Vector Fields on Product Manifolds

arXiv:1106.0926v1 [math.DG] 5 Jun 2011

Stefan Kurz
Tampere University of Technology Department of Electronics Electromagnetics 33101 Tampere, Finland stefan.kurz@tut.fi

June 7, 2011 V1
Abstract This short report establishes some basic properties of smooth vector elds on product manifolds. The main results are: (i) On a product manifold there always exists a direct sum decomposition into horizontal and vertical vector elds. (ii) Horizontal and vertical vector elds are naturally isomorphic to smooth families of vector elds dened on the factors. Vector elds are regarded as derivations of the algebra of smooth functions. Basic ideas are taken from Chapter 0 of Ref. [2].

Basic Properties
[2, 0.2.25] Let M, N be dierentiable manifolds. A product manifold will be denoted by V = M N . The smooth maps M : V M and N : V N

will be called the projection maps of V . [2, 0.2.26] For each n0 N the smooth map in0 : M V, 1 m (m, n0 )

will be called the embedding at n0 into V . Similarly, the smooth map jm0 : N V, m (m0 , n),

m0 M will be called the embedding at m0 into V . [2, 0.2.9] The algebra of smooth functions on M is denoted by C (M ). [2, 0.4.1] A smooth vector eld on M is a derivation of C (M ). The C (M )module of all vector elds on M will be denoted by X(M ). Let X (M ) be some space dened over M . Consider the family x = {xn X (M )}nN . The space of families x on M will be denoted by X (M, N ), subject to some smoothness requirements. In particular, each g = {gn C (M )}nN denes a function f : V R, v gn (m), (m, n) = (M , N )v. (1)

If f C (V ) the family g is said to be a smooth family of functions. The space of smooth families of functions is denoted by C (M, N ). Conversely, each f C (V ) denes g C (M, N ) by g = {i n f }, (2)

and the two constructions are inverse to each other. Equations (1), (2) dene a canonical isomorphism C (M, N ) = C (V ). (3)

[2, 0.6.10] Consider the family w = {wn X(M )}nN . The family will be called a smooth family of vector elds on M if it is a derivation on C (M, N ), dened by w : { g n } { wn ( g n ) } . The space of smooth families of vector elds will be denoted X(M, N ). Remark. In case factor N is 1-dimensional, we will call {wn } also a smooth n-dependent vector eld.

Isomorphism (3) provides a natural embedding X(M,N ) : X(M, N ) X(V ), where

i n v(f ) = wn (in f ),

{ wn } v , (4)

f C (V ).

Moreover, dene the C (V )-linear map X(M,N ) : X(V ) X(M, N ), where

wn (g ) = i n v(M g ),

v { wn } , (5)

g C (M ).

By interchanging the roles of M and N we arrive at similar maps X(N,M ) and X(N,M ) , respectively. Denition. Dene the spaces
XN (V ) = {v X(V ) | v(N h) = 0 h C (N ) }, XM (V ) = {v X(V ) | v(M g ) = 0 g C (M )}.

(6a) (6b)

Vector elds in XN (V ) and XM (V ) are called horizontal and vertical vector elds with respect to the rst factor, respectively. Remark. There are equivalent denitions
XN (V ) = {v X(V ) | (N )(v) = 0 F 1 (N ) }, XM (V ) = {v X(V ) | (M )(v) = 0 F 1 (M )},

where F 1 denotes the space of dierential 1-forms. Theorem. Decomposition of vector elds on product manifolds. 1. [2, 0.4.20] Every vector eld on a product manifold may be decomposed into a horizontal and a vertical component, X (V ) = X N (V ) X M (V ). (7)

2. The projection maps related to decomposition (7) are XN (V ) = X(M,N ) X(M,N ) : X(V ) XN (V ) XM (V ) = X(N,M ) X(N,M ) : X(V ) XM (V ) 3. There are natural isomorphisms X(M,N ) : X(M, N ) X N (V ) X(N,M ) : X(N, M ) X M (V ) 4. The following sequence is exact: X(M,N ) X(N,M ) 0 X(M, N ) X (V ) X(N, M ) 0. (10)

