International Journal of Civil Engineering and (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTechnology CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

D (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 30-37 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.3277 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJCIET
IAEME

INFLUENCE OF SUBGRADE CONDITION ON RUTTING IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS- AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

Dr. K.V.Krishna Reddy Professor & Principal, Chilkur Balaji Institute of Technology, Hyderabad-75, AP, India

ABSTRACT In the present study, an attempt is made to investigate the influence of subgrade condition on the rutting phenomena in flexible pavements. Flexible pavement section is formed in a steel box section with a standard pavement section over a clayey subgrade. The subgrade condition is varied by varying the CBR of the same by additives. Conventional and strengthened surface courses were considered to check the influence of strengthened surface courses in lowering the rut depth. The results indicated that the rutting phenomenon is initiated in the subgrade itself and surface strengthening alone has low influence on limiting rut formation. Key Words: Rutting, Subgrade stabilization, Clay subgrades, CBR 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, Highways have experienced an increase in the severity and extent of permanent deformation (rutting) in bituminous pavements. Rutting reflects not only the structural condition of the pavement but also the functional condition and hence life cycle costs. Need was recognized as to find which layer of the pavement needs attention to limit the permanent deformation. Literature indicated that rutting could be ascribed to shear deformation within the asphalt layer (primary rutting) or subgrade deformation (secondary rutting). This paper investigates the influence of subgrade strength and surface modification on rutting.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2.1 Subgrade strength variation Laboratory experimentation is done to determine the optimum additives content for stabilizing the clayey subgrade with pond ash-lime, sand and gravel to obtain subgrade strength variation. 2.2 Surface course strengthening 80/100-penetration grade bitumen is considered for experimentation and aggregates confirming midpoint gradation of grade II specifications as per MORTH specification have been used. Hydrated lime was used to improve the strength of the bituminous concrete to be used in the surface course. 2.3 Laboratory pavement setup Laboratory based pavement sections with conventional materials and that with different subgrades and modified surface course is prepared in a prefabricated box type arrangement made of mild steel of size 40cm X 30 cm X 30 cm. Eight Laboratory based multi layer sample pavement sections were formed, four of them namely pavement section with clay subgrade and conventional surface course, pavement section with sand stabilized subgrade and conventional surface, pavement section with gravel stabilized subgrade and conventional surface and that with pond ash+lime stabilized subgrade and conventional surface were formed. Another four pavement sections were formed a with the above subgrades and lime modified surface course. All of them were soaked for 96 hours by passing water continuously through the water inlet and draining the same through the water outlet drainage pipes. 3 DATA ANALYSIS 3.1 Material Properties Clay soil of highly expansive nature has been used as subgrade material. The liquid limit and plasticity index were 79.3 and 47.84 respectively with a soaked CBR of 2.65. Pondash+ lime , gravel and sand were used as additives to vary the strength of the subgrade layer. The optimum additives content is evaluated by a series of laboratory tests. The stabilized soil properties are depicted in Table 1 along with the basic soil properties used for modification. Aggregates corresponding to grade II specifications for base course materials (MORTH) have been used in formation of water bound macadam (WBM). Gravel screenings were used to fill the voids and the properties are as depicted in Table 2. Bitumen of 80/100penetration grade with grade II aggregates for bituminous concrete mix (MORTH) was used in the formation of the surface course. Hydrated lime was used as modifier to strengthen the bituminous concrete surface layer. The properties of the bituminous concrete along with lime modified material are as in Table 3.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME Table 1 Properties of clay and gravel used in laboratory sample pavement preparation S. N o. 1 Clay + 25%PA + 5%lime Clay+ 30% gravel Clay + 25% Sand

Property Grain Size Distribution Gravel (%) Sand (%) Silt size (%) Clay size (%) Atterberg Limits Liquid Limit (%) Plastic Limit (%) Plasticity Index Shrinkage Limit (%) Compaction properties Optimum moisture content (%) Maximum Dry Density (g/cc) Soaked CBR (%) Free swell index (%) Swell potential (%) UCC kN/m2

Clay

Gravel

1.2 31.4 67.4 79.3 31.46 47.84 12.20

6 80 9.6 4.4 35 18.1 16.9 14.0

56.50 44.30 12.20 39.80

79.3 31.46 47.84 12.20

79.3 31.46 47.84 12.20

17.10 1.683 2.65 -

11.7 1.95 11.4 -

17.50 1.660 16.6 30 1.20 310 (7D)

15.00 1.767 5.18

15.62 1.758

4 5 6 7

4.22

Table 2 Properties of aggregate used for WBM of laboratory sample pavement Property Crushing value Impact value Abrasion value Value 18% 14% 22% Property Specific gravity Water absorption Value 2.79(CA)/2.76(FA) 0.8%

Table 3 Properties of bituminous concrete used for surface course of laboratory multi layered sample pavement section S. Mix / Property No 1 Optimum Bitumen content /lime content 2 MSV (Kg) 3 Air voids (%) 4 Flow value (mm) 5 Bulk density (g/cc)
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Conventional 4.3% 1300 3.875 2.375 2.520

