Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet.

It is, in fact, the increase in the temperature of the earths neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth. Global average temperature rose significantly during the past century. The prevailing scientific view is that most of the temperature increases since mid-20th century has been caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations produced by human activity. Most scientists agree that planets temperature has risen 0.5 degree Celsius since 1900 and will continue to increase at an increasing rate. As a result, the world is getting warmer. The year 1990 was the hottest year in the last century. Together with 1991, the years of 1983, 1987, 1988 and 1989 have been measured to be the warmest six years in the last hundred years. The year 1991 was the second warmest year of the past century. The consequences of the rise in temperature is being felt all over the globe the findings of scientific research done in this field reveal that the temperature of the earth is likely to rise from 1.4C to 5.8C within a period of 100 years. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earths surface. It increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and landuse change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanisation, etc. Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. They are the largest land-based mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the air. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. As a consequence of massive loss of forests, global CO, levels rise approximately 0.4 per cent each year, the levels not experienced on this planet for millions of years. As we know the forests are the great absorbers of CO,,. There is a close relation between global warming and population growth. Today the large population on earth is using the technologies which are destructive for the earth. Approximately, 80 per cent of atmospheric C02 increases are due to mans use of fossil fuels either in the form of coal, gas or oil. A large portion of carbon emission is attributed to the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engine of vehicles. Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. Besides, the sulphur group gas is the most harmful for this. Its contribution is 30 per cent in global warming. This gas is also emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. Increase in global temperatures will cause rise in sea level.

It will lead to melting of glaciers, changes in rainfall patterns, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather. As per the latest survey report the rate of melting of glaciers has seen sharp increase in recent times. Even those glaciers are affected from global warming which have been considered permanent. The shrinking of glaciers is going to pose a major problem of drinking water. The sea levels as a result of melting of glaciers have risen from 0.35 mm to 0.4 mm. Scientists have warned in their reports that most of the glaciers will disappear within a period of 15 to 25 years. It will create problems of drinking water and food grains in most of the North American countries. India is not unaffected from it. The Himalayan glaciers have shrunk about 30 per cent after 1970. The rise in sea levels is a major cause of concern. A large number of cities located in coastal areas will submerge in the sea. Besides, many island countries will ultimately lose their existence and will be washed away from the surface of the earth. The damage of rising sea levels is diverse. Buildings and roads close to the water could be flooded and they could suffer damage from hurricanes and tropical storms. Experts believe that global warming could increase the intensity of hurricanes by over 50 per cent. In addition, as the sea rises, beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks. Wetlands are lost as the level rises. Rise in atmospheric temperature will lead to the outbreak of airborne and water-borne diseases. It would also contribute to the rise in death caused by heat. The problem of drought would be frequent. Consequently, malnutrition and starvation will pose serious challenge before humanity. Global warming is a great threat to the flora and fauna of the earth. A large number of species of them may become extinct. The expanse of desert would increase. Low rainfall and rising temperature could add to the intensity and frequency of dusty storm. This in turn will immensely affect the quality of agricultural land, ultimately causing adverse effect on agricultural produce. It would have far-reaching socio-economic impact. In Indian context, the impact of global warming is a matter of grave concern. As is well known, India is mainly an agricultural country and agriculture here is gamble of the monsoon, e.g. largely depending on rainfall. Though it is to affect the whole country, the worst likely impact would be on central and northern India which is high-yielding parts of the country. These are the regions which produce the largest agricultural yield. The rise in atmospheric temperature and fall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. The growing concerns over global temperatures have led to the nations, states, corporations and individuals to draw out a plan of action to avert the situation. As a result the worlds primary international agreement on combating global warming was reached in Kyoto in 1997 which came to be known as Kyoto Protocol. However, ten years have passed; the situation does not appear to be very changed. It seems that the member countries are not very serious about its devastating effects. In addition, forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees and reducing timber cuts worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of reduce, reuse, recycle, i.e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel -efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Public awareness campaign can be of great help in this regard because unless each and every individual is aware only governments effect cannot bring desired difference.

