2;
24 t 22 + 32
26
Pt
3.
1. , .
2. : (
),
), .
3. 716 K t 38 + 48
K
716 t 36 + 410;
716 t 26 + 510
4.
1. ,

.
.
2. 3 2 2 2 2 3
;
3 2 2 3
|
CH3
3. 24 t 22 + 32;
38 Pt
2 = 3 + 2
t
13,2
CnH2n6 + O2 nCO2 +
14n6
n 3
H2O
2
n44
3,9
13,2
=
14n 6 44n
171,6n = 184,8n 79,2

13,2n = 79,2
n=6
C6H6
: 66.
2. 2 + 22 ()2 + 22
(2) = 100% 12% = 88%
m(CaC2) = 0,88 300 = 264 ()
46
614
t
Pt
4.
1.
3,9
2
+42
264
2 + 2 ()2 + 22
64
3C2H2
264
=4,125
64
1
4,125
n(C6H6) = n(C2H2) =
= 1,375
3
3
n(C2H2) = n(CaC2) =
m(C6H6) = n M(C6H6) = 1,375 78 = 107,25 ()

66 + 32
n(H2) = 3n(C6H6) = 4,125
V(H2) = n Vm = 4,125 22,4 = 92,4 ()
: m(C6H6) = 107,25 ; V(H2) = 92,4 .
3.
46
CH3
CH3
O2N
NO2
+ 3H2O
+ 3HNO3
NO2
92
227
46
=
92 227
46 227
=
= 113,5 ()
92
92
(75(NO2)3) =
= 0,81 81%
113,5
: = 81%.
4.
138
CH3
CH2Br
+ Br2 h
92
+ HBr
171
47
138
=
92 171
138 171
=
= 256,5 ()
92
m = m = 0,85 256,5 = 218 ()

: m(C7H7Br) = 218 .
5.
10,6
CH3
+ 212 162 + 102

CH3
2106
2122,4
10,6
=
2 106 21 22,4
10,6 21 22,4
= 23,52 (2)
2 106
V(O 2 ) 23,52
V =
=
= 112 ()
0,21
(O 2 )
: V = 112 .
6.
6,72
322
67,2
66
78
6,72
=
67,2 78
6,72 78
= 7,8
67,2
m(66) = V = 0,88 5 = 4,4

(66) =
4,4
= 0,564 56,4%
7,8
: (66) = 56,4%.
7.
393,6
66 + HNO3 C6H5NO2 + H2O

78
393,3
=
78
123
48
123
78 393,6
= 249,6
123
m (66) =
(6 5 NO2 )
: m(C6H5NO2) = 312 .
8.
31,2
32
h
66 + 3Cl2
C6H6Cl6
249, 6
= 312 ()
0,8
31,2
= 0,4
78
32
n(Cl2) =
= 1,429
22,4
n(C6H6) =
.. Cl2 , .
h
66 + 3Cl2
C6H6Cl6
n(C6H6Cl6) = n(C6H6) = 0,4
m(C6H6Cl6) = n M(C6H6Cl6) = 0,4 291 = 116,4
: m(C6H6Cl6) = 116,4 .
9.
490
CH3
CH3
Pt
t
+ 3H 2
67,2
98
490
=
98
67,2
490 67,2
= 336
98
V(2) = V (2) = 0,75 336 = 252 ()

: V(H2) = 252 .
10. C7H16
CH3
Pt
t
+ 4H2
84
612 + 2 614
n(H2) = n(C6H12) =
n(C7H16) =
m(C6H12 ) 84
=
= 1
M (C6H12 ) 84
1
n(H2) = 0,25
4
49
m(C7H16) = n M(C7H16) = 0,25 100 = 25 ()

n(C7H8) =
1
n(H2) = 0,25
4
m(C7H8) = n M(C7H8) = 0,25 92 = 23 ()

: m(C7H16) = 25 ; m(C7H8) = 23 .
V.
1.
1.
1. CH3CH2CHCH3
-2
OH
CH3
CH3CH2CCH3
2.
OH
CH3
2--2
CH3CH2CCH2CH3
3--3
OH
CH3CHCH2CH3
-2
OH
322
-1
3. :
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
:
H SO4
2H5OH + HBr 2
(II):
C2H5Br + H2O
1. CH3CCH2CH3
3--3
O
C2H5OH + CuO t H3C
+ Cu + H2O
H
2.
OH
CH2
CH3
50
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
2.
CH3
CH3CCH3
-1
2--2
OH
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
-2
OH
3222
-1
3. ) 2CH3OH + 2Na 2CH3ONa + H2
O
)CH3OH + H3C
) 23
H2SO4
) CH3OH + HBr
O
H2SO4
H3C
OCH 3
+ H2O
33 + 2
H2SO4
CH3Br + H2O
O
t HC
) 3 + CuO
+ Cu + H2O
H
3.
1. CH3CH2CHCH3
3--1
CH2CH2OH
CH3CH2CHCHCH3
2.
3--2
CH3 CH3 OH
CH3CCH2CH3
2--2
OH
OH
CH3CCHCHCH3
2,3,4--2
CH3 CH3 CH3

CH3CHCH3
-2
OH
3. ) CH4 + Cl2 h CH3Cl + HCl
51
CH3Cl + KOH CH3OH + KCl

CO + 2H2
t
ZnO
CH3OH
CH3CHCH3 + HCl H2SO4
CH 3CHCH3 + H2O
Cl
OH
) CH3OH + C2H5OH
4.
1.
OH
H2SO4
CH3OC2H5 + H2O
2,3--2
CH3CHCCH3
CH3 CH3
3--2
CH3CHCHOH
CH3 CH3
2. CH3CH2CHCH2OH
2--1
CH3
OH
CH3CCH2CH2CH3
2--2
CH3
CH3
CH3CCH2OH
CH3
3. 22
1)
24
2,2--1
2)
25
3)
25Cl
4)
C2H5OH
5)
Pt
1) C2H2 + H2 t C2H4
2) C2H4 + H2O
H2SO4
C2H5OC2H5
C2H5OH
H SO
3) C2H5OH + HCl 2 4 C2H5Cl + H2O

4) C2H5Cl + KOH C2H5OH + KCl
5) 2C2H5OH
52
H2SO4
C2H5OC2H5 + H2O
2.
1.
1. 25

CH2CH2
OH
OH
OH

.
2. ) .
) , Cu2+.
3. :
OH
ONa
+ H2O
+ NaOH

Cl
:
OH
OH
+ 3Cl2
+ 3HCl
Cl
:
OH
NO2
Cl
OH
+ 3NO2
+ 3H2 O
O2 N
NO2
2, 4, 6-
2.
1. , , .. -, - .
2. 3 3 , , .
2CH2CHCH2 + 3H2
2CH2CHCH2 + 6Na
OH OH OH
3. CH2CHCHCH3
OH
ONa ONa ONa