(8)

(9)

n } = X(M,N ) v, v = X(M,N ) {wn } in the sequel. Then g Proof. Let {w C (M )

n (g ) = i w n v(M g ) = wn (in M g ) = wn (g ) (5) (4)

n = wn { w n } = { wn } w X(M,N ) X(M,N ) = IdX(M,N ) , where we took into account M in = IdM . Equation (11) implies Ker(X(M,N ) ) = 0, Im(X(M,N ) ) = X(M, N ). Moreover, it follows that XM (V ) is idempotent, XM (V ) XM (V ) = X(M,N ) X(M,N ) X(M,N ) X(M,N ) = X(M,N ) X(M,N ) = XM (V ) , hence a projection. It induces a direct sum decomposition X(V ) = Im(XM (V ) ) Ker(XM (V ) ) = Im(X(M,N ) ) Ker(X(M,N ) ). (14) (12) (13) (11)

(15)

Consider g C (M ) n} = 0 w n = 0 w n (g ) = 0 {w
i n v(M g ) = 0 v(M g ) = 0, (5) (3)

therefore n } = X(M,N ) v = 0} Ker(X(M,N ) ) = {v X(V ) | {w

= {v X(V ) | v(M g ) = 0 g C (M )} (6b)

= X M (V ).

(16)

Pick f in (4) according to f = N h, h C (N ), which yields i n v(N h) = wn (in N h) = 0, (4)

where we took into account N in0 : M N , m n0 . But then h C (N )

i n v(N h) = 0 v(N h) = 0 v XN (V ), (3) (6a) (16)

from which we infer that Im(X(M,N ) ) XN (V ) = Ker(X(N,M ) ). The direct sum decomposition Ker(X(N,M ) ) = Im(X(M,N ) ) Z (17)

of submodules follows. Equations (12) and (13) imply dim Im(X(M,N ) ) = dim M and dim Ker(X(N,M ) ) = dim V dim N , respectively1 . Therefore, we receive from (17) dim V = dim M + dim N + dim Z, hence Z = {0} and Im(X(M,N ) ) = XN (V ). (18) Now (7) follows from (15) with (16) and (18), (8) follows from (14) with (18), (9) follows from (12) and (18), (10) follows from (12), (16) with (18) and (13).
By [1, Thm. 11.32], the modules considered here are isomorphic to modules of sections of smooth vector bundles. Therefore, we can identify ranks of modules with dimensions of vector bundles.
1

Remark. The Theorem naturally generalizes to product manifolds with more than two factors. Suppose we have V = M N L. Dene on top of (6)
XL (V ) = {v X(V ) | v(L f ) = 0 f C (L)}.

We have the horizontal subspace XN L (V ) = XN (V ) XL (V ), and the two vertical subspaces XLM (V ) = XL (V ) XM (V ), and XM N (V ) = XM (V ) XN (V ), respectively. Decomposition (7) now reads X(V ) = XN L (V ) XLM (V ) XM N (V ), with projection map XNL (V ) = X(M,N L) X(M,N L) : X(V ) XN L (V ), and natural isomorphism X(M,N L) : X(M, N L) X N L (V ). The remaining two projection maps and natural isomorphisms are obtained by cyclic permutation of M , N , and L. There is no exact sequence similar to (10), though. It rather holds that Ker(X(M,N L) ) = XM (V ), and therefore Im(X(M,N L) ) = Ker(X(N,LM ) ) Ker(X(L,M N ) ).

References
[1] Jet Nestruev. Smooth Manifolds and Observables. Springer, New York, 2003. [2] Alexandre Vinogradov and Alessandro De Paris. Fat Manifolds and Linear Connections. World Scientic, 2009.