Gobal Warming The age old proverb, "Everybody talks about weather, but nobody does anything about it", is not valid in this century. A world-wide study shows that the average temperatures of the earth has raised by as mush as 0.2 degree Celsius every decade. The rise in temperature is due to global warming, which has now become an imminent threat. Our earth daily absorbs large quantity of solar energy from the sun. Most of this energy is radiated back to atmosphere by the earth, and this process maintains the balance of heat an energy on the earth. There are many gases present in the atmosphere, but only carbon dioxide and water vapor absorb this infrared radiation of the earth strongly and effectively block the radiation of energy back to the atmosphere. However a considerable part of it is re-emitted to the earth's surface and consequently the earth's surface gets heated up. This increase in temperature of the earth is called the Green-house effect. The temperature effects of carbon dioxide and water vapor combine together to have a long range impact on the global climate. As the surface temperature increase, the evaporation of surface water increase, thereby raising the temperature further. It is estimated that this combined effect of rise of temperature will bring about 30 degree Celsius in surface temperature, if the carbon dioxide concentration is doubled in the atmosphere. The most alarming fact is that a slight increase in surface temperature say around 1 degree Celsius can adversely affect the world food production. As a result the wheat growing zones in the northern latitude will be shifted from USSR and Canada to the northern poles, that means from the fertile solids to the poor soils. The biological productivity will also decrease due to warming of the surface layer, which in turn reduces the transport of nutrients from deeper layers to the surface by vertical circulation. Carbon dioxide gas, although a relatively insignificant non-pollutant gas in the atmosphere, is of serious environmental concerns. It has the potential to be compared with the nuclear wars in terms of massive irreversible damage to the environment. Increase of carbon-dioxide gas in the atmosphere is constantly occurring. Primarily through natural causes but mostly by man himself. Volcanic eruptions and forest-fire are some of the natural causes which cannot be checked. But the current global trend in deforestation, along with increase in carbon dioxide content. Forest are the areas where the green leaves efficiently utilize carbon-dioxide to make their on food. Deforestation reduces this utilization of carbon-dioxide. Consumption of fossil fuels and house-hold fuels like coal, firewood also gives off considerable amount of carbon-dioxide. Rise in global temperatures causes many climatic changes also, but the most drastic change will be the increase in sea-level. Already, the rise in global temperatures have resulted in cracks in the Antartic ice shelf. Melting of even fraction of the volume of polar ice can result in flooding of many low lying areas around the earth. Other climate changes include floods, droughts, storms and exceptionally warm summers. Europe and American have already witnessed these changes considerably. The summer of 1998 predicted to be the warmest in the century. Prevention is always better than cure. Human contribution and efforts can certainly prevent and control this global warming. It can be best carried out by checking atmospheric pollution. Deforestation should be stopped. Wood should be used as little as possible, because wood maintains vast reservoirs of fixed but readily oxidizable carbon. Bricks houses should be encouraged as they retain less heat. Thus they are well suited to Indian climate. Unnecessary combustion of fuel should be checked. In houses, combustion of fuels like wood, coal, kerosene should be controlled. Instead LPG stove should be used which results in greater efficiency in fuel, utilization and less atmospheric pollution. Encouraging bio-gas plants in village communities has Multifood effect. It decreases the use of firewood, is less atmospheric pollutant and is a byproduction of manure. Development of more efficient vehicles would also result in less consumption of fuel and therefore less atmospheric pollution.

Renewable sources of energy should be used as it is non-polluting and very efficient. These renewable sources of energy are solar energy and wind energy. Hydro-electricity is also of considerable use. Lastly, treatment appliances should be applied on the sources of green house gases which are carbon dioxide and methane, so that they may not violate the atmospheric balance. Essay on Global Warming What is Global Warming The average temperature of Earths environmental and ocean is increasing every day due to which harmful and dangerous situation and coming out, this problem is well know as Global Warming. The average Earths environment temperature started to rise since 19th century and even now in 20th century it is increasing. According to the fundamental stats the average temperature has rised up to 1.4oF (0.8oC). Global warming is increasing due to the Greenhouse Gases which generally generated due to the human activities such as on burning Fossil Fuel and petrochemical matters due to the waste materials and gases which comes out from industrial and power plant. The concentration of Greenhouse Gases is increasing each and every moment and other type of pollution such as Thermal Pollution is also rising due to such activities. Global Warming also effects the temperature level of sea water. As soon as the sea water temperature is rising the Glaciers are melting down and sea water level is increasing due to this. Its a very serious problem for human life existence and also for our earths environment. According to the Fourth Assessment Report ( AR4) and Inter governmental panel on climate change (IPCC) report in the 21st century the surface temperature jumped up to 1.1oc to 2.9oc. Due to the hazardous effects of Greenhouse Gases. Most countries are working under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). UNFCCS final target is to face and solve the problem of Global Warming. There are also agencies and organizations such as, United Nations Environmental programme and International Energy Agency whose targets are to solve and control Global Warming and changing temperature of earths environment. (2) Analysis of change in temperature During the time period 1906-2005 the Average Surface Temperature of Earths environment raised up to 0.74 0.18oc. In the few last time period according to stats the earths environment temperature almost shows the double growth up to 0.07oc 0.02oc. The Small example of Global Warming is Urban Heat Island which analyzed the change of 0.002oc in environment temperature since year 1900. In the lower troposphere temperature increased between 0.13oc and 0.22oc according to the reports due toGlobal Warming effect. Fundament stats which comes out according to these Environment Temperature was normal before the year 1850 but after that due to the large amount of Pollutants and their sources it is increasing quickly due to Global Warming. The year 2005 and 2010 was warmest year this stats measured by Goddared Institute for sp ace studies (GISS) of NASAs and also by the National Climatic Data Center. Problem of Global Warming in the report of Climatic Research Unit and among the years 2005 and 2010, year 2005 is on second place. Earth environment Global temperature is representation and remark of short term fluctuations. In each and every year report it is exclaimed that every New Year is coming with more fluctuations. In each and every year is coming with more fluctuation in the temperature rising and due to it Global Warming is rising.