Lime modified 2.80% 2650 4.05 3.5 2.446

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME 3.2 Laboratory based multi layer sample pavement section The thickness of the pavement layers have been designed to ensure that the stresses reach the subgrade level. It was proposed to form the multi layer sample pavement section with the 40mm thick bituminous concrete, 100mm thick WBM layer and 75 mm thick subbase. The subbase was formed of 25mm thick well-graded sand overlain by 50mm of gravel layer to facilitate free drainage of water during soaking. Figure 1 represent the laboratory based pavement section. Figure 2 depict the laboratory conventional pavement and the testing of the same

Drainage

BITUMINOUS CONCRETE

40 mm 100 mm

MODIFIED BITU CONC

W B MACADAM GRAVEL SUBBASE

W B MACADAM GRAVEL SUBBASE

50 mm
WELL-GRADED SAND

WELL-GRADED SAND CLAY SUBGRADE

25 mm 185mm

STABILIZED SUBGRADE

Drainage

Fig 1(a) Cross section of conventional multi layer pavement section

Fig 1(b) Cross section of modified multi layer pavement section

Fig 2 (a) Photograph showing laboratory based multilayer pavement

Fig 2 (b) Photograph showing wheel tracking of the laboratory based pavement

4 RESULTS Hamburg wheel tracking device (Germany) was used to evaluate the rut depth. These laboratory based pavement sections were subjected to wheel tracking on the wheel-tracking device under a contact pressure of 5.6 kg/cm2 for a set of 1,10,000 revolutions.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME The wheel tracking test results in terms of rut depth for all pavement sections are noted down for every 1000 revolutions. The rut depth at the end of 110000 revolutions is as presented in Table 4. The results are plotted in terms of rut depth to number of wheel load repetitions as depicted in Fig.3 for the conventional surfaced pavement sections and Fig.4 represent the rut depth to number of wheel load repetitions for the lime modified surface pavement sections.

Table 4 Rut depth for pavement sections at the end of one lakh revolutions Rut depth Pavement section S.No (mm) 1 Clay subgrade with conventional surface 1.91 2 PA+Lime stabilized subgrade with conventional surface 1.15 3 Gravel stabilized subgrade with conventional surface 1.40 4 Sand stabilized subgrade with conventional surface 1.51 5 Clay subgrade with lime modified surface 1.62 PA+Lime stabilized subgrade with Lime modified 6 0.86 surface Gravel stabilized subgrade with lime modified 7 1.09 bituminous surface Sand stabilized subgrade with lime modified bituminous 1.21 8 surface

Sno.

Pavement Model

selected Fit Y = 0.0176931 * X + 57.9239 Y = 0.0135704 * X + 38.7609

R Sq value 0.998302 0.998868 0.998938 0.998302

1 clay subgrade + conventional surface

2 Sand stabilized subgrade + conventional surface

2000.00

3 Gravel stabilized subgrade + conventional surface Y = 0.0130083 * X + -17.2826 4 PA + lime stabilized subgrade + conventional surface Y = 0.0109846 * X + -40.2391 1

1600.00
2

R u td e p thin0 .0 1 m m

1200.00
4

800.00

400.00

0.00 0.00 40000.00 80000.00 120000.00

No. of wheel load repetitions

Fig3. Rutdepth vs no. of wheel load repetions for pavement sections with conventional surfaces

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME
Sno. Pavement Model selected Fit Y = 0.0082419 * X + -30.4783 R Sq value 0.998233 0.998841 0.998944 0.998233

2000.00

1 clay subgrade + lime modif surface

2 Sand stabilized subgrade + lime modif surface Y = 0.0108273 * X + 33.1957 3 Gravel stabilized subgrade + lime modif surface Y = 0.0101453 * X + -13.3804 4 PA + lime stabilized subgrade + lime modif surface

