Hand-out

Tutorial 6

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): Having two junctions and hence called bipolar junction transistor. The charge is carried by both majority and minority carriers, often called transistor. Widely used in analog electronics, whereas FETs/unipolar devices are more widely used in digital electronics. Types: npn a p-type semiconductor doping in an n-type wafer pnp a n-type semiconductor doping in an p-type wafer Operation: pnp structure produces two pn-junctions connected back to back as shown in previous figure. If a voltage is applied across collector and the emitter and the base is open circuited, one of these junctions will be reversed biased and very little current will flow. Normal circuit configuration for npn transistor is to make the collector more positive than the emitter. VCE might be a few volts. ICEO is the leakage current flowing from the collector to the emitter with open circuited base.

A Simple amplifier: FETs are voltage controlled devices; transistors could be voltage controlled or current controlled. When no input, its called quiescent state and the quiescent base current, quiescent output voltage is determined. RB and RC are chosen for correct operating point.

Small signal equivalent circuits:

In the suffix, the first letter indicates nature of the parameters and the second, type of connection, i.e, for hie,i-input resistance and e- common emitter connection. hoe is output Admittance

Elektronik - F2 - 1TT044 - HT06 - Tutorial 6

(figures taken from N. Storeys book)

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BJT characteristics: eV I I s (exp 1) I s exp(40V ) , kT

I E = I C + I B = (1 + hFE ) I B hFE I B = I C Emitter resistance re =

also hie

Is is the reverse saturation current. I represents IB and V represents the junction voltage VBE. The slope indicates the small signal input resistance of the arrangement.

1 1 1 [], g m 40 I C 40 I E

1 h fe re , 40 I B gm is the transconductance I c Slope = = g m [-1] VBE

h-parameter model:

hfe, hie, re indicates small signal quantities

hfe is forward current gain (AC current gain) I Slope = C = h fe I B

hoe is output admittance I C = hoe [-1] Slope = VCE

hie is input resistance 1 V Slope-1 = BE = hie = [] 40 I B I B

Small signal voltage gain

v0 RC 1 = g m ( // RC ) = g m g m RC 40 I C RC 40 VRC vi hoe hoe RC + 1

Usage of feedback: BJT amplifiers suffer from problems related with the variability of the gain. A negative feedback improves the constancy of the output current by increasing the output resistance and will increase the input resistance, leading to a better voltage amplifier.

Elektronik - F2 - 1TT044 - HT06 - Tutorial 6

(figures taken from N. Storeys book)

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Problems

Tutorial 6

hFE = 100.