Punjab University

Journal of Mathematics (ISSN 1016-2526)

Vol. 40 (2008) pp. 31-35

Common Fixed Point Theorems In Ultra Metric Spaces

K. P. R. Rao and G. N. V. Kishore

Department of Applied Mathematics
Acharya Nagarjuna University- Dr. M. R. Appa Row Campus
Nuzvid-521201, Krishna Dt. A. P., India
E-mail: kprrao2004@yahoo.com

Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to prove some common

fixed point theorems for a pair of maps of Jungck type on a spher-
ically complete metric space.

AMS (MOS) Subject Classification Codes: 47H10, 54H25.

Key Words: Ultra metric space, Spherically complete, Common fixed point.

1. Introduction
Generally to prove fixed or common fixed point theorems for maps satisfying
strictly contractive conditions, one has to assume the continuity of maps and com-
pact metric spaces. In spherically complete ultra metric spaces, the continuity of
maps are not necessary to obtain fixed points. First we state some known defini-
tions.

Definition 1. ([3]): Let (X, d) be a metric space. If the metric d satisfies strong
triangle inequality:
d(x, y) ≤ max{d(x, z), d(z, y)}∀x, y, z ∈ X
then d is called an ultra metric on X and the pair (X, d) is called an ultra metric
space.

Definition 2. ([3]): An ultra metric space (X, d) is said to be spherically complete

if every shrinking collection of balls in X has a non empty intersection.

Recently Gajic [1] proved the following

Theorem 3. (Theorem 1, [1]): Let (X, d) be a spherically complete ultra metric

space. If T : X −→ X is a mapping such that
d(T x, T y) < max{d(x, y), d(x, T x), d(y, T y)}∀x, y ∈ X, x 6= y
then T has a unique fixed point in X.

Now we extend this Theorem for a pair of maps of Jungck type.

31
32 K. P. R. Rao and G. N. V. Kishore

2. Main Results
Theorem 4. Let (X, d) be a spherically complete ultra metric space. If f and T
are self maps on X satisfying

T (X) ⊆ f (X), (2.1)

d(T x, T y) < max{d(f x, f y), d(f x, T x), d(f y, T y)}∀x, y ∈ X, x 6= y (2.2)

then there exists z ∈ X such thatf z = T z.
Further if f and T are coincidentally commuting at z then z is the unique common
fixed point of f and T .

Proof. Let Ba = (f a; d(f a, T a)) denote the closed sphere centered at f a with the
radius d(f a, T a) and let A be the collection of these spheres for all a ∈ X. Then the
relation Ba ≤ Bb iff Bb ⊆ Ba is a partial order on A. Let A1 be T a totally ordered
sub family of A. Since (X, d) is spherically complete , we have Ba = B 6= φ.
Ba ∈A1
Let f b ∈ B and Ba ∈ A1 . Then f b ∈ Ba . Hence
d(f b, f a) ≤ d(f a, T a) · · · · · · (i)
If a = b then Ba = Bb . Assume that a 6= b.
Let x ∈ Bb . Then
d(x, f b) ≤ d(f b, T b)
≤ max{d(f b, f a), d(f a, T a), d(T a, T b)}
= max{d(f a, T a), d(T a, T b)} f rom(i)
< max{d(f a, f b), d(f a, T a), d(f b, T b)} f rom(2.2)
= d(f a, T a)........(ii)
Now , d(x, f a) ≤ max{d(x, f b), d(f b, f a)} ≤ d(f a, T a) from(i) and (ii).
Thus x ∈ Ba . Hence Bb ⊆ Ba for any Ba ∈ A1 . Thus Bb is an upper bound
in A for the family A1 and hence by Zorn’s Lemma, A has a maximal element,say
Bz , z ∈ X.
Suppose f z 6= T z. Since T z ∈ T (X) ⊆ f (X), there exists w ∈ Xsuch that
T z = f w. Clearly z 6= w. Now from (2.2) we have
d(f w, T w) = d(T z, T w)
< max{d(f z, f w), d(f z, T z), d(f w, T w)} f rom(2.2)
= d(f z, f w)
Thus f z ∈/ Bw . Hence Bz 6⊆ Bw . It is a contradiction to the maximality of Bz .
Hence f z = T z.
Further assume that f and T are coincidentally commuting at z .
Then f 2 z = f (f z) = f T z = T f z = T (T z) = T 2 z.
Suppose f z 6= z . Now from (2.2), we have
d(T f z, T z) < max{d(f 2 z, f z), d(f 2 z, T f z), d(f z, T z)}
= d(T f z, T z).
Hence f z = z . Thus z = f z = T z. Uniqueness of common fixed point of f and T
follows easily from(2.2). ¤
Now we give an example to illustrate our Theorem 4.
Common Fixed Point Theorems In Ultra .... 33