-1,2,3
OH OH
53
CH2CHCH2CH2
OH
OH
OH
CH OH
2
CH
3
CH2CHCH
2 OH
CH2C CH 2
OH
OH
OH
-1,2,4
2--1,3
2--1,2,3
OH
3.
1. :
2CH2CHCH2 + H2
2CH2CHCH2 + 2Na
ONa OH OH
OH OH
OH
CH2CHCH2 + 2Na
OH
OH
ONa ONa OH
OH
2CH2CHCH2 + 6Na
OH OH OH
:
CH2CHCH2 + 3HNO3
OH
OH
CH2CHCH 2 + H 2
2CH2CHCH2 + 3H2
ONa ONa ONa
CH2CHCH 2 + 3H2 O
ONO ONO ONO
2
2
2
OH
2. -M , , .
OH
ONa
+ NaOH
+ H2O
CH3OH + NaOH
OH
3.
O2N
NO2
2,4,6-
NO2
.
54
4.
1. ) , .. , : , , , .
) ,
, : ,
;
, , .
OH
ONa
2
+ 2Na
2
+ H2
CH3CH2OH + NaOH
C2H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O
2. Cu(OH)2 - ,
.
3. CH2CHCH3
-1,2
OH OH
CH2CH2CH2
OH
OH
30
-1,3
3.
4,6
1. 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2

n(Na) =
4,6
= 0,2 ;
23
n(C2H5OH) =
30
= 0,65
46
.. 25 , Na.
4,6

46
4,6
=
;
46 22,4
22,4
4,6 22,4
=
= 22,4
46
: V(H2) = 2,24 .
8,4
2. 2322 + 2Na 2CH3CH2CH2ONa + H2

260
22,4
55

8,4
2 60 8,4
m(C3H 7OH)
45
=
; =
= 45 ; (37) =
=
=
2 60 22,4
22,4
m
200
= 0,225 22,5%
: (37) = 22,5%.
35
9,2

n(Na) =
9,2
= 0,4 ;
23
n(C3H7OH) =
35
= 0,583
60
.. 37 , Na.
9,2

223
9,2
=
;
2 23 2 82
282
9,2 2 82
=
= 32,8
2 23
: m(C3H7ONa) = 32,8 .
4. CxHyOz;
x:y:z =
52,18 13,04 34,78

= 4,348:13,04:2,17 = 2:6:1
:
:
16
1
12
26;
Mr(C2H6O) = 212 + 61 + 116 = 46
: Mr(C2H6O) = 46.
0,5
H SO
5. CH3OH + KBr 2 4
CH3Br + KOH
n(CH3Br) = n(CH3OH) = 0,5
m(CH3Br) = n M(CH3Br) = 0,5 95 = 47,5 ()
(H3Br) =
m
m
38
= 0,8 80%
47,5
: (H3Br) = 80%.
6. 38 2 1 :
-2
CH3CHCH3
OH
CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3OCH2CH3
15
-1

7. 2C3H7OH + 2K 2C3H7OK + H2
n(C3H7OH) =
15
= 0,25 ;
60
n(K) =
6
= 0,154
39
.. 37 , .
6
2C3H7OH + 2K 2C3H7OK + H2
239
56
298
;
=
2 39 2 98
6 2 98
= 15,08 ()
2 39
: m(C3H7OK) = 15,08 .
18,8
8. 65 + 3NO3
OH
O2N
NO2
363
94
+ 3H2O
NO2
18,8 3 63
=
= 37,8 ()
94
18,8
=
;
94
3 63
: m(HNO3) = 37,8 .
OH
28,2
Br
Br
9. 65 + 3Br2
+ 3HBr
94
Br
331
79, 44
28,2
28,2 331
; =
=99,3 (); (6H2OHBr3)=
=0,80 80%
=
94 331
94
99,3
: (6H2OHBr3) = 80%.
9,4
1,6
10. 2C6H5OH + 2Na 2C6H5ONa + H2

n(C6H5OH) =
9,4
= 0,1 ;
94
n(Na) =
1,6
= 0,07
23
.. 65 , Na.
2C6H5OH + 2Na 2C6H5ONa + H2; n(C6H5ONa)=n(Na)=0,07
m(C6H5ONa) = n M(C6H5ONa) = 0,07 116 = 8,12
: m(C6H5ONa) = 8,12
4,7
11. C6H5OH + KOH C6H5OK + H2O

4,7
= 0,05 ; m(KOH) = 0,14 120 = 16,8
94
16,8
n(KOH) =
= 0,3
56
n(C6H5OH) =
.. , 65.
C6H5OH + KOH C6H5OK + H2O
n(C6H5OK) = n(C6H5OH) = 0,05
m(C6H5OK) = n M(C6H5OK) = 0,05 132 = 6,6
57
: m(C6H5OK) = 6,6 .
1)
3)
2)
12. 4
22
66
t
C2H2 + 3H2
1) 2CH4
2) 3C2H2
65Cl
4)
C6H5OH
Cl
FeCl3
3) C6H6 + Cl2
+ HCl
OH
Cl
4)
+ NaOH
672
+ NaCl
6CH4 C6H5OH
622,4
94
672
94 672
;=
=470 ; m=(65) m=0,4 470 =188
=
6 22,4 94
6 22,4
: m(C6H5OH) = 188 .
8
2,3
13. CH2CH2 + 2Na
CH2CH2 + H2
OH OH
ONa ONa
8
2,3
n(C2H4(OH)2) = = 0,129 ; n(Na) =
= 0,1
62
23
.. 24()2 , , :
2CH2CH2 + 2Na
2CH2CH2 + H2
OH
n(H2) =
OH
ONa OH
1
n(Na) = 0,05 ;
2
: V(H2) = 1,12 .
14.
OH
V(H2) = n Vm = 0,05 22,4 = 1,12
66,2
OH
Br
Br
+ 3HBr
+ 3Br2
94
Br
331
66,2
;
=
94 331
94 66,2
= 18,8 ;
331
: (65) = 9,4%.
58
(65)=
18,8
=0,094 9,4%
200
15. CH2CHCH2 + 3HNO3

OH
363
OH OH
22,7
CH2CHCH2 + 3H2O
ONO2 ONO2ONO2
227
22,7
22,7 3 63
;
=
= 18,9 (HNO3)
=
3 63 227
227
m(HNO3 ) 18,9
m 23,625
m- =
=
= 23,625 ; V- = =
= 16,3 ()
0,8
1,45
(HNO3 )
: V(HNO3) = 16,3 .
250
90
16. CH2CH2 + H2O
CH2CH2
O
OH OH
90
250
= 5,7 4
n(H2O) =
= 5
n(C2H4O) =
18
44
2 , .
n(C2H4(OH)2) = n(H2O) = 5 ; m(C2H4(OH)2) = n M=5 62=310
: m(C2H4(OH)2) = 310 .
20
20
17. C6H5OH + KOH C6H5OK + H2O

n(C6H5OH) =
20
= 0,213 ;
94
n(KOH) =
20
= 0,357
56
.. , 65.
n(C6H5OK) = n(C6H5OH) = 0,213
m(C6H5O) = n M(C6H5OK) = 0,213 132 = 28,1
: m(C6H5OK) = 28,1 .
1
18. 2CH2CHCH2 + 2Na

OH OH OH
n(C3H5(OH)3) = 1
n(Na) =
36
= 1,304 ;
23
2CH2CHCH2 + H2
ONa OH OH
n1(H2) =
V1(H2) = n Vm = 0,5 22,4 = 11,2 ;