Environment temperature varies over the globe. The temperature of the land which was calculated in the year 1979 has increased and get just doubled as fast as the temperature of the ocean. The oceans temperature increases more slowly than the temperature of the land and it happens due to large scale of effect of heating capacity of sea an also because of the sea exhales more heat by the evaporation process. The land area of temperature increases more such as The Northern Hemisphere gains more temperature than the South Hemisphere because North Hemisphere covers land area more than Southern Hemisphere. (3) Primary Reasons which effect change in temperature The effect which make warm a Planets lower atmosphere and temperature and surface both due to the emission and absorption of infrared radiation which is produced by the Gases in the earths environment is known as Greenhouse Gases Effect. The definition was given by Joseph Fourier in the year 1824 and it was firstly invented by Suante Arrhenius in year 1896. The Greenhouse Gases which are coming out naturally in huge amount mainly creates warming and also generates the temperature about 33oc. Water vapors is the major Greenhouse Gas except this methane (CH4) gas, Carbon-di-oxide (CO) gas, Ozone (O3) gas are also effecting the earths environment just like Greenhouse Gases. With the time human society created revolution in industries and due to increasing industries the Global Warming is also increasing due to the exhalation of waste gases and Greenhouses gases. In recent years the percentage and concentration of carbon-di-oxide (CO2) gas and Methane (CH4) have rised by 36% and 148% since the year 1750. During the last 8 lakh years these percentage are very high. The Fossil Fuel which we use to burn in our daily life is also creating problem in Earths environment. We are cutting down forests and using lands as much as we can this also plays a key role in Global Warming. In few back years with the Population Growth the emission of Greenhouse gas and other gases like CO2 and CH4 also increased. Emissions Scenarios stats shows that temperature is var ying widely every year, which is also affecting the Carbon Cycle and main problem created by Global Warming is Ozone layer depletion and the destruction of Stratospheric also which preservers us from the unwanted radiations cames our from sun and which also helps to keep maintain the temperature of Earths habitat and environment. (4) Global Warming expected effects: Global Warming is a very serious problem for all the nations and also for their natives. Global warmingcreates hazardous effects on natural system, earths ecological system and on social system. The descriptions are mentioned under; (a) Effect on Natural System: Global Warming creates many bad effects and according to the research it has been founded in many systems which are working in Earths environment. Temperatures are changing and due to it the level of sea is increasing and glaciers are melting. The bad effects of Green house gases are also increasing. Even after following many policies and acts the Greenhouse gases effect and Global Warming both are increasing every time. According to the report of IPCC Fourth assessment the sea-level increased more than it was before and varied from between range of 0.18m to 0.59m. Global warming also badly effecting regional climate and its temperature and causing greater warming land and also warming highly to northern latitudes and also affecting the North Atlantic Ocean. The areas which are covered by snow is pretended to decrease with high

frequency in few last decades. (b) Effect on Ecological System:- Global Warming effects Earths ecological system also on a large scale. Its creating effect on the range of plants and also on living organisms body. Global warming is mainly covering the range of tundra, mangroves and coral ryes. And according to the research and analyzed data it is also pretended that in the near future Global Warming is going to create large effects on complete ecological system. (c) Effect on Social System:- Human beings are part or nature and we also belongs to our environment directly. Global Warming is creation effects on our lives also indirectly by hitting our earths environment and its ecological system, such as in the form of Flood and Malnutrition and health impacts. Scientist are undergoing and trying to search out the more effects of Global Warming on our social life and social systems. (5) Way to stop Global Warming

We can not stop Global Warming instantly and completely but there are many ways to reduce and solve out this serious problem and they are:(a) Mitigation Process:- The Process under which we reduce the change in climate in our future that is called mitigation. According to the definition of IPCC the processes which we use to reduce the bad effects of greenhouse gases is called mitigation. Both developing and developed nations are making their targets and maintaining their standards to reduce theGlobal Warming by using cleaner, carbon sinks, less polluting technologies they are setting their aims towards increased use of energy which is renewable and also by increasing the energy efficiency. According to the report of IPCC it is necessary to work on the policies and acts which are made to reduce and stop Global Warming. In the year 2010 the emission of Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) was highest and it also breaked the record which was analyzed in the year2008. (b) Adaptation Policy :- Adaptation is a process and policy which may use to stop change in climate. Thisadaptation policy also targets and links to Economic Development and Social Development. Adaptation policy which is planned is occurring in a limited regions it includes the limit barriers. (c) Geoengineering Process: Geoengineering are techniques which should be adopted widely to prevent Global Warming. According o the IPCCs Fourth Assessment Report which was published in the year 2007 the working group III (WG3) revealed few techniques of Geoengineering such as Ocean Fertilization and making limits on the production of CO2 and also the techniques to prevent the unwanted radiations which comes directly from sun. If we begin to use Geoengineering techniques on a large scale it will reduce Global Warming globally and it is a very important and well trusted scientific research. So these are few techniques and policies mentioned above by working on these we can generate good result. For our Earths environment and also on our natural system.