Example 5. . Let X = R,
½
0 if x = y
d(x, y) =
1 if x 6= y
Define T, f : X −→ X as T x = 1 and f x = x+1
2 , ∀x ∈ X.
All conditions of Theorem 4 are satisfied. Clearly 1 is the unique common fixed
point of T and f .
Corollary 6. Theorem 4 holds if the inequality (2.2) is replaced by
d(T x, T y) < max{d(f x, f y), d(f x, T x), d(f y, T y), d(f x, T y), d(f y, T x)}
∀x, y ∈ X, x 6= y (2.3)
Proof. Since d(f x, T y) ≤ max{d(f x, f y), d(f y, T y)} and
d(f y, T x) ≤ max{d(f y, f x), d(f x, T x)} it follows that (2.3) implies that (2.2). ¤
Corollary 7. Taking f = I(Identity map) in Theorem 4 , we obtain Theorem 1 of
[1].
Now we generalize Theorem 4 when T is a multi-valued map. Let C(X) denote
the class of all non empty compact subsets of X. For A, B ∈ C(X), the Hausdorff
metric is defined as
n o
sup d(x,B) sup d(y,A)
H(A, B) = max x∈A , y∈B
where d(x, A) = inf {d(x, a) : a ∈ A}.
Definition 8. Let (X, d) be an ultra metric space, f : X −→ X and T : X −→
C(X). f and T are said to be coincidentally commuting at z ∈ X if f z ∈ T z
implies f T z ⊆ T f z.
Theorem 9. Let (X, d) be a spherically complete ultra metric space. Let f : X −→
X and T : X −→ C(X) be satisfying

T x ⊆ f (X), ∀x ∈ X, (2.4)
H(T x, T y) < max{d(f x, f y), d(f x, T x), d(f y, T y)}∀x, y ∈ X, x 6= y. (2.5)
Then there exists z ∈ X such that f z ∈ T z.
Further assume that

d(f x, f u) ≤ H(T f y, T u)∀x, y, u ∈ Xwithf x ∈ T y (2.6)

and
f and T are coincidentally commuting atz. (2.7)
Then f z is the unique common fixed point of f and T .
Proof. Let Ba = (f a; d(f a, T a)) denote the closed sphere centered at f a with the
radius d(f a, T a) and let A be the collection of these spheres for all a ∈ X. Then the
relation Ba ≤ Bb iff Bb ⊆ Ba is a partial order on A. Let A1 be T a totally ordered
sub family of A. Since (X, d) is spherically complete , we have Ba = B 6= φ.
Ba ∈A1
Let f b ∈ B and Ba ∈ A1 . Then f b ∈ Ba .
Hence d(f b, f a) ≤ d(f a, T a) · · · (i)
If a = b then Ba = Bb . Assume that a 6= b.
Let x ∈ Bb . Then d(x, f b) ≤ d(f b, T b).
34 K. P. R. Rao and G. N. V. Kishore

Since T a is compact, there exists u ∈ T a such that d(f a, u) = d(f a, T a) · · · (ii)

Consider
inf
d(f b, T b) = d(f b, c)
c ∈ Tb
inf
≤ max{d(f b, f a), d(f a, u), d(u, c)}
c ∈ Tb
≤ max{d(f a, T a), d(T a, T b)} f rom(i)and(ii)
< max{d(f a, T a), d(f b, T b)} f rom(i)and(2.5)
Thus d(f b, T b) < d(f a, T a) · · · (iii)
Now,
d(x, f a) ≤ max{d(x, f b), d(f b, f a)}
≤ d(f a, T a) f rom(i)and(iii)
Thus x ∈ Ba and Bb ⊆ Ba for any Ba ∈ A1 .Thus Bb is an upper bound in
A for the family A1 and hence by Zorn’s Lemma, A has a maximal element,say
Bz , z ∈ X.
Suppose f z ∈/ T z.
Since T z is compact, there exists k ∈ T z such that d(f z, T z) = d(f z, k). From
(2.4), there exists w ∈ X such that k = f w.
Thus d(f z, T z) = d(f z, f w) · · · (iv)
Clearly z 6= w. Now,
d(f w, T w) ≤ H(T z, T w)
< max{d(f z, f w), d(f z, T z), d(f w, T w)}
= d(f z, f w) f rom(iv).
Hence f z ∈/ Bw . Thus Bz 6⊆ Bw .
It is a contradiction to the maximality of Bz . Hence f z ∈ T z.
Further assume (2.6) and (2.7).
Write f z = p . Then p ∈ T z. From (2.6),
d(p, f p) = d(f z, f p) ≤ H(T f z, T p) = H(T p, T p) = 0. This implies that f p = p.
From (2.7), p = f p ∈ f T z ⊆ T f z = T p. Thus f z = p is a common fixed point of f
and T .
Suppose q ∈ X, q 6= p is such that q = f q ∈ T q. From (2.5) and (2.6) we have
d(p, q) = d(f p, f q) ≤ H(T f p, T q)
= H(T p, T q)
< max{d(f p, f q), d(f p, T p), d(f q, T q)}
= d(p, q).
This implies that p = q. Thus p = f z is the unique common fixed point of f and
T. ¤

Remark 10. If f = I (Identity map) then the first part of Theorem 9 is the main
theorem of Gajic [2].

Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to referees for their valuable suggestions to improve
the paper.
Common Fixed Point Theorems In Ultra .... 35

References
[1] Lj.Gajic : On ultra metric spaces, Novi Sad J.Math.31, 2 (2001), 69-71.
[2] Lj.Gajic : A multi valued fixed point theorem in ultra metric spaces, Math.vesnik, 54, (3-4)
(2002), 89-91.
[3] A.C.M.Van Roovij : Non- Archimedean Functional Analysis, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978.