0,304
2CH2CHCH2 + 2Na
1
n(C3H5(OH)3) = 0,5
2
n1(Na) = 1
CH2CHCH2 + H2
ONa ONa OH
1
n2(Na) = 1,304 1 = 0,304 ; n2(H2) = n2(Na) = 0,152
2
V2(H2) = 0,152 22,4 = 3,4 ;
V(2) = 11,2 + 3,4 = 14,6 ()
ONa OH OH
59
: V(H2) = 14,6 .
VI.
1.
1. H3CH2C
1.
O
H
3--2-
H3CH2CHCHC
H
CH3 C2H5
O
[Hg 2+]
2. )
CH CH + H2O
H3C
O
H
t
+ Cu + H2O
C2H5OH + CuO
H3C
H
O
) HC
45
3.
HC
+ 2Cu(OH)2
HO
+ H2 Pt
t
HC
OH
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
CH3OH
H
30
32
45
45 32
=
; =
= 48 (); m(3)= m=48 0,95=45,6
30 32
30
: m(CH3OH) = 45,6 .
2.
CH3
O
1.
3,3-
CH3CCH2C
H O
CH3
CH3CH2CHCHC
2,3-
H
CH3 CH3
a)
)
)
2. 4
22
3
25
) 24 t 22 + 32
O
2+
[Hg ]
)
2H2 + H2O
H3C
O
H
Pt
)
+ H2
C
H
OH
H3C
2
5
t
H
O
9,2
3. C2H5OH + CuO
+ Cu + H2O
H3C
46
44
H
7, 2
9,2
9,2 44
=
; =
= 8,8 ; (3) =
= 0,818 81,8%
46 44
46
8,8
60
: (3) = 81,8%.
3. O
1. H3C
O
H
2,3-
H3CHCHC
H
O
CH3 CH3
2.
[Ni]
H3CH2C
) CH3CH2CH2OH
+ H2
t
O
H
[Ni]
) HC
+ H2
3OH
t CH
H
O
O
) H3C + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
+ 2Ag + 4NH3 + H2O
H3C
OH
H
3. 2H2 + H2O
2+
[Hg
11
H3C
26
44
H
m
6,5
11
11 26
=
; =
= 6,5 ; m(22) =
=
= 7,22
26 44
44
( 3) 0,9
: m(C2H2) = 7,22 .
4.
CH3
O
1. CH CC
2,2-
3
H
O
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2C
H
)
a)
)
2. CH3Cl
CH3OH
HCHO
CH3OH
) CH3Cl + KOH CH3OH + KCl
O
)CH3OH + CuO t HC
+ Cu + H2O
O
H
Ni
) HC
+ H2
t CH3OH
H
O
2+
11,2
[Hg ]
3. 2H2 + H2O
H3C
22,4
44
H
11,2
11,2 44
=
;
=
= 22 ;
m= m=0,9 22=19,8
22,4 44
22,4
: m(CH3CHO) = 19,8 .
61
2.
1.
1. 5102 4 .
O

CH3CH2CH2CH2C
OH
O
2-
CH3CH2CHC
OH
O
CH3
3-
CH3CHCH2C
OH
CH3
CH3
O
CH3CC
2,2-
OH
CH3
O
2. 22
1)
H3C
2)
3)
4)
3 3Na
CH3COOH
H
O
2+
[Hg ]
1) 2H2 + H O
H3C
2
H
O
O
t
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
CH3C
+ 2Cu(OH)2
2) CH3C
OH
H
O
O
CH3C
3) CH3C
+ NaOH
+ H2O
ONa
OH
O
O
4) CH3C
+ HCl
+ NaCl
CH3C
ONa
OH
3.
, .. ,
.
O
2.
CH
CHC
3
1. 2-
OH
O
CH3
H2CHCHC
2,3,4-
OH
Cl
Cl Cl
2. ) Mg + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Mg + H2

62
) Cl2 + CH3COOH
CH2COOH + HCl
Cl
) NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O

) K2CO3 + 2CH3COOH 2CH3COOK + H2O + CO2

3. , .. 3 ,
.
3.
) 32

322

3(2)3
32222

O
H3
CH3HCH2COOH
CHC
) CH3
OH
2-
O
CH
3
3-
3(2)3

H3CH2CH2C

OH
2. C2H6
H3C
OH
hv
) 26 + Cl2 CH3CH2Cl + HCl
) CH3CH2Cl + KOH CH3CH2OH + KCl
(II)
) CH3CH2OH + CuO t CH3C

O
+ Cu + H2O
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
CH3C
+ 2Cu(OH)2
OH
H (II)
3.
,
:
) CH3C
HC
OH
+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
CO2 + 2H2O + 4 NH3 + 2Ag

.
:
63
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

.
4.
1. 482 2 :
O
O
CH3CHC
H3CH2CH2C

OH
OH
CH3 2-
2. :
Zn + 2HCOOH (HCOO)2Zn + H2

: Ca(OH)2 + 2HCOOH (HCOO)2Ca + 2H2O

: Na2CO3 + 2HCOOH 2HCOONa + H2O + CO2

: MgO + 2HCOOH (HCOO)2Mg + H2O

3. :
) CCl3COOH, .. 3
H
Cl
O
O
HCC
CC
Cl
O H
O H
Cl
Cl

) CF3COOH, .. ,
Cl
F
O
O
ClCC
CC
F
OH
H
O
Cl
F
3.
1. CxHyOz
x:y:z =
54,55 9,09 36,36

:
:
= 4,546:9,09:2,27 = 2:4:1
12
1
16
O
C2H4O
H3C
Mr(C2H4O)=2 12 + 4 1 + 1 16=44 /
: 24, Mr = 44 /.
x
30
2. CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

60
40
m(NaOH) = 0,25 120 = 30 ;

64
30
=
;
60 40
60 30
= 45 ()
40
: m(CH3COOH) = 45 .
96,6
3. C17H35COOK + Hl C17H35COOH + KCl

322
284
96,6 284
=
= 85,2 ()
322
96,6
=
;
322 284
m(1735) = m = 0,75 85,2 = 63,9 ()

: m(1735) = 63,9 .
4. m- = V = 3000 1,06 = 3180 ; m(HCHO) = 3180 0,2 = 636
n(HCHO) =
m 636
= 21,2
=
M
30
: n(HCHO) = 21,2 .
13,8
28
9,24
5. C2H5OH + CuO
+ Cu + H2O
H3C
H
13,8
28
= 0,3 ;
n(CuO) = = 0,35
n(C2H5OH) =
46
80
.. CuO , 25.
n(CH3CHO) = n(C2H5OH) = 0,3
m(3) = n M(CH3CHO) = 0,3 44 = 13,2
(3) =
m
m
9,24
= 0,7 70%
13,2
: (3) = 70%.
22
6. CH3C
44
+ 2Cu(OH)2
H
CH3C
m(CH3CHO) = 0,4 55 = 22 ()
22
=
;
44 144
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
OH 144
22 144
= 72 ()
44
: m(Cu2O) = 72 .
t
CaO + CO2;
CaO + 3C
CaC2 + CO
7. CaCO3
t
O
O
+
O
[Hg 2 ]
2H2 + H2O
H3C
H3C
+ [O]
H3C
H
H
OH
8
8. 2CH3COOH + Mg Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2
24
=
;
24 22,4
22,4
8 22,4
=
= 7,467
24
: V(H2) = 7,467 .
65
9.HCOOH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH CO2 + 2H2O + 4NH3 + 2Ag

n(CO2) = n(HCOOH) =
1
n(Ag) = 0,05
2
m(HCOOH) = n M(HCOOH) = 0,05 46 = 2,3

V(CO2) = n Vm = 0,05 22,4 = 1,12
: m(HCOOH) = 2,3 ; V(CO2) = 1,12 .
10. CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
1000 0,5 (NaOH);
18,24 (NaOH)
x=
18,24 0,5
= 0,00912 ;
1000
n(CH3COOH)=n(NaOH)=0,00912
m(CH3COOH) = n M(CH3COOH) = 0,00912 60 = 0,5472 ()