Y = 0.0082419 * X + -30.4783

1600.00

R u t de pth in 0 .0 1m m

1200.00

2 3

800.00

400.00

0.00 0.00 40000.00 80000.00 120000.00

No. of wheel load repetitions

Fig4. Rutdepth vs no. of wheel load repetions for pavement sections with lime modified surfaces 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset the author would thank the Head, CED, Vasavi college of Engineering, SE R&B Department and Head CED & TE Division and other professors at NIT Warangal for their valuable guidance and encouragement during experimentation. 6 CONCLUSION 1. Rut depth resulted in the conventional pavement section under test conditions is more by 66%,36% and 26.5% as compared to that resulted in conventional surface on stabilized subgrade with pond ash-lime ,gravel and sand respectively clearly highlighting the involvement of subgrade in rutting phenomena. 2. Rut depth resulted in the conventional pavement section under test conditions is more by 122%, 75% and 47% as compared to that resulted in lime modified surface surface on stabilized subgrade with pond ash-lime, gravel and sand stabilized subgrade respectively. This highlights that though surface modification result in taking more wheel load repetitions, subgrade modification results in achieving better rut control. 3. Rut depth resulted in the conventional pavement section under test conditions is more by 18% as compared to the conventional subgrade with lime modified surface showing that the improvement by modifying surface is less than that achieved by improving the subgrade alone (66%). 4. Effective pavement performance is to understand the cause of rutting. Sound judgment should be used to determine which part of the existing pavement structure is weak and total reconstruction of the pavement or full depth reclamation should be considered rather than just improving the surface if the subgrades are poor.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME REFERENCES 1. 2. Carl W. Lubold, Jr. (2001), Are u in a Rut?, Pro. Moving forward, The Pennsylvania Local Road Program, Pennsylvania, Vol. 19, No.2, pp4-5. Chang, D. J. J., Ho, N.H., Chang, H.Y., and Yeh, H.S. (1999), Laboratory and Case Study for Geogrid Reinforced Flexible Pavement Overlay, TRR-1687, TRB, pp 125130. Chaturvedi, A.C. (1977), Expansive Soil in India with special reference to U.P., Proc. of First National Symposium on Expansive Soils, HBTI- Kanpur, India, pp 2-1 to 2-5. Chu, T.Y. (1955), Soil Stabilisation with Lime Fly Ash mixture, Preliminary studies with Silty and Clayey Soils, HRB, No.108, p.102. Collins, R. J., and Ciesielski, S. K. (1992), Highway Construction use of wastes and By-products Utilization of Waste Materials in Civil Engineering Construction, Published by ASCE, New York, pp.140-152 David, W., John, R., and Robert, H. (2003), The Shell Bitumen Handbook, Thomas Telford ltd. Diamond, S., and Kinter, E.B. (1965), Mechanism of Soil-Lime Stabilisation- An Interpretive Review HRR, No.92, pp. 83-96. Edil, T.B., Benson, C.H., Bin-Shafique, M.S., Tanyu, B.F., Kim, W.H., Senol. (2002), A Field Evaluation of Construction Alternatives for Roadways over Soft Subgrade, TRR-1786, TRB, pp 36-48. Heckel, G. (2001), Alternative Materials for Subgrade Modification, Rep. No. ILPRR-138, Illinois Department of Transportation. Hopkins, T.C., Beckham, T.L., Sun, L., Ni, B., and Butcher, B. (2002), Long-Term Benefits of Stabilizing Soil Subgrades Rep. No. KTC-02-19/SPR-196-99-1F, Kentucky Transportation Centre, University of Kentucky. Huang, S.C., Petersen, J.C., Robertson, R.E., and Branthaver, J.F. (2002), Effect of Hydrated Lime on Long-Term Oxidative Aging Characteristics of Asphalt, TRR-1810, TRB, pp 17-24. IRC 37 - 2001: Guidelines for Design of Flexible Pavements. IRC : SP : 53 - 2002: Guidelines on Use of Polymer and Rubber Modified Bitumen in Road Construction. IS 2720 (part 16) - 1979, Methods of Test for Soils; Laboratory Determination of CBR, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. Kavussi, A., Hicks, R.G. (1997), Properties of Bituminous Mixtures Containing Different Fillers, Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 66, pp 153-186. Lesueur, D., and Little, D.N. (1999), Effect of Hydrated Lime on Rheology, Fracture and Aging of Bitumen TRR-1661, TRB, pp 93-105. Mohammad, L.N., Abadie, C., Gokmen, R., and Puppala, A.J. (2000), Mechanistic Evaluation of Hydrated Lime in Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures TRR-1723, TRB, pp 2636. Natarajan, T.K., and Shanmukha Rao, E. (1979), Practical Lessons on Road Construction in Black Cotton Soil Areas, Road Research Papers, Rep.No.155, CRRI, India. Nayak, N.V., and Christensen, R.W. (1971), Swelling Characteristics of Compacted Expansive Soils, Clay and Clay Minerals, Vol. 19, pp 251-261.
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), IAEME 20. Ramana Sastry, M.V.B., (1989), Strengthening Subgrades of Roads in Deltaic Areas of Andhra Pradesh, Proc. Indian Geotechnical Conference, Visakhapatnam, Vol. 1, pp 181-184. Saxena, R.K. (1991), Can Failures be Minimized and Pavement Performance Improved by adequately Designing and Constructing Road Subgrades, Journal of Indian Roads Congress, Vol. 52, No.2, pp 263-317. Sebaaly, P.E.; McCann, M., Hitti, E., and Epps. (2001), Performance of Lime in Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements, Rep. No. RDT01-009, University of Nevada. Thomas, Z. (2002), Engineering Properties of Soil- Fly Ash Subgrade Mixtures, Proc. Transportation Scholars Conference, Iowa State University. Dr. K.V.Krishna Reddy, Rutting Resistance of Filler Modified Bituminous Concrete Surfaces, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 250 - 257, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316. Brijesh Kumar and Nitish Puri, Stabilization of Weak Pavement Subgrades using Cement Kiln Dust, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 26 - 37, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316. Ravin M. Tailor, Prof. M. D. Desai and Prof. N. C. Shah, Performance Observations for Geotextile Reinforced Flexible Pavement on Swelling Subgrade: A Case of Surat, India, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 347 - 352, ISSN Print: 0976 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 6316.

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