(3) =
m(CH 3COOH) 0,5472

=
= 0,048 4,8%
m
11,4
: (3) = 4,8%.
11. m- = 1000 1,11 = 1110 ()
m(HCHO) = (HO) m- = 0,4 1110 = 444
V(HCHO) = n Vm =
m
444
Vm =
22,4 = 331,5 ()
M
30
: V(HCHO) = 331,5 .
12. m- = V = 1,007 200 = 201,4
m(CH3COOH) = (CH3COOH) m- = 201,4 0,06 = 12,084
m(CH 3COOH)
12,084
=
= 15,105
0,8
. (CH3COOH)
m . 15,105
=
= 14,12
V- . =
.
1,07
m- . =
: V = 14,12 .
4. , ,

1.
1)
3)
4)
2)
1. CH4
CH3Cl
CH3OH
HCHO
HCOOH
h
1) CH4 + Cl2
CH3Cl + HCl
2) CH3Cl + KOH CH3OH + KCl
O
3) CH OH + CuO t HC
+ Cu + H2O
3
H
O
O
t
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
HC
+ 2Cu(OH)2
4) HC
OH
H
66
2. CH CH C
3
2
OH
CH3CH2COO + H+
CH3CH2COOH
CH3CH2COOH + Cl2 P CH3CHCOOH
+ HCl
Cl
CH3CH2COONa + NaOH C2H6 + Na2CO3

218
H3C
3. C2H5Br C2H5OH
109
46
60
OH
218 46
=
= 92 (25)
109
218
218 60
=
= 120 (3)
;
y=
109
109 60
218
n(C2H5OH) = n(CH3COOH) = n(C2H5Br) =
= 2
105
218
;
=
109 46
: m(C2H5OH) = 92 ; m(CH3COOH) = 120 ; n = 2 .

2.
2)
3)
4)
1)
1. C2H2
C2H4
C2H5OH
CH3CHO
CH3COOH
1) C2H2 + H2 Pt
C2H4
2) C2H4 + H2Ot H2SO4
C2H5OH
O
3) C2H5OH + CuO
+ Cu + H2O
H3C
O
H O
4) CH C
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
CH3C
+ 2Cu(OH)2
3
O
OH
H
2. CH CHC
2-
3
H
CH3
O
O
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
CH3CHC
+ 2Cu(OH)2
CH3CHC
OH
H
CH3
22 CH3
CH3CHCH3
CH3CHCH3
3. 3H8
n(C3H8) =
Cl
m(C3H8 ) 22
=
= 0,5
M (C3H8 ) 44
OH
n(CH3CHClCH3) = n(CH3CH(OH)CH3) = 0,5

m(CH3CHClCH3) = n M(CH3CHClCH3) = 78,5 0,5 = 39,25
m(CH3CH(OH)CH3) = n M(CH3CH(OH)CH3) = 0,5 60 = 30
67
: m(CH3CHClCH3)=39,25 ; m(CH3CH(OH)CH3)=30 ; n=0,5 .

O
3.
2)
3)
4)
1)
H3C
1. CH4
C2H2
C2H5OH
CH3COOH
1) 2CH4 t C2H2 + 3H2 H
O
+
[Hg 2 ]
+
H
H3C
2) 2 2 H2O
O
H
Ni
3) CH3C
+ H2
t C2H5OH
H
4) 5C2H5OH + 4KmnO4 + 6H2SO4 = 5CH3COOH + 2K2SO4 + 4MnSO4+
O
+ 11H2O
2. CH3CH2CH2CH2C
O
H
H 3CH2 CH2CH2C
+ H2
HO
CH3CH2CH2CH2C
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
+ 2Cu(OH)2
HO
CH 3CH2CH 2 CH 2C
156
Ni
+ Cu 2O + 2 H2O
OH
3. C6H6 C6H5Cl C6H5OH

78
n(C6H6) =
m(C6 H 6 ) 156
=
= 2 ; n(C6H5Cl) = n(C6H5OH) = 2
M (C6 H 6 ) 78
m(C6H5Cl) = n M(C6H5Cl) = 2 112,5 = 225

m(C6H5OH) = n M(C6H5OH) = 2 94 = 188
: m(C6H5Cl) = 225 ; m(C6H5OH) = 188 ; n = 2 .
4.
2)
3)
4)
1. CH4 1) HCHO
CH3OH
HCOOH
H2CO3
O
1) H4 + O2 t HC
+ H2O
Pt
O
H
Ni
2) HC
+ H2
CH3OH
t
H
3) 5CH3OH+4KMnO4+6H2SO4=5HCOOH+2K2SO4+4MnSO4+11H2O
4) HCOOH + [Ag(NH3)2]OH = CO2 + 2Ag + 4NH3 + 2H2O
CH2CH2
2.
-1,2
OH OH
CH2CH2 + 2Na
CH2CH2 + H2
OH
ONa ONa
68
OH
H
CH 2OH
CH 2OH
CH2O
OCH 2
+ Cu(OH)2
Cu
CH2O
OCH 2
+ 2 H2O
202
3. CH3Cl CH3OH HCOOH

50,5
m(CH 3Cl) 202

=
=4 ; n(CH3OH)=n(HCOOH)=4
M (CH3Cl) 50,5
n(CH3Cl)=
m(CH3OH) = n M(CH3OH) = 4 32 = 128

m(HCOOH) = n M(HCOOH) = 4 46 = 184
: m(CH3OH) = 128 ; m(HCOOH) = 184 ; n = 4 .
5. , , ,
( )
1.
1.
Cu(OH)2
Na2CO3
22
65

23+Na2CO3
2CH3COONa+CO2+H2O
3
2. ) Na2O + 2HCOOH 2HCOONa + H2O

n(Na2O) =
50
= 0,806 ;
62
n(HCOOH) =
200
= 4,35
46
.. , Na2O.
n(HCOONa) = 2n(Na2O) = 1,612
m(HCOONa) = n M(HCOONa) = 1,612 68 = 109,6
: m(HCOONa) = 109,6 .
) NaOH + HCOOH HCOONa + H2O
n(NaOH) =
m( NaOH) 50
=
= 1,25 ;
M ( NaOH) 40
n(HCOOH) = 4,35
.. , NaOH.
n(HCOONa) = n(NaOH) = 1,25 ; m(HCOONa)=1,25 68 = 85 ()
: m(HCOONa) = 85 .
69
2.
1.
1
1.Cu(OH)2 -
HC
O
H
HC
2. Br2
+ 2Cu(OH)2
O
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
OH
OH
OH
Br
Br
+ 3HBr
+ 3Br2
Br
5,6

260
22,4
= 2 60 5,6 = 30 ()
22,4
5,6
;
=
2 60 22,4
(37) =
m(C3H 7OH)
30
= 0,15 15%
=
m
200
: (37) = 15%.
3.
1.
Cu(OH)2
Br2
1
2

Br
OH
OH
Br
+ 3HBr
+ 3Br2
Br
2. C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O

n(C6H5OH) = 9,4 = 0,1 ;
94
70
m(NaOH) = 0,12 50 = 6
n(NaOH) =
6
= 0,15
40
.. NaOH , 65.
n(C6H5ONa) = n(C6H5OH) = 0,1
m(C6H5ONa) = n M(C6H5ONa) = 0,1 116 = 11,6
: m(C6H5ONa) = 11,6 .
4.
1.
Cu(OH)2
1
2
- -
O
+ 2Cu(OH)2
HC
H
O
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
OH
HC
64
2. C2H5OH + CuO
+ Cu + H2O
H
m(C2H5OH) = V = 80 0,8 = 64
64
64 44
=
;
=
= 61,22
46 44
46
m(3) = m = 0,9 61,22 = 55,1 ()
: m(3) = 55,1 .
H3C
46
44
6. V, VI
1.
1. )
) 3--2
) 4- 3-
2. ) 2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
) HC
(IV)
O
O
H
+ Ag2O
HC
+ 2Ag
OH
) 2CH3COOH + Zn (CH3COO)2Zn + H2
1)
2)
3. C2H4
C2H2
C6H6
Pt
1) 24 t C2H2 + H2
3)
C6H5Cl
4)
C6H5OH
71
2)
3C2H2
3) C6H6 + Cl2
Cl
FeCl3
+ HCl
OH
4) C6H5Cl + NaOH
92
4. C2H5OH + HBr
+ NaCl
H2SO4
46
92
;
=
46 109
C2H5Br + H2O
109
92 109
= 218
46
m(25Br) = m = 0,85 218 = 185,3

: m(C2H5Br) = 185,3 .
2.
1. )
)
) 2,3-
OH
ONa
2. ) 2
+ 2Na
2
+ H2
O
) CH3C
+ H2
Ni
C2H5OH
t
H
) 2HCOOH + Na2CO3 2HCOONa + H2O + CO2

3.
1)
2)
3)
4)
1. CH4
CH3Cl
CH3OH
HCHO
C3OH
h
1) CH4 + Cl2
CH3Cl + HCl
O
3) CH3OH + CuO t HC
+ Cu + H2O
O
H
Ni
4) HC
+ H2
CH3OH
t
H
120
P
CH2COOH + HCl
4. CH3COOH + Cl2
60
Cl
94,5
m
120 94,5
170
120
; =
=189 ; (CH2ClCOOH)= =
=0,8995
=
60
m 189
60 94,5
89,95%
72
: (CH2ClCOOH) = 89,95%.
3.
1. )
) 2,2-
) 2,4,6-
CH3Cl + H2O
2. ) CH3OH + HCl H2SO4
O
t CH C
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
+ 2Cu(OH)2
3
OH
H
)
CH3C
) 2CH3COOH + Ba(OH)2 (CH3COO)2Ba + 2H2O

3. C2H6 1) C2H5Cl 2) C2H5OH 3) CH3COOH 4)
1) C2H6 + Cl2 h C2H5Cl
2) C2H5Cl + KOH C2H5OH + KCl
O
3) C2H5OH Ni CH3C
+ 2H2
O t
OH
4) CH3C
+ KOH CH3COOK + H2O
OH
O
90
4. CH3C
44
Ni
+ H2
CH3COOK
C2H5OH
46
90 46
=
= 94,09
44
m
82
(25) =
=
= 0,8715 87,15%
m 94,09
90
=
;
44 46
: (25) = 87,15%.
4.
1. )
) 2,3-
) 2--2
2.) 2CH2CHCH2 + 6Na
OH
) HC
2CH2CHCH2 + 3H2
ONa ONa ONa
OH OH
+ H2
Ni
CH3OH
t
H
) 2HCOOH + Ca(OH)2 (HCOO)2Ca + 2H2O

3. CH4 1) C2H2 2) CH3CHO

1) 2CH4 t C2H2 + 3H2
3)
CH3COOH
4)
CH2ClCOOH
73
O
[Hg 2 + ]
CH3C
2) C2H2 + H2O
O
H
3) CH3C + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH CH3COOH + 2Ag + 4NH3 + H2O
O
H
P
+ HCl
4) CH3COOH + Cl2
CH2C
OH
Cl
4,7
2,4
4. C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O
n(C6H5OH) =
4,7
= 0,05 ;
94
n(NaOH) =
2,4
= 0,06
40
.. NaOH , 65.
n(C6H5ONa) = n(C6H5OH) = 0,05
m(C6H5ONa) = n M(C6H5ONa) = 0,05 116 = 5,8
: m(C6H5ONa) = 5,8 .
VII. .
1.
1. CH3CH2C
1.
H2SO4
+ CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
OH
O
H2SO4
CH3CH2C
+ H2O
OCH2CH2CH2CH3
O

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C
O
OH

H2SO4
) CH3CH2CH2C
+ CH3CH2OH
OH
O
CH3CH2CH2C
+ H2O
OCH2CH3

O
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C
O

OH
2. C2H6
CH3C
OC2H5
) C2H6 + Cl2 h C2H5Cl
) C2H5Cl + NaOH C2H5OH + NaCl
O
t CH C
) C2H5OH + CuO
+ Cu + H2O
3
H
74
) CH C
3
) CH3C
+ 2Cu(OH)2
H
O
CH3C
H2SO4
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
OH
O
CH3C
+ H2O
OC2H5
OH
2.
O
H2SO4
1. ) HC
+ CH3CH2CH2OH
H O
HC
+ H2O
OCH2CH2CH3

O
CH3CH2CH2C
O

OH
H2SO4
) CH3CH2CH2CH2C
+ CH3OH
OH O
CH3CH2CH2CH2C
+ H2O
OCH3
O

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C
OH

O
120
2. C3H7COOH + C2H5OH
+ H2O
C3H7C
46
116
OC2H5
m 47,59
120
46 120
=
; x=
=47,59 ; V(C2H5OH)= =
=59,48 ()
46 116
116
0,8
: V(C2H5OH) = 59,48 .
O
3. O
H2SO4
1.
CH3C
+ H2O
CH3C
+ CH3OH
OH
OCH3

O
CH3CH2C

O
OH
H2SO4
+ CH3CH2 CH2CH2OH
) HC
OH O
HC
+ H2O
O
OCH2CH2CH2CH3
CH CH CH CH C
3
2
2
2

OH
+ C2H5OH
75
2. CH4
1)
2)
CH3OH
3)
4)
HCOOH
5)
1) CH4 + Cl2 h CH3Cl
O
HC
OC2H5

O
t
3) CH3OH + CuO
+ Cu + H2O
HC
O
O
H
t
4) HC
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
HC
+ 2Cu(OH)2
OH
H
O
O
H2SO4
5) HC
+ 2
HC
+ C2H5OH
OC2H5
OH
4.
H SO
1. ) CH3CH2CH2COOH + CH3OH 2 4
O
CH3CH2CH2C
+ H2O
OCH3
O
CH3CH2CH2CH2C

OH
O
)
H2SO4
+ CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3C
OH O
CH3C
+ H2O
OCH2CH2CH3
O
CH3CH2CH2CH2C

OH
O
27
16
CH
C
2. CH3COOH + CH3OH 3
+ H2O
OCH3 16
27
n(CH3COOH) =
= 0,45 ; n(CH3OH) = = 0,5
60
32
.. 3 , 3
n(CH3COOCH3) = n(CH3COOH) = 0,45
m(CH3COOCH3) = n M(CH3COOCH3) = 0,45 74 = 33,3 ()
: m(CH3COOCH3) = 33,3 .
2. .
1. O
H2SO4
1. ) HC
+ CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
OH
76
O
+ H2O
HC
) CH C
3
OCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
O
+ H2O
H2SO4
OCH3
CH 3C
OH
+ CH3OH
O
CH3CH2C

O OH
) CH2 OH
CH2 O C C17H35
O
CH OH + 3C17H35COOH
CH O C C17H35 + 3 H2O
O
CH2 OH
CH2 O C C17H35
2. , . : , .
O
221
CH2 O C C17H33
O
CH2 OH
CH O C C17H33 + 3 NaOH
O
CH2 O C C17H33
3C17H33COONa + CH OH
CH2 OH
884
221
=
;
884 92
92
221 92
=
= 23 ()
884
: m(C3H5(OH)3) = 23 .
O
2.
1. ) HC
+ H2O
OCH
CH
CH
2
2
3
O
H2SO4
+ CH3CH2CH2OH
O
OH
CH3CH2CH2C
OH

O
H2SO4
) CH3CH2CH2C
+ CH3OH
OH
O
HC
CH3CH2CH2C
OCH3
+ H2O
77
CH 2 O C C15H31
O
CH2 OH
CH O C C15H 31 + 3NaOH
O
CH 2 O C C15H31
CH OH + 3C H COONa
15 31
CH2 OH
2. ,
. , ..
.
90
3. CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O

60
90
;
=
60 74
74
90 74
=
= 111 ;
60
(3) =
: (33) = 90%.
O
3.
H2SO4
1. ) CH3CH2C
+ C2H5OH
OH O
CH3CH2C
+ H2O
OC2H5
O
CH3CH2CH2CH2C
OH

O
)
H SO
CH3CH 2CH2CH2C
O
CH3CH2 CH2CH2C
CH2 OH
OH
+ H2O
OCH 3
+ CH3OH
100
= 0,9 90%
111
CH2 O C C17H33
O
CH OH + 3C17H33COOH
CH O C C17H33 + 3 H2O
O
CH2 O C C17H33
CH2 OH
2. . , . , ..
, , .
O
3.
58
y
2H2
CH3CH2CH2C
116
58
;
=
116 74
78
OC2H5
Ni
CH3CH2CH2 CH O H + C2H5OH
2
74
58 74
=
= 37 (3222)
116
46
58
58 46
=
= 23 (25)
;
y=
116
116 46
: m(C4H9OH) = 37 ; m(C2H5OH) = 23 .
O
O
4.
H2SO4
1. ) CH C
+
H2O
CH3C
+ C5H11OH
3
O
OC5H11
OH
H2SO4
) HC
+ CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
OH O
+ H2O
HC
O
OC4H9

C4H9C
O OH
)
CH 2 O C C17H29
O
CH2 OH
CH O C C17H 29 + 3 KOH
O
CH 2 O C C17H29
CH OH + 3C H COOK
17 29
CH2 OH
2. ,
.
O
O
1,8
1,61
H2SO4
3. CH C
+ H2O
CH3C
+ C2H5OH
3
OC2H5
OH
n(CH3COOH) =
1,8
= 0,03 ;
60
n(C2H5OH) =
1,61
= 0,035
46
.. 25 , 3
n(CH3COOC2H5) = n(CH3COOH) = 0,03
m(CH3COOC2H5) = n M(CH3COOC2H5) = 0,03 88 = 2,64
m = m = 0,75 2,64 = 1,98
: 1,98 .
VIII.
1. ,
1.
1. ) ;
) ; ) .
C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+C6H12O6
2.
, O
.
H2CHCHCHCHC
OH
OH OH OH OH
+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
79
O
H2CHCHCHCHC
285
OH
OH
OH OH OH OH
+ 2Ag + 4 NH3 + H2O
3. C6H12O6 2CH3
CH(OH)COOH
290
180
(6126) = 100% 5% = 95%; m(C6H12O6) = 0,95 300 = 285

285
=
;
180 2 90
285 2 90
= 285
180
: m(CH3CH(OH)COOH) = 285 .
2.
1. , , ,
.
2. . ,
.
O
H2CHCHCHCHC
OH
+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
O
OH OH OH OH
H2CHCHCHCHC
+ 2Ag + 4 NH3 + H2O
OH
OH OH OH OH OH
324
3. (C6H10O5)n
162n
nH2O
nC6H12O6
n180
m = 0,2 1620 = 324 ;
324
x
=
;
162n n 180
324 180
= 360 ()
162
: m(C6H12O6) = 360 .
3.
1. ,
, .
2. , . , , ,
[Ag(NH3)2]OH
.
+
H
C12H22O2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
6 H12O6 + 2[A g(NH ) ]OH
32
6 H12O7 + 2Ag + 4 NH + H O
3
2
3. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

(C6H12O6) = 100% 4% = 96%; m(C6H12O6) = 0,96 250 = 240
80
240
6126 225 + 22
180
44,8
240
=
;
180 44,8
240 44,8
=
= 59,73 ()
180
: V(CO2) = 59,73 .
4.
1.
2.
, , .
O
O
+ 2Ag + 4 NH3 + H2O
HC
HC
+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
H
OH
1000
Ni
3. 2()()4 + t
2
180
1000
;
=
180 182
2()()42
182
1000 182
=
= 1011
180
m = m = 0,8 1011 = 808,8 ()

: m = 808,8 .
2. ,
O
1. a)
)
)
1. (C6H10O5)n
C6H12O6
C2H5OH
CH3C
H SO
) (C6H10O5)n + nH2O 2 4 nC6H12O6
OC2H5
) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
O
O
H2SO4
) C2H5OH + CH3C
+ H2O
CH3C
OH
OC2H5
2. ,
, , .
57
3. (C6H10O5)n
+ nH2O
nC6H12O6 2nC2H5OH + 2n CO2
162n
2n 46
m((C6H10O5)n) = 0,57 100 = 57

81
57
x
;
=
162n 2n 46
57 2 46
= 32,37
162
: m(C2H5OH) = 32,37 .
2.
H SO
1. ) (C6H10O5)n + nH2O 2 4 nC6H12O6
) (C6H10O5)n + 6nO2 6nCO2 + 5nH2O
(IV)
ONO2
) (C6H10O5)n + 3nHNO3 C6H7O2ONO2 + 3n H2O

ONO2 n

2.
, .
3. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6
= 100% 5% = 95%;
m = 200 0,95 = 190
190
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6

162 n
n180
190
x
180 180
; =
= 211,11
=
162n n 180
162
m(6126) = m = 0,95 211,11 = 200,56

: m(C6H12O6) = 200,56 .
3. a)
)
)
1.
X
Y
CH3COOH
) (C6H10O5)n + nH2O H2SO4
nC6H12O6
) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
) 25 + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O

2. -D- -D-.
-D-,
-D-.
63
3. (C6H10O5)n
162n
+ nH2O
nC6H12O6
n180
m = 0,25 252 = 63 ;
82
63
x
=
;
162n n 180
63 180
= 70 ()
162
m(6126) = m = 0,9 70 = 63 ()
: m = 63 .
4. t
(CH3OH, CH3COOH, CH3CCH3)
1.
+ Ca(OH)2
C2H5OH
CH3OH
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O 2nC2H5OH + 2nCO2
(C6H10O5)n t CH3OH + CH3COOH + CH3CCH3
2. , .
O
130

3. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6
n180
162n
m = 0,5 260 = 130 ()
130
x
130 180
40
=
; =
=144,44 ; (6126)=
=0,277 27,7%
162 180
162
144,44
: (6126) = 27,7%.
3. , , ,
( )
1.
1.
1
2
1. Cu(OH)2

2. Cu(OH)2
-
O
HC
3.
[Ag(NH3)2]OH
HC
O
+ Cu2O + H2O
OH
O
HC
+ 2Cu(OH)2
H
+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
H
O
HCOOH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
+ 2Ag +
HC
CO2 + H2O + 2Ag + 4 NH3
OH
+ 4 NH3 + H2O
83
30
9,2
2. 2CH3CH2CH2OH + 2Na 2CH3CH2CH2ONa + H2

n(C3H7OH) =
30
= 0,5 ;
60
n(Na) =
9,2
= 0,4
23
.. 37 , .
n(C3H7ONa) = n(Na) = 0,4
m(C3H7ONa) = n m(C3H7ONa) = 0,4 82 = 32,8
: m(C3H7ONa) = 32,8 .
2.
1.
1. CuO
C2H5OH + CuO t
O
CH3C
2.
[Ag(NH3)2]OH
+ Cu + H2O
H

C6H12O6 + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
C6H12O7 + 2Ag + 4 NH3 + H2O
3. Cu(OH)2
- -

2. . VI, 3, 4.
3.
1.
1. I2
2. Cu(OH)2
84
1
2
3.
[Ag(NH3)2]OH
HCOOH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
CO2 + H2O + 2Ag + 4 NH3
29,6
+ CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O

OH 29, 6
n 0, 4
= 0,4 ;
n =
=
= 0,5
n(CH3COOCH3) =
74
0,8
n(CH3COOH) = n(CH3OH) = n(33) = 0,5
m(CH3COOH) = n M(CH3COOH) = 0,5 60 = 30
m(CH3OH) = 0,5 32 = 16
: m(CH3COOH) = 30 ; m(CH3OH) = 16 .
4.
1.
2. CH3C
1
2
3
1. Cu(OH)2 - -
2. Cu(OH)2
-
-

C6H12O6+2Cu(OH)2
CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2
CH3COOH+Cu2O+2H2O
C6H12O7+Cu2O+2H2O
11,2
2. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH 2C2H4

180
11,2
;
=
180 44,8
44,8
= 180 11,2 = 45 ();

44,8
m=
m
(C 2 H 4 )
45
=90
0,5
: m(C6H12O6) = 90 .
4.
37,4
1. CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

46
x
37,4
;
=
46
88
88
46 37,4
=
= 19,55
88
85
m(25) =
(CH3COOC2 H5 )
: m(C2H5) = 23 .
23
19,55
= 23 ()
0,85
2. HCOOH + CH3OH HCOOCH3 + H2O

46
60
m
24
23
x
23 60
;=
= 30 ; (3) =
=
= 0,8 80%
=
46 60
46
m 30
: (3) = 80%.
3. CxHyOz;
x:y:z =
54,4 9,2 36,4

= 4,53:9,2:2,275 = 2:4:1
:
:
1
1
12
C2H4O
Mr(C2H4O) = 2 1 = 44; Mr = 44 2 = 88;
482
O
CH3CH2C
CH3C
OCH2CH3
HC
HC
OCH2CH2CH3
: 482.
4,8
OCH3
M r
88
=
=2
M r (C 2 H 4 O) 44
OCHCH3
CH3
7,2
4. CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O

n(CH3OH) =
4,8
= 0,15 ;
32
n(CH3COOH) =
7, 2
= 0,12
60
.. 3 , 3.
n(CH3COOCH3) = n(CH3COOH) = 0,12
m(CH3COOCH3) = n M(CH3COOCH3) = 0,12 74 = 8,88
(33) =
m
m
7,4
= 0,833 83,3%
8,88
: (33) = 83,3%.
32
56
5. CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

n(CH3COOH) =
32
56
= 0,533 ; n(C2H5OH) = = 1,217
60
46
.. 25 , 3.
n(CH3COOC2H5) = n(CH3COOH) = 0,533
m(CH3COOC2H5) = n M(CH3COOC2H5) = 0,533 88 = 46,9
86
m(325) = m = 0,8 46,9 = 37,5

: m(CH3COOC2H5) = 37,5 .
O
36,8
6.
CH2 O C C17H35
CH
2 OH
O
CH OH + 3C17H35COONa
O
CH2 O C C17H35
CH2 OH
890
92
890 36,8
=
= 356
92
36,8
;
=
890
92
m() =
(3 H5 (OH)3 )
: m = 445 .
7.
O
356
= 445
0,8
O
5000
CH2 O C C17H33
O
CH2 O C C17H35
O
CH O C C17H33 + 3 H2
O
67,2
CH2 O C C17H33
CH O C C17H35
O
CH2 O C C17H35
884
5000
=
;
884
67,2
5000 67,2
= 380
884
= 100% 8% = 92%;
V =
380
= 413,1
0,92
: V(H2) = 413,1 .
8. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + CO2
(C6H12O6) = 100% 5% = 95%; m(C6H12O6) = 0,95 36 = 34,2
34,2
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

180
34,2
=
;
180 44,8
44,8
34,2 44,8
=
= 8,51
180
: V(CO2) = 8,51 .
230
9. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

2 46
230
=
;
2 46 44,8
44,8
230 44,8
=
= 112 ()
46
: V(CO2) = 112 .
87
10. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

16
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O

16
= 0,5 ;
n(CO2) = n(CH3OH) = 0,5
32
1
n(C6H12O6) = n(CO2) = 0,25
2
n(CH3OH) =
m(C6H12O6) = n M(C6H12O6) = 0,25 180 = 45

: m(C6H12O6) = 45 .
11. C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
27
C6H12O6 2CH3CH(OH)COOH;
n(C6H12O6) =
n(CH3CH(OH)COOH)=
27
=0,3
90
1
n(CH3CH(OH)COOH) = 0,15
2
n(C12H22O11) = n(C6H12O6) = 0,15

m(C12H22O11) = n M(C12H22O11) = 0,15 342 = 51,3
m(C12 H 22 O1 )
51,3
m =
=
= 102,6
(CH3CH(OH)COOH) 0,5
: m(C12H22O11) = 102,6 .
12. m = 15 285 = 4275 ;
m = 0,24 4275 = 1026
1026
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6

162n
1026
x
;
=
162n n 180
n180
1026 180
=
= 1140
162
m = m = 0,9 1140 = 1026

: 1026 .
13. m = 0,55 200 = 110
110
(C6H10O5)n nC6H12O6 2nC2H5OH

162n
2n 46
110
x
110 2 46
=
;
=
= 64,47
162
162n 2 46n
m = 0,6 0,6 64,47 = 22,49
: m(C2H5OH) = 22,49 .
5. VII, VIII
O
1.
H2SO4
1. CH3COOH + C4H9OH
88
CH3C
+ H2O
OC4H9
H2SO4
HCOOH + C3H7OH
+ H2O O
OC3H7
CH2 O C C17H33
CH2 OH
O
H2SO4
CH O C C17H33 + 3 H2O
CH OH + 3C17H33COOH
O
CH2 O C C17H33
CH2 OH
2. ,
.
HC
CH2 O C C17H35
O
CH2 OH
CH O C C17H35 + 3 H2O
O
CH2 O C C17H35
O
CH OH + 3C17H35COOH
CH2 OH
CH2 O C C17H35
O
CH2 OH
O
CH2 O C C17H35
CH OH + 3C17H35COONa
CH2 OH
3.
) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
) -
C6H12O6
2C H3CHC
OH
OH

) C6H12O6 C3H7COOH + 2H2 + 2CO2

)
2C6H12O6 C4H9OH + CH3CCH3 + 4H2 + 5CO2
) -
O
59,2
4. CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O

59, 2
n(CH3COOCH3) =
= 0,8
74
n(CH3COOCH 3 ) 0,8
=
= 1
n(33) =
(CH3COOCH 3 ) 0,8
n(CH3COOH) = n(CH3OH) = 1
m(CH3COOH) = n M(CH3COOH) = 1 60 = 60 ()
m(CH3OH) = n M(CH3OH) = 1 32 = 32 ()
89
: m(CH3COOH) = 60 ; m(CH3OH) = 32 .
O
2.
1. C2H2
CH3C
OC2H5 O
2+
) C2H2 + H2O [Hg ] CH C
3
O
H
Ni
) CH3C
+ H2
C2H5OH
t
H
O
O
t CH C
+ Cu2O + 2H2O
) CH3C
+ 2Cu(OH)2
3
OH
H
O
O
H2SO4
) CH3C
+ C2H5OH
+ H2O
CH3C
OH
OC2H5
2. , ,
, , : C17H35COO + H+ C17H35COOH
3. -D-, .
:
H2SO4
) (C6H10O5)n + nH2O
nC6H12O6
) CH3OH,
CH3COOH CH3CCH3 .
)
O
(C6H10O5)n + 6nO2 6nCO2 + 5nH2O
) .
ONO2
OH
C6H7O2ONO2 + 3 nH2O
ONO2 n
C6H7O2OH + 3 nHNO3
OH
OH
C6H7O2OH
OH
81
+3n CH3COOH
n
O
OCCH3
O
C6H7O2OCCH3 + 3 nH2O
O
OCCH3
n
4. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6

162n
n180
81
x
81 180
; =
=90 ; m=(6126) m=90 0,75=67,5
=
162n n 180
162
90
: m(C6H12O6) = 67,5 .
O
3.
1. ) CH3CH2CH2C
+ NaOH C4H9OH + C3H7COONa
OC4H9

O
O
+ NaOH
+ C3H7OH
HC
) HC
OC3H7
ONa -1
O

) CH2 O C C17H35
CH2 OH
O
C17H35COONa + CH OH
O
CH2 OH
CH2 O C C17H35
2. Mg2+ Ca2+, .
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+
3. , -D-.
:
) (C6H10O5)n + I2
) (C6H10O5)n + nH2O H2SO4 nC6H12O6
23
46
4. HCOOH + C2H5OH HCOOC2H5 + H2O

n(HCOOH) =
23
= 0,5 ;
46
n(C2H5OH) =
46
= 1
46
.. , .
n(HCOOC2H5) = n(HCOOH) = 0,5
m(HCOOC2H5) = n M(HCOOC2H5) = 0,5 74 = 37
m = m = 0,8 37 = 29,6 ()
: n(HCOOC2H5) = 29,6 .
4.
1. 482 :
O
O
CH3C
OC2H5
O
HC
OCHCH3
CH3
HC
OCH2CH2CH3
O
CH3CH2C
OCH3
91
2. )
CH2 OH
CH2 O C C15H31
O
CH OH + 3C15H31COOH
CH O C C15H31 + 3 H2O
O
CH2 O C C15H31
CH2 OH
) CH2 OH
C17H 33COOH
CH2 O C C17H33
O
CH OH +
C3H7COOH
CH2 OH
C17H35COOH
CH O C C 3 H7 + 3H O
2
O
CH2 O C C17H3
3.
H2CHCHCHCHC
OH
+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH
O
OH OH OH OH
CH2CHCHCHCHC
+ 2Ag + 4NH3 + H2O
OH
OH OH OH OH OH
O
CH2CHCHCHCHC
OH
+ H2
Ni
OH OH OH OH
CH2CHCHCHCHCH2
OH OH OH OH OH OH
O

C

H
4. C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

(C6H12O6) = 100% 2% = 98%4 m(C6H12O6) = 0,98 40 = 39,2
39,2
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

180
39,2
=
4
180 2 46
2 46
39,2 2 46
= 20,04
180
: m(C6H12O6) = 20,04 .
92

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..

3.CH4 + HNO3 CH3NO2 + H2O

3. Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4

3.CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

2. ) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

3. CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3

CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3

1. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

V(CH4) = 0,92 200 = 184 ()

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O;

V(C2H6) = 0,04 200 = 8 ()

V(C3H8) = 0,01 200 = 2

2. 2614 + 192 122 + 142

m(H) = 5 100 0,2 = 100

m() = () m = 0,8 72 = 57,6

V(CH4) = 20 0,93 = 18,6 3;

V(C2H6) = 0,04 20 = 0,8 3

6.26 + HNO3 C2H5NO2 + H2O

51,89 9,73 38,38

2614 + 192 122 + 142

13. CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O

V(CH4) = 0,85 1000 = 850

V(C2H6) = 0,06 1000 = 60

V(CO) = 0,03 1000 = 30 ;

16. () = 100% 81,8% = 18,2%;

17. CkH2k+2 + O2 kCO2 + (k+1)H2O;

18. 614 + HNO3 C6H13NO2 + H2O

m(C6H13NO2) = (C6H13NO2) m = 0,8 65,5 = 52,4

20. Mr = 0,6 29 = 17,4

= 0,3 7 22,4 = 1,05 (2)

V(2) = 5,4 + 1,05 = 6,45 ()

m(C3H6Br2) = (C3H6Br2) m = 404 0,85 = 343,4

) 4 + Cl2 h CH3Cl + HCl

3Cl + Cl2 h CH2Cl2 + HCl

m() = () m = 0,96 18 = 17,28

3) 26 + Br2 h CH3CH2Br + HBr

) 38 + Br2 h CH3CHCH3 + HBr

V(C2H2) = n(C2H2) Vm = 7 22,4 = 156,8

2) C2H5Cl + C2H5Cl + 2Na C4H10 + 2NaCl

3) 2410 + 132 82 + 102

3. 2CH3I + 2Na C2H6 + 2NaI

2CH3I + 2Na C2H6 + 2NaI

3. C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH

3 CH2CHCH3 +2KOH+2 MnO2

CHCH3 +2 KMnO4 +42

CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O

) C2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl

3. CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

3. C2H2 + H2O [Hg ]

) C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2

C2H2 + HCl CH2

m(Br2) = 200 0,016 = 3,2

2H4 + Br2 2H4Br2

: (24) = 56%; (26) = 44%.

3. CnH2n + HBr CnH2n+1Br

m(H) = 2 1 0,05 = 0,1 ;

m(Br2) = 250 0,032 = 8

C3H6 + Br2 C3H6Br2

(38) = 100% 56% = 44%

m(25) = m = 0,92 1150 = 1058

V(24) = (24) V = 0,8 187 = 149,6

C3H6 + Br2 C3H